Effects of Low-Intensity Conflicts on Farming Communities in Mindanao, Philippines

2021 ◽  
pp. 154231662110324
Author(s):  
Hazel Pergis-Lozada ◽  
Emma Ruth Valdez-Bayogan ◽  
Marvin Louie Gamaya Orbeta ◽  
Anne Shangrila Ysulat Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Total Household Income ◽  
The Mean

Low-intensity conflicts have often been afforded lesser importance than high-intensity conflicts. Yet, low-intensity conflicts can have impacts on the ability to farm, productivity, and income. We studied the effects of low-intensity conflicts on the farming communities in two conflict vulnerable areas in Mindanao, Southern Philippines. Following a review of the economic effects of conflict with a focus on Mindanao, we surveyed farmers in low-conflict areas to assess its impact on livelihood. In 2018, farmers in “peaceful” situation differed in income from those who are in “low-conflict” situations. The mean total household income for the “low conflict” (PHP8,360 or $US155) group was significantly lower by PHP13,060 ($US242) from the “peaceful” group (PHP24,433 or $US453). This findings suggest the need for further research regarding how villages resolve conflicts informally as a way of improve government-sponsored conflict resolution efforts.

scholarly journals Individualized speed threshold to analyze the game running demands in soccer players using GPS technology (Umbral de velocidad individualizado para analizar en jugadores de fútbol mediante tecnología GPS las exigencias de sus desplazamientos en competici

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Núñez-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Javier Toscano-Bendala ◽  
Miguel Angel Campos-Vázquez ◽  
Luis Jesus Suarez-Arrones
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Very High

The aim of the study was to compare the relative running demands (m·min-1), among different soccer players positions, coded by an absolute threshold vs. an individualized threshold based on splits of 10% of peak velocity, during friendly games, with the same tactical system and monitoring with a GPS. To this end he had 20 players on a semiprofessional soccer team. All players were monitored with a unit GPS (15 hz SPI-pro W2b, GPSport, Canberra, Australia).  They are measured peak velocity with a sprint of 40 m, and its activity in 4 friendly matches. The player’s activities were coded into five absolute speed thresholds and ten individualized speed thresholds. The absolute speed thresholds were: Very low intensity running (VLIR: 0-7 km·h-1), Low intensity running (LIR: 7-13 km·h-1), medium intensity running (MIR: 13-18 km·h-1), high intensity running (HIR: 18-21 km·h-1), and very high intensity running (VHIR: >21 km·h-1). The individualized thresholds were from <10%, 10-20 %, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, and >90% of peak velocity (PV). Variables are presented as the mean (± SD), and the estimated precision is indicated with 90% confidence limits (CL). In addition to the analyses for statistical significance (i.e., paired t-tests), possible differences between players’ position was analysed (pairwise comparisons) for practical significance using magnitude-based inferences. The 30% of players get 80-90% of its peak velocity in match and 2.5% reaches 90-100% of its peak velocity.Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las demandas de carrera ent jugadores de fútbol con diferentes roles empleando tecