1880 Voting in California and Ohio Victorian Super-Citizens?

Analyses of 1880 Census samples of 21-plus male citizens show a turnout of 50% to 69% for California, but nearly 90% for Ohio. Registration was required in California in 1866. A sample of 690 names from the June 1880 Census was checked against the “Alameda County Great Register,” October 1880, and 51% were found to be registered. Of the 12,359 registered, 80% actually voted. Thus, the Alameda turnout of potentially eligible voters was probably below 50%. On the other hand, a 100% sample of eligible males in Clay Township, Highland County, Ohio (N = 342), June 1880, checked against the 1880 Poll Book (list of actual voters, compiled at the end of election day) showed a turnout of 87.7%. Burnham's and others' assertion of high turnouts 1876 to 1896 is supported with respect to Ohio, but unsupported with respect to California; these findings are contrary to Burnham's belief that in 1876–1896 there was “a concentration of participation in the most densely populated and socioeconomically developed parts of the country”; the effects of the first registration laws may have been greater than the 10% currently estimated, but we need to find and use individual-level data to sharpen estimates from aggregate data.

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Emergence of cultural intelligence and global mindset capital: a multilevel model

Multinational Business Review ◽

10.1108/mbr-12-2015-0062 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 106-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jase R. Ramsey ◽

Amine Abi Aad ◽

Chuandi Jiang ◽

Livia Barakat ◽

Virginia Drummond

Keyword(s):

Multilevel Model ◽

Cultural Intelligence ◽

The Other ◽

Global Mindset ◽

Firm Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Other Hand ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Conceptual Study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish under which conditions researchers should use the constructs cultural intelligence (CQ) and global mindset (GM). The authors further seek to understand the process through which these constructs emerge to a higher level and link unit-level knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) capital to pertinent firm-level outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual study with a multilevel model. Findings This paper differentiates two similar lines of research occurring concordantly on the CQ and GM constructs. Next, the authors develop a multilevel model to better understand the process through which CQ and GM emerge at higher levels and their underlying mechanisms. Finally, this paper adds meaning to the firm-level KSAs by linking firm-level KSAs capital to pertinent firm-level outcomes. Research limitations/implications The conclusion implies that researchers should use CQ when the context is focused on interpersonal outcomes and GM when focused on strategic outcomes. The multilevel model is a useful tool for scholars to select which rubric to use in future studies that have international managers as the subjects. The authors argue that if the scholar is interested in an individual’s ability to craft policy and implement strategy, then GM may be more parsimonious than CQ. On the other hand, if the focus is on leadership, human resources or any other relationship dependent outcome, then CQ will provide a more robust measure. Practical implications For practitioners, this study provides a useful tool for managers to improve individual-level commitment by selecting and training individuals high in CQ. On the other hand, if the desired outcome is firm-level sales or performance, the focus should be on targeting individuals high in GM. Originality/value This is the first theoretical paper to examine how CQ and GM emerge to the firm level and describe when to use each measure.

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nr="93"Black Box rules. : Narrative der Verunsicherung in Zeiten von COVID-19

Jahrbuch f??r P??dagogik ◽

10.3726/jp012019k_93 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

pp. 93-107

Author(s):

Agnieszka Czejkowska ◽

Katarina Froebus

Keyword(s):

Black Box ◽

The Other ◽

Individual Level ◽

Home Security ◽

Other Hand ◽

Innere Sicherheit ◽

The One

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich Narrativen der Verunsicherung, die in Zusammenhang mit der COVID-19-Krise aufgerufen werden und für ,,innere Sicherheit“ sorgen sollen. Dabei identifizieren wir Kalküle, die einerseits individuelle Besonnenheit aktivieren und anderseits gesellschaftliche Stabilisierung gewährleisten sollen. Das gelingt uns mit Rückgriff auf psychoanalytische Subjekttheorien, die Strategien der individuellen Rationalisierung fokussieren, und auf diskursorientierte Subjekttheorien, die gesellschaftliche Disziplinierungstechnologien in den Blick nehmen.Abstract: This article is focused on narratives of uncertainness, being created during the COVID-19 crisis in order to provide ‘home security’. In doing so, we identify approaches that on the one hand activate individual level-headedness and on the other hand are supposed to ensure societal stabilization. We succeed in doing this by resorting to psychoanalytic subject theories that emphasize strategies of individual rationalization and to discourse-oriented subject theories that accent social disciplinary technologies.

