scholarly journals The Pupil Diameter as a Possible Indicator of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Response to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Therapy: In-Depth Measurements Following Topical Administration of Tropicamide and Pilocarpine

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 153331752095169
Author(s):  
Raffaele Nuzzi ◽  
Alessandro Bojino ◽  
Maria Sole Polito ◽  
Chiara Luppi ◽  
Federico Tridico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Pupillary Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cholinergic Drugs ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
The Right

Background: The aim of this study is to assess whether pupillary modifications following ocular anticholinergic and cholinergic drugs can identify subjects with neurodegenerative diseases from early stages. Methods: 51 subjects were divided into 3 groups, according to different neurodegenerative diseases, and compared with a control group of 10 patients. Pupil diameter has been measured at different times after topical administration of tropicamide 0.01% in the right eye. Then, topical administration of pilocarpine 0.06% has been performed, followed by pupillary constriction measurement. Pupillary response rates were stratified according to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors intake. Results: Observed mydriasis and pupillary constriction was similar in all study groups at all evaluation times. Patients without acetylcholinesterase inhibitors intake presented greater mydriasis. Conclusions: Although it was not possible to observe significant differences among groups in terms of pupillary response, the analysis of pupillary features may become an useful tool to detect efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Different selective dry cow therapy concepts compared to blanket antibiotic dry cow treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (06) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wente ◽  
Jan-Hendrik Paduch ◽  
Doris Klocke ◽  
Elisabeth Mansion-de Vries ◽  
Martina Hoedemaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Test ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Right

SummaryObjective: The aim of the study was to investigate the use of somatic cell count (SCC) and aerobic bacterial counts as possible tools to choose animals for selective dry cow treatment (DCT) on cow level. Blanket antibiotic DCT is an approved and common method in Germany aimed at increasing the cure rate of existing intramammary infections (IMI) at the time of drying off and decreasing the risk of new infections during the dry period. However, not all animals benefit equally from an antibiotic DCT. Moreover, dairies, consumers and politicians demand a reduction in the use of antibiotics in farm animals. Several criteria for identifying animals which would benefit from antibiotic DCT have been described in the literature. Material and methods: Animals chosen for this investigation were divided into three study groups: Aerobic Count Petrifilm® group A (153 cows), SCC group S (160 cows) and control group C (169 cows). All quarters were treated with an internal teat sealant (ITS) no matter which group the cows belonged to. Results: Group C, in which all cows received an antibiotic DCT, achieved the best results referred to udder health, particularly regarding bacteriological dry period cure. However, the results of the two study groups A and S, in which the animals were dried off selectively, were only marginally worse. A significant difference regarding bacterial dry period cure was revealed between group S and group C (p = 0.039), whereas no significant difference concerning new IMI risk could be detected between the three study groups. Compared to a blanket antibiotic DCT of all cows in the corresponding study group, a reduction of the usage of antibiotics of 23.5 % (A) and 55 % (S) was noticed, respectively. Furthermore, it could be shown that the lactation number as well as the microorganisms present at the time of drying off influence udder health. Conclusion: Selective DCT is an alternative method to the widespread blanket antibiotic DCT. However, it has to be mentioned that selective DCT involves the described marginal decline in udder health and the additional amount of time, which might arise from the procedure of choosing the right animals and performing the applied rapid test methods.

scholarly journals The Effect of Intravitreal Azithromycin on the Albino Newborn Rabbit Retina

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Duygu Cam ◽  
Ali Osman Saatci ◽  
Serap Cilaker Micili ◽  
Bekir Ugur Ergur ◽  
Revan Yildirim Karabag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Newborn Rabbit ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal azithromycin on the retina in a newborn rabbit model. Methods: Twelve, two-week old New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into two groups (six in each). The right eyes of six rabbits received 0.75 mg (0.05 mL) azithromycin and the right eyes of the remaining six rabbits 1.5 mg (0.1 mL) azithromycin intravitreally. Left eyes were served as the control and received the same volume of saline. All eyes were enucleated at the third postinjection week. Retinal histology was examined by light microscopy. Apoptosis of the retinal cells was further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of DNA fragments. Results: Light microscopy demonstrated no retinal abnormalities in all eyes. However, retinal nuclear DNA fragmentation was evident in both study groups (33.6% with 1.5 mg and 21.4% with 0.75 mg azithromycin) with the TUNEL method. TUNEL staining ratio was statistically higher only in the second group treated with 1.5 mg azithromycin when compared to the control group (p=0.01 Mann Whitney U test). The ratio of caspase-3 positive cells in the two study groups was 21.5% and 20.2%, respectively. Caspase-3 staining ratio was statistically higher in both study groups when compared to the control eyes (p=0.00, p=0.00 respectively). The difference of TUNEL staining ratio between the two study groups was statistically significant (p=0.028), but there were no statistically significant differences in the two study groups by caspase-3 staining (p=0.247). Conclusion: In newborn rabbits, intravitreal azithromycin injection resulted in an apoptotic activity in the photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that doses of 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg azithromycin, administered intravitreally might be toxic to the newborn rabbit retina.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Collagen and Elastin Content in Skin of Multiparous Minks Receiving Feed Contaminated with Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) with or without Bentonite Supplementation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
Iwona Taszkun ◽  
Ewa Tomaszewska ◽  
Piotr Dobrowolski ◽  
Andrzej Żmuda ◽  
Wiesław Sitkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Protective Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
Skin Samples

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is considered one of the most dangerous mycotoxins contaminating cereal products for food and feed. One of the protective methods against the adverse effect of DON on mink health is to use a component such as bentonite as a feed supplement to allow toxins absorption. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DON, administered alone or with bentonite, on the histological structure of the skin and the content of collagen and elastin. A multiparous minks from control group (not exposed to DON) and a study groups receiving fed with DON-containing wheat for seven months: I: at a concentration of 1.1 mg/kg of feed, II: at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg, III: DON at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg and bentonite at a concentration of 0.5 kg/1000 kg of feed (0.05%) and IV: DON at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg and bentonite at a concentration 2 kg/1000 kg (0.2%). After performing euthanasia and before pelting, skin samples of 2 cm in diameter were drawn from the multiparous minks from the lateral surface of the right anterior limb. Our obtained results clearly indicate that DON administered for a period of seven months at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg significantly changes the thickness of skin of a multiparous mink. It causes an increase in the percentage of elastin from 5.9% to 9.4% and a decrease in immature collagen, which results in a change in the collagen/elastin ratio from 10/1 to 5/1. A dose of 3.7 mg/kg DON in feed without or with 0.05% bentonite causes the absence of immature collagen in the dermis, but the addition of 0.2% bentonite in the feed reveals the presence of immature collagen and increase the percentage of the elastin.

The anti-inflammatory effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on histamine-induced otitis media with effusion in guinea pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ersoy ◽  
B Aktan ◽  
K Kilic ◽  
M S Sakat ◽  
S Sipal
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

AbstractBackgroundOtitis media with effusion is a clinical manifestation characterised by inflammation of middle-ear mucosa. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on a histamine-induced animal model of otitis media with effusion.MethodsThe animals were divided into five groups, receiving erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin or saline solution. The guinea pigs in the study groups received erythromycin (40 mg/kg/day), clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day), azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) or roxithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 days by gastric tube. Four hours after the end of the administration, histamine solution was injected into the right middle ear.ResultsThe lowest neutrophil density value obtained using stereological techniques was in the azithromycin group (0.86 ± 0.25 × 10−5/μm3), while the highest value was observed in the control group (6.68 ± 3.12 × 10−5/μm3). The anti-inflammatory properties of clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin were similar to one another, but better than that of erythromycin.ConclusionThe use of macrolide antibiotics is recommended, as they show antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy in otitis media with effusion.

scholarly journals Initial pulp changes during orthodontic movement: histomorphological evaluation

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Santamaria Jr. ◽  
Débora Milagres ◽  
Mamie Mizusaki Iyomasa ◽  
Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani ◽  
Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coil Spring ◽  
Force Application ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Physiological Limit ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tissue Alterations

This study evaluated pulp changes in molars of rats submitted to tooth movement by application of a 0.4 N force. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=5), being one control group not submitted to force application, and four study groups of 6, 12, 24 and 72 h of force application. The study groups received a 5-mm long nickel-titanium closed coil spring, placed from the right maxillary first molar to the maxillary incisors of each animal. The coil spring was used for mesial inclination of the first molar. After the specific period of tooth movement of each study group, the animals were sacrificed and specimens containing the teeth submitted to movement were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis under light microscopy. The results demonstrated alteration of the odontoblastic layer, with hypertrophy of odontoblasts especially at the mesial area of the coronal pulp, edema of the pulp connective tissue in the central area of the pulp, and vascular alteration with accumulation of erythrocytes and leukocytes inside the vessels, especially at the mesial root of the moved teeth. These changes were less remarkable for the 72-h period. Thus, it may be concluded that tooth movement yielded pulpal tissue alterations compatible with an inflammatory process, which are reversible if the aggression is not more intense than the physiological limit of tissue tolerance.

