The Cone of Direct Gaze: A Stable Trait

Direct eye gaze is a potent stimulus in social interactions and is often associated with interest and approach orientation. Yet, there is remarkable variability in the range of gaze lines that people accept as being direct. A measure that is frequently used to quantify the range of gaze angles within which an observer assumes mutual gaze is the cone of direct gaze (CoDG). While individual differences in CoDG have often been examined, studies that systematically investigate the stability of an observers' CoDG over time are scarce. In two experiments, we measured the CoDG using an established paradigm and repeated the measurement after 5 min and/or after 1 week. We found high inter-individual variation, but high agreement within participants (ICCs between 0.649 and 0.855). We conclude that the CoDG can be seen as a rather stable measure, much like a personality trait.

Realizing the Full Potential of Orientation as a Process

The COVID-19 pandemic forced our institution to question how we deliver information to new students. Prior to the pandemic, our students attended an in-person, day-and-a-half orientation program in the summer before their first semester. With the transition to a virtual program format, our institution identified the most critical information delivered in our single-event model and converted that one event to a more purposeful process, complete with pre-orientation modules, a live virtual event, and post-orientation modules. This article shares specific details about the steps taken in the transition to a three-phased orientation experience, outlines the final product of each phase, and discusses future implications for our practice. Specific emphasis is placed on individualized program elements for students, new family and guest programming, and the work of student leaders in a virtual format. Finally, we share advice for professionals and lessons learned that will impact how we approach orientation in the future as we establish a philosophy of orientation as a process, not a program.

A Serial Mediation Approach to Goal Orientations, Learning Strategies and Achievement Outcomes on a Computer-Mediated English Program

Computer-mediated learning initiatives have recently increased due to the novel coronavirus pandemic. Implications are thus created for self-regulation, learning and achievement as computer-mediated learners face unique motivational and metacognitive demands. The current research uses a serial mediation approach to test the effect of goal orientations and the mediatory role of learning strategies on achievement among 195 Japanese university students on a 24-month computer-mediated English program. The tested model shows a good fit to the data and accounts for 28.5% of the achievement variance. Direct effects are observed between a performance-approach orientation and achievement. Mediation effects are also observed between a performance-approach orientation and achievement via a strategic approach to learning. In contrast, the effect of a mastery orientation on achievement is mediated via a strategic approach to learning. A mediated serial effect is also observed between a mastery orientation and achievement via a deep and strategic approach to learning. The challenges facing teachers and students of computer-mediated learning solutions in English as a foreign language (EFL) education and the importance of providing an informed experience that facilitates, supports and rewards adaptive motivations and approaches to learning are discussed.

Lifelong Learning Policies for Young Adults in Europe

This comprehensive collection discusses topical issues essential to both scholarship and policy making in the realm of Lifelong Learning policies and how far they succeed in supporting young people across their life courses, rather than one-sidedly fostering human capital for the economy. Examining specific regional and local contexts across Europe, all various in context, this book uses original research to evaluate differences in scope, approach, orientation, and objectives. It enquires into the embedding of LLL policies into the regional economy, the labour market, education and training systems and the individual life projects of young people, with focus on those in situations of near social exclusion.

Embodying the Police: The Effects of Enclothed Cognition on Shooting Decisions

The theory of enclothed cognition proposes that wearing physical articles of clothing can trigger psychological processes and behavioral tendencies connected to their symbolic meaning. Furthermore, past research has found that increases in power are associated with greater approach orientation and action tendencies. In this study, we integrate these two literatures to examine how embodying the role of a police officer through wearing a uniform would affect responses on a reaction-time measure known as the Shooter Task. This first-person video game simulation requires participants to shoot or not shoot targets holding guns or objects. The task typically elicits a stereotypical pattern of responses, such that unarmed Black versus White targets are more likely to be mistakenly shot and armed Black versus White targets are more likely to be correctly shot. Based on the relationship between power and action, we hypothesized that participants who were randomly assigned to wear a police uniform would show more shooting errors, particularly false alarms, than control participants. Consistent with our hypotheses, participants in uniform were more likely to shoot unarmed targets, regardless of their race. Moreover, this pattern was partially moderated by attitudes about the police and their abuse of power. Specifically, uniformed participants who justified police use of power were more likely to shoot innocent targets than those who were wary of it. We discuss implications for police perceptions and the theory of enclothed cognition more broadly.

Social and Personal Power: A Closer Examination

We thank Mayiwar and Lai (2019) for conducting a replication of Study 1 in Lammers, Stoker, and Stapel (2009) but disagree with their conclusions. Instead, we conclude that their results largely support ours. The results replicate the theoretical distinction between social and personal power, replicate that recalling social versus personal power produces dissimilar levels of stereotyping, and replicate that they produce similar levels of behavioral approach orientation. We discuss the weaker results on stereotyping as the result of the use of an unreliable measure and conclude that despite this, the data are consistent with the possibility of medium-sized effects. We discuss the null-effects on behavioral approach (compared to control) as the result of a change in instructions. We end with a discussion on the implications for the social–personal power distinction and the power literature in general, with a particular focus on how future replication efforts may provide even greater insight.

Team Leaders Matter in Knowledge Sharing: A Cross-Level Analysis of the Interplay between Leaders’ and Members’ Goal Orientations in the Chinese Context

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the impact of cross-level interplay between team members’ and their leaders’ goal orientations (learning, performance approach, and performance avoidance) on knowledge sharing using samples from design teams in two companies in China. Our results show that team leaders’ learning goal orientation plays a critical moderating role. Specifically, team leaders’ learning goal orientation strengthens the positive relationship between team members’ learning orientation and knowledge sharing; positively moderates the relationship between team members’ performance approach orientation and knowledge sharing; and weakens the negative relationship between team members’ performance avoidance orientation and knowledge sharing. Team leaders’ performance approach orientation demonstrates a positive moderating effect when there is congruence between the performance approach orientation of leaders and members. Finally, team leaders’ performance avoidance orientation negatively moderates the relationship between team members’ learning and performance approach orientation on knowledge sharing. This research enhances our understanding of the conditions under which knowledge sharing occurs among team members, using the lens of Trait Activation Theory.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR BERORIENTASI PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK PADA MATA KULIAH PEMBELAJARAN IPS SD DI PROGAM STUDI S1 PGSD

ABSTRACTThis research had purpose to know of proper from development result of teaching material using scientific approach orientation in learning society (IPS) of Elementary School. The component validity consists of materials, presentation, languages, design, the implementation of learning, students learning outcome, and students respons.The type of this study is a research development. The development model used 4-D model (Four-D Model). The procedure is starting by defining development, design, and development. The subjects of this study are the students of S1 PGSD STKIP Modern Ngawi. 10 students (at the firts experiments ) and 32 students ( at second Experiments). Collecting data using observation, test, and questionnaires. The result of the study development result of teaching material using scientific approach orientation in learning society (IPS) of Elementary School are scoring from (1) the validity of the feasibility of component material, linguistic, and the presentation, also the validation from the expert’s lectur so, the module of lesson are on decent category. (2)the teaching materials from SAP implemented excellent so it can support to increased learning activities. (3) The students give positive response and the average of cognitive achievement increases. The cognitive invidual students and classical result increase it’s mean that it’s accordance with the guidelines STKIP ratings Modern Ngawi. Based on the research of result we concluded that development of teaching material using scientific approach orientation in society learning (IPS) of Elementary School were proper, practical, and effective to improve the students learning outcome in College. Keywords: Teaching Material, Scientific Approach, Society Learning (IPS). ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan hasil pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berorientasi Pendekatan Saintifik dari validitas komponen materi, penyajian, kebahasaan, kegrafikan keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, dan hasil belajar serta respon mahasiswa. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model 4-D (Four-D Model). Prosedur pengembangan dilakukan sampai tahap pendefinisian, perancangan, dan pengembangan. Subyek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa S1 PGSD STKIP Modern Ngawi sebanyak 10 mahasiswa (ujicoba 1) dan 32 mahasiswa (ujicoba 2). Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, tes, dan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa data kualitas Bahan Ajar Berorientasi Pendekatan Saintifik pada Mata Kuliah Pembelajaran IPS yang dikembangkan dinilai dari (1) validitas kelayakan komponen materi, kebahasaan, penyajian serta kegrafikan dari hasil validasi yang dilakukan dosen ahli dengan kategori sangat layak. (2) bahan ajar dari keterlaksanaan SAP yang dilaksanakan dosen sangat baik yang mendukung peningkatan kegiatan pembelajaran. (3) respon mahasiswa ditanggapi dengan positif dan rata-rata hasil belajar kognitif meningkat. Ketuntasan hasil belajar mahasiswa secara individu maupun klasikal dapat tuntas sesuai dengan pedoman penilaian STKIP Modern Ngawi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berorientasi Pendekatan Saintifik pada Mata Kuliah Pembelajaran IPS SD layak untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi. Kata Kunci : Buku Ajar, Pembelajaran Saintifik , Pembelajaran IPS SD.