Validation of the Ohio Youth Assessment System Dispositional Tool (OYAS-DIS): An Examination of Race and Gender Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-211
Author(s):  
Christina A. Campbell ◽  
Christopher D’Amato ◽  
Jordan Papp
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
White Males ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Published Research

The Ohio Youth Assessment System-Disposition Tool (OYAS-DIS) is a juvenile risk assessment that is used in numerous states and jurisdictions to assess criminogenic risk of juvenile offenders. Still, there is little published research on the predictive validity of the tool. The purpose of the current study was to examine the predictive validity of OYAS-DIS, with a specific focus on understanding prediction of recidivism across racial and gender subgroups. The sample consisted of 4,383 youth that received a court petition in a single large Midwestern county juvenile court. The findings indicated that the OYAS-DIS was a statistically significant predictor of recidivism across all racial and gender subgroups. However, there was statistically significant variation in predictive validity across subgroups. For instance, the tool was a statistically significantly better predictor of recidivism for White males as compared to Black male youth. There was also statistically significant variation in the predictive validity of certain domains (e.g., juvenile justice history) on the OYAS-DIS across racial and gender subgroups. Implications of research favor the use of the OYAS-DIS to predict recidivism for adjudicated juveniles.

Understanding the Subgroup Complexities of Transfer: The Impact of Juvenile Race and Gender on Waiver Decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Sara L. Bryson ◽  
Jennifer H. Peck
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black Females ◽  
White Males ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Judicial Waiver ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Court Processing ◽  
The Impact

While prior research has consistently found the presence of extralegal disparities in juvenile justice decision-making, less research has investigated the combined effects of a juvenile’s race and gender on the decision to transfer youth to adult court. The current study examines both the individual and joint influence of race and gender on transfer decisions of all judicial waiver-eligible youth in a Northeast state from 2004 to 2014. Results indicate that Black males had the highest likelihood of being judicially waived, followed by White males, then Black females. White females had the greatest chance of being retained in juvenile court. The findings have important implications for juvenile court processing by informing researchers, practitioners, and policyholders about potential reform efforts that target judicial waiver.

Effects of Receiving Genetic Ancestry Results on Emerging Adults’ Ethnic-Racial Identity Affirmation

2021 ◽  
pp. 216769682110208
Author(s):  
Chelsea D. Williams ◽  
Tricia Smith ◽  
Amy Adkins ◽  
Chloe J. Walker ◽  
Arlenis Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
White Males ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Testing Condition ◽  
And Control

Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) is associated with adaptive outcomes in emerging adulthood, but more research is needed on factors that may inform ERI, such as receiving one’s genetic ancestry results. The current study examined changes in ERI using a pre-test post-test design in which 116 emerging adults 18–25 years were randomly assigned to either receiving their genetic ancestry results before the post-test (the testing condition) or after post-test (the control condition). We also tested whether ethnicity/race and gender moderated these associations. Findings indicated that male students of color (SOC) in the testing condition experienced an increase in ERI affirmation from pre-test to post-test, and male SOC in the control condition experienced a decrease in ERI affirmation from pre-test to post-test. There were no significant differences in ERI affirmation change between students in the testing condition and control condition for female SOC, White males, or White females.

Abstract WP286: Race and Gender Differences Among Patients With First or Recurrent Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary G George ◽  
Xin Tong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black Females ◽  
White Males ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
And Gender

Introduction: Little information is known about the race and gender differences in stroke severity of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) among those presenting with and without a recurrent stroke (RS). Methods: The study is limited to white and black patients who were admitted with an AIS in the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program from 2012-2014. There were 157 967 admissions from 453 hospitals identified. After excluding those with missing NIHSS (33 017), the analysis focused on 124 950 patients. Results: The median age of blacks and females was greater than for whites and males, 74 vs 63 and 75 vs 68, respectively. RS accounted for 21.8% of AIS in white males, 21.2% in white females, 28.3% in black males, and 30.0% in black females. The median NIHSS was higher among females with initial stroke or RS stroke (4.0 vs 3.0 and 5.0 vs 4.0, respectively, p<0.0001) and higher among blacks with initial stroke or RS (4.0 vs 3.0 and 5.0 vs 4.0, respectively, p<0.0001). Overall in-hospital death was greater among whites and females compared to blacks and males (4.1% vs 2.9%, p<0.0001; 4.2% vs 3.5%, p<0.0001, respectively), and this pattern was consistent for initial AIS and RS. Use of tPA was greater among whites and males compared to blacks and females (11.6% vs 10.3%, p<0.0001; 11.5 vs 11.1%, p=0.02, respectively). This pattern was consistent for initial AIS and RS by race and for initial AIS by gender, but not for tPA for RS by gender. Females and blacks were less likely to have a mild stroke (NIHSS score 0-4) than males and whites for both initial and RS (p<0.0001). After adjusting for age, state, hospital, and year, the odds of having an NIHSS ≥5 was 16% lower among males, 36% greater among blacks, and 38% greater for those with a RS (data not shown). Conclusion: Race and gender differences on age, stroke severity, receipt of tPA, and in-hospital death among initial AIS patients persist for RS. Blacks, females, and those with a RS have more severe AIS.