scholarly journals The Effect of Levamlodipine in Glucose-Induced Acute Model of Glaucoma in Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 505-509
Author(s):  
Waleed K. Abdulsahib
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Acute Glaucoma ◽  
Iop Elevation ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Agent

BACKGROUND: Loss of vision and irreversible blindness are the main consequences of glaucoma. There are two main types of glaucoma: Chronic and acute. AIM: This work aimed to evaluate the intraocular effect of levamlodipine on the acute model of glaucoma in rabbits. METHODS: Eighteen white albino rabbits of both sexes weighing about 2 kg. We divided them into three groups (six animals in each group) used in the experiment. We use the right eye to evaluate the effect of the test drug and used the left eye as a control (vehicle only). We used the first group to evaluate levamlodipine (0.25%), the second group to estimate levamlodipine (0.5%), and the third group to assess pilocarpine 2% (positive control). Drugs were administered 30 min before induction. RESULTS: Glucose (5%) fluid produces a significant intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after 30 min of administration in the left eye (p ˂ 0.001). Pre-treatment topical administration of levamlodipine (0.25%) prevents the rise in the IOP significantly (p ˂ 0.001) in the right eye when compared to the control group (left eye). Moreover, compared with the eyes of the control group at all stages of the experiment, the topical administration of levamlodipine (0.5%) has a significant preventable effect (p ˂ 0.001), compared with the control group. The IOP of the local pilocarpine (2%) in the third group was significantly decreased (p ˂ 0.001). Finally, compared with levamlodipine (0.5%), pilocarpine has a more significant effect in preventing a rapid increase in intraocular pressure (p ˂ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Levamlodipine is a promising therapeutic agent for patients vulnerable to acute glaucoma.

Correlation of Metabolic Risk Factors with Sessile Serrated Lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Melania Macarie ◽  
Simona Bataga ◽  
Simona Mocan ◽  
Monica Pantea ◽  
Razvan Opaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Interval Cancer ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Right Colon ◽  
Serrated Lesions ◽  
The Right

Background and Aims: The importance of sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma has been recently established. These are supposed to cause the so-called “interval cancer”, having a rapidly progressive growth and being difficult to detect and to obtain an endoscopic complete resection. We aimed to establish the most important metabolic risk factors for sessile serrated lesions. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study, on a series of 2918 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy in Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Târgu-Mureș, Romania between 1 st of January 2015-31 th of December 2017. In order to evaluate the metabolic risk factors for polyps’ development, enrolled participants were stratified in two groups, a study group, 33 patients with SSLs lesions, and a control group, 138 patients with adenomatous polyps, selected by systematic sampling for age and anatomical site. Independent variables investigated were: gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, nonalcoholic liver disease. Results: For SSLs the most common encountered localization was the right colon in 30.55% of cases. By comparative bivariate analysis between SSLs group and control group, it was observed that hypertension (p=0.03, OR 2.33, 95 %CI 1.03-5.24), obesity (p=0.03, OR 2.61, 95 %CI 1.08-6.30), hyperuricemia (p=0.04, OR 2.72, 95 %CI 1.28-7.55), high cholesterol (p=0.002, OR 3.42; 95 %CI 1.48-7.87), and high triglycerides level (p=0.0006, OR 5.75; 95 %CI 1.92-17.2) were statistically associated with SSLs development. By multivariate analysis hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia retained statistical significance. Conclusions: Our study showed that the highest prevalence of SSLs was in the right colon and hypertension and increased triglycerides levels were associated with the risk of SSLs development. These risk factors are easy to detect in clinical practice and may help identifying groups with high risk for colorectal cancer, where screening is recommended.