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The Normative Body and the Embodiment of Norms

Yearbook for Eastern and Western Philosophy ◽

10.1515/yewph-2017-0023 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Maren Wehrle

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Habit Formation ◽

The Other ◽

Feminist Philosophy ◽

Individual Level ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Individual ◽

Habitual Body

AbstractPhenomenologically speaking, one can consider the experiencing body as normative insofar as it generates norms through repeated actions and interactions, crystallizing into habits. On the other hand according to Foucauldian approaches, the subjective body does not generate norms but is itself produced by norms: Dominant social norms are incorporated via repeated practices of discipline. How is the individual level of habit formation in phenomenology related to this embodiment of supra-individual norms? In what sense can we differentiate between a habit formation that results in a skill and one that disciplines a body? To address these questions the paper will analyze examples of the embodiment of norms in Foucault and feminist philosophy and show how they rely on the phenomenological concept of the actual and habitual body.

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Does Sport Affect Health and Well-Being or Is It the Other Way Around? A Note on Reverse-Causality in Empirical Applications

Journal of Sports Economics ◽

10.1177/1527002520967400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 218-226

Author(s):

Jing Guan ◽

J. D. Tena

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

The Other ◽

Reverse Causality ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Great Relevance ◽

Causal Impact ◽

Different Response ◽

Health And Well Being ◽

Response Variables

Estimating the causal impact of sport or physical activity on health and well-being is an issue of great relevance in the sport and health literature. The increasing availability of individual level data has encouraged this interest. However, this analysis requires dealing with two types of simultaneity problem: (1) between exercise and response variables; and (2) across the different response variables. This note discusses how the previous literature has dealt with these two questions with particular attention paid to the use of seemingly aseptic econometric models proposed by some recent empirical papers. Regardless of the approach, identification necessarily requires the use of untestable hypotheses. We provide some recommendations based on analyzing the robustness of the estimation results to changes in the adopted identification assumptions.

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The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96

State Politics & Policy Quarterly ◽

10.1177/153244000500500204 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 168-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Robert J. Lacey

Keyword(s):

Voter Turnout ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Direct Democracy ◽

Presidential Elections ◽

The Other ◽

Ballot Initiatives ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Midterm Elections ◽

Election Studies

Do salient ballot initiatives stimulate voting? Recent studies have shown that initiatives increase voter turnout, but some methodological concerns still linger. These studies have either relied solely on aggregate data to make inferences about individual-level behavior or used a flawed measure of initiative salience. Using individual-level data from the National Election Studies, I find that ballot question salience indeed stimulated voting in the midterm elections of 1990 and 1994. In an election with moderately salient ballot questions, a person's likelihood of voting can increase by as much as 30 percent in a midterm election. On the other hand, consistent with most prior research, I find no statistically significant relationship between ballot question salience and voting in presidential elections.

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Pride and Burden: The Quest for Consistency in the Anti-Speciesist Movement

Society and Animals ◽

10.1163/15685306-12341508 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 239-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Isacco Turina

Keyword(s):

Animal Rights ◽

The Other ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Animal Rights Movement ◽

Just Cause ◽

Individual Level ◽

Social Segregation ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One ◽

Time And Energy

Abstract This article draws on 22 interviews with Italian anti-speciesists to develop a sociological account of the quest for ethical consistency in the animal rights movement. The essay analyzes three relevant consequences of the search for consistency—identity extension, social segregation, and self-transformation—and discusses their impact on the activists’ lives. Consistency appears as both a source of self-gratification and a burden. On the one hand, self-gratification results from a sense of moral pride and the certainty of fighting for a just cause. On the other hand, the pursuit of a consistent lifestyle is highly demanding in terms of time and energy, and can have negative effects on the activist’s relationships with family and peers. While the paper adopts an individual-level perspective, it also examines how the findings might relate to vegan mobilization. It is argued that the findings might be generalizable to activists in other countries who face similar challenges.

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Group Belief

Epistemology & Philosophy of Science ◽

10.5840/eps202158111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 82-93

Author(s):

Domingos Faria ◽

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Group Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Other Hand ◽

Group Belief ◽

Level I ◽

The One ◽

The Individual ◽

Group Acceptance

Beliefs are commonly attributed to groups or collective entities. But what is the nature of group belief? Summativism and nonsummativism are two main rival views regarding the nature of group belief. On the one hand, summativism holds that, necessarily, a group g has a belief B only if at least one individual i is both a member of g and has B. On the other hand, non-summativism holds that it is possible for a group g to have a belief B even if no member of g has B. My aim in this paper is to consider whether divergence arguments for non-summativism and against summativism about group belief are sound. Such divergence arguments aim to show that there can be a divergence between belief at the group level and the corresponding belief at the individual level. I will argue that these divergence arguments do not decisively defeat a minimal version of summativism. In order to accomplish this goal, I have the following plan: In section 2, I will analyze the structure of two important counterexamples against the summativist view, which are based on divergence arguments. Such counterexamples are based on the idea that a group decides to adopt a particular group belief, even if none of its members holds the belief in question. However, in section 3, I will show that these counterexamples fail, because they can be explained without the need to posit group beliefs. More specifically, I argue that in these apparent counterexamples, we have only a ‘group acceptance’ phenomenon and not a ‘group belief’ phenomenon. For this conclusion, I advance two arguments: in subsection 3.1, I formulate an argument from doxastic involuntarism, and in subsection 3.2, I develop an argument from truth connection. Thus, summativism is not defeated by divergence arguments. Lastly, in section 4, I will conclude with some advantages of summativism.

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Ensuring Confidentiality of Geocoded Health Data: Assessing Geographic Masking Strategies for Individual-Level Data

Advances in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/567049 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Paul A. Zandbergen

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Recent Progress ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Random Perturbation ◽

Health Data ◽

The Other ◽

Individual Level ◽

Current State ◽

Level Data ◽

Geocoded Data

Public health datasets increasingly use geographic identifiers such as an individual’s address. Geocoding these addresses often provides new insights since it becomes possible to examine spatial patterns and associations. Address information is typically considered confidential and is therefore not released or shared with others. Publishing maps with the locations of individuals, however, may also breach confidentiality since addresses and associated identities can be discovered through reverse geocoding. One commonly used technique to protect confidentiality when releasing individual-level geocoded data is geographic masking. This typically consists of applying a certain amount of random perturbation in a systematic manner to reduce the risk of reidentification. A number of geographic masking techniques have been developed as well as methods to quantity the risk of reidentification associated with a particular masking method. This paper presents a review of the current state-of-the-art in geographic masking, summarizing the various methods and their strengths and weaknesses. Despite recent progress, no universally accepted or endorsed geographic masking technique has emerged. Researchers on the other hand are publishing maps using geographic masking of confidential locations. Any researcher publishing such maps is advised to become familiar with the different masking techniques available and their associated reidentification risks.

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The Influence of Social Status on Communication Predispositions

Journal of Asian Pacific Communication ◽

10.1075/japc.17.2.09kim ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 303-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Min-Sun Kim ◽

Katsuya Tasaki ◽

In-Duk Kim ◽

Hye-ryeon Lee

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Communication Apprehension ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

The Other ◽

High Status ◽

Individual Level ◽

Other Hand ◽

Cultural Orientations ◽

Interdependent Self ◽

Approach Orientation

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of social status of the communicator on communication predispositions of people with different cultural orientations. Based upon independent and interdependent self-construals as individual-level cultural dimensions, people’s degrees of two distinct communication orientations (communication apprehension as an avoidance orientation and argumentativeness as an approach orientation) were assessed in a dyad with different status of communicators (professor as high status and classmate as low status). Participants were a total of 702 undergraduates studying in Japan, Hawaii, and the mainland U.S. After reading two hypothetical conversational situations with different status communicators (professor and classmate), participants were asked to rate items measuring two communication constructs (communication apprehension and argumentativeness). The data indicated that individuals showed greater level of argumentativeness in the conversation with a low status communicator (classmate or roommate) than in the conversation with a high status communicator (professor). On the other hand, individuals showed greater level of communication apprehension in the conversation with high status communicator (professor) than in the conversation with low status communicator (classmate or roommate). We also found that, among people of high interdependence, the level of CA was greater in the conversation with the high status communicator than in the conversation with the low status communicator. On the other hand, among people of high interdependence, the level of argumentativeness did not differ in the conversation with the high status communicator as compared with the conversation with the low status communicator.

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