The Conditioning Effects of Race and Gender on the Juvenile Court Outcomes of Delinquent and “Neglected” Types of Offenders

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1210-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Peck ◽  
Michael J. Leiber ◽  
Maude Beaudry-Cyr ◽  
Elisa L. Toman
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Abstract MP37: The Triglyceride to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, an Estimate of Insulin Resistance, is Associated with Incident Coronary Heart Disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kats ◽  
Joshua W Knowles ◽  
Gerald M Reaven ◽  
A. R Sharrett ◽  
Vijay Nambi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
African American ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
African American Males ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
White Males ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aric Study

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR), a metabolic dysregulation predictive of various clinical sequelae, is reportedly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The invasive nature of direct measures of IR limits their use in clinical practice and population research, motivating the need for a suitable tool to signal the presence of IR. Its correlation with insulin action, simplicity, and wide availability of standardization in its assay properties, promotes the ratio of fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, there is no consensus for TG/HDL-C ratio thresholds to index IR, whether the ratio relates to IR in African Americans, nor the ratio’s ability to predict coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Objectives: To: 1) optimize race and gender-specific TG/HDL-C ratio cut-points indicative of IR in white and African American males and females; 2) compare cardio-metabolic profiles of the dichotomies created by these cut-points within each race-gender subgroup; and 3) estimate associations of IR indexed by the TG/HDL-C ratio with incident CHD by race and gender. Methods: Data from 10,031 white and 3,076 African American non-diabetic participants aged 45-64 years in the population-based ARIC Study were examined. Race and gender-specific TG/HDL-C ratio cut-points with optimal performance against the upper quartile of fasting insulin were calculated at baseline (1987-1989) using Youden indices. Cardio-metabolic profiles were compared by IR categories in each race-gender subgroup. Competing risk (of death) Cox models, adjusted for age, hypertension, cigarette smoking, BMI, and LDL-C, were fit by race and gender to quantify the risk of incident CHD events by 2012 independently attributed to IR. Incident CHD events were ascertained from cohort examinations, follow-up of hospital admissions and fatal events records, and classified according to a standardized protocol. Results: A total of 1,886 (18%) and 429 (14%) validated CHD events accrued by 2012 in whites and African Americans, respectively. Optimized values of the TG/HDL-C ratio thresholds to index IR were ≥3.4 for white males, ≥2.3 for white females, ≥2.2 for African American males, and ≥1.8 for African American females. Applying these thresholds, individuals denoted as having IR had noticeably poorer cardio-metabolic risk profiles than those not having IR in each race-gender subgroup. IR, as defined by the above cut-points, was associated with the following adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of incident CHD by 2012: 1.35 (1.21, 1.52) in white males; 1.52, (1.27, 1.83) in white females; 1.69 (1.28, 2.22) in African American males; and 1.44 (1.08, 1.92) in African American females. Conclusion: The TG/HDL-C ratio, a clinically useful indicator of IR, independently predicts coronary heart disease in non-diabetic white and African American men and women.

scholarly journals Lumbo-Sacral Angle Evaluation Among Lebanese Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Haidar Hassan Khodor ◽  
Khawli Loubaba ◽  
Kheir Eddine Hassane
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Lumbar Lordosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Background: Lumbar lordosis is an essential postural element that has gained the interest of both clinicians and researchers for several years. It is the inward curvature made by the wedging of the vertebrae of the lumbar spine. Since there is paucity of data on the lumbar lordosis in the Lebanese population, most of the data used in clinical practice to classify hypo- and hyper-lordosis are based on studies from other races. Aim: To identify the normal LSA in a Lebanese population, then see if there is a difference between the races, and determine if this angle is affected by the gender or age. Methods: A retrospective study established to measure lumbar lordosis using LSA technique. Lateral supine lumbosacral radiographs of 128 Lebanese subjects, aged between 19 and 84 years, were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The mean value (SD) of LSA was 38.980 ( + 9.90) with a min 15.70 and max 64.20. A significant difference was found between LSA and gender. However, there was no significant variation between this angle and age. Conclusion: The mean value of this angle 38.980 ( + 9.90) may form a reference for the Lebanese population. The study demonstrated that lumbar lordosis is affected by race and gender, with females having a greater LSA than males. Whereas, the latter wasn’t affected by age.

Is Brueggemann Really a Pluralist?

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-294
Author(s):  
Jon D. Levenson
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
The West ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
White Males ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The Rich ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Gender

One characteristic of Walter Brueggemann's recently published Theology of the Old Testament that distinguishes it from comparable studies is its author's explicit commitment to hermeneutical pluralism. Whereas the classic works of biblical theology located the enterprise within a univocally Christian framework, Brueggemann's massive and learned volume proposes a “contextual shift from hegemonic interpretation … toward a pluralistic interpretive context.” The transition is not an option but a necessity in a postmodern situation marked by “the disestablishment of the triumphalist church in the West” and the loss of “a consensus authority.” “No interpretive institution,” he writes, “ecclesial or academic, can any longer sustain a hegemonic mode of interpretation, so that our capacity for a magisterial or even a broadly based consensus about a pattern of interpretation will be hard to come by.” For Brueggemann, this loss is a gain, since “the [biblical] texts themselves witness to a plurality of testimonies concerning God and Israel's life with God.” The disintegration of consensus goes hand in hand with “the parallel disestablishment of the institutional vehicles of such interpretation” that have repressed awareness of the rich internal diversity of the Old Testament. In the absence of a hegemonic consensus, enforced by repressive and discriminatory institutions, “the testimony of Israel” will be able to recover its character “as a subversive protest and as an alternative act of vision that invites criticism and transformation.” For Brueggemann, the repressiveness and discrimination of the institutions is reflected in the dominance of the white males within them. In a situation of more diversity of race and gender, he repeatedly tells us, valid alternative visions will blossom.

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