Sucrose and Facilitated Tucking for Pain Among Neonates Receiving Vaccination, in Puducherry

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha S. ◽  
Rebecca Samson ◽  
Christopher Amalraj ◽  
Sundaresan Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intradermal Vaccination ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Study Intervention

Neglected pain in neonates leads to various ill effects and it can be prevented by using simple and safe non-pharmacological pain relieving measures. Pharmacologic agents are not recommended in neonates for acute pain due toinvasive procedures however, administration of 24% oralsucrose solutionis found to be effective. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 24%oral sucrose in combination with Facilitated tucking during BCG Vaccination through intradermalroute in term neonates which is not done elsewhere. Fifty five healthy term neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as gestational age above 37 weeks, within 24 hoursof birth age, and neonates delivered only through spontaneous vaginal delivery were included in the study. The study intervention consists of administration of 2 ml of oral 24% sucrose 2 minutes before BCG Vaccination through intradermal route and Facilitated tuckingat the time of vaccination. The primary outcome measure of cumulative NIPS score at 0, 3,5 minuteswas not significant in both the study groups. Whereas there was significant reduction in the level of pain and mean cry time in the neonates of sucrose group. Heart rateand oxygen saturation after intradermal injection also showed significant (p less than 0.001) differenceamong the neonates, who received 24% of oral sucroseand Facilitated tucking than for neonates of control group. Thus oral (24%)sucrose solution given 2 minutes before injection was effective in reducing level of neonatal pain following Intradermal Vaccination. It is a simple, safe and fast acting analgesic and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in term neonates which last for 5-7minutes.

Employing Gamma Ray Irradiated Giardia lamblia as Trialed Vaccine in Experimental Animal

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal Kamil Abdul Sada ◽  
Amany Mohamed Al-Kaysi
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

This is an experimental trial to prepare a vaccine from gamma-irradiated Giardia lamblia which is evaluated in experimental animals. The study was conducted from December 2015 to April 2016. The field survey of the parasite was conducted from those patients attending the laboratories of the Alawi Children's Hospital in Rusafa and the Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Karkh, through which 1250 stool samples of different age groups were examined. Five groups of mice were used in the study; the first was injected with normal saline and considered as a negative control group, the second was injected with cystic form of non-irradiated Giardia lamblia and considered as a positive control group, whereas the other three groups were injected with gamma irradiated Giardia lamblia at three different doses 10, 15 and 25 rad respectively. Giardia lamblia was primarily cultivated in liver infusion agar for ten days to obtain the active phase. On the sixth day, the cystic phase was purified and standardized to be used in the infection of mice with or without the exposure of gamma rays. Mice showed high sensitivity to parasitic infestation, in the gamma non-irradiated and the irradiated with gamma 10 rad, and 15 rad irradiated groups which was 100%. The results expressed an excystation process of the depleted phases and the release of the feeder phases. The results of the three irradiated groups consisted of histopathological changes of the small, and the rectum by dissection after two weeks of infection, with intestine amputation lesions, as well as ulceration and inflammation of the inflammatory cells represented in small numbers of neutrophil, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The presence of ulceration and fall of epithelial cells in the intestinal cavity has been shown, and different forms of the parasite have been observed. Mice which was injected with irradiated G lamblia at high dose (25 rad), not show and sensitivity to the challenge infection and no excystation of thy parasite had been done. After 2 wreaks, a comparison was achieved between all study groups in which no histopathological changes were noticed in the mice irradiated with dose of25 rad. After another two weeks, a challenge dose was given (un-attenuated G lamblia) and mice were dissected after another two weeks, no changes on the level of histopathology of intestinal tissue were noticed the results suggested that mice acquire an immunity against the parasite infection.

Objective Measurement of Sustained Pupillary Constriction: A Pilot Study Using an App-Based Pupilometer

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Pupillary Reaction ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous Systems ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Background: The pupillary reaction is controlled by the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system, namely the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. New discoveries in pupil research has identified that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have an impact on pupillary constriction, particularly sustained pupillary constriction. In the current paper, an objective measurement of sustained pupillary constriction versus the inability to maintain sustained pupillary constriction are observed. The variability in the sustained pupillary constriction, i.e. Alpha Omega pupil, can be objectively identified with the use of modern technology. Case Examples: Two female subjects were adapted to dim illumination, and then two objective pupil measurements of the right eye using Reflex – PLR Analyzer by BrightLamp© (Indianapolis, IN, USA) with sustained illumination were obtained. Subject 1, a 25 year-old-female, demonstrated normal ability of the pupil to constrict and sustain constriction for 10 seconds. She was used as a control for subject 2. Subject 2, a 27 year-old-female, demonstrated the inability to sustain pupillary constriction. She reported being under great psychological stress. Her pupil began to re-dilate between 2 and 3 seconds after the initial constriction. Conclusion: Objective pupillometry can be used to assist in many diagnoses and provides the clinician invaluable information on the state of the individual, and qualifications of sustained pupillary constriction can now be assessed in an objective manner.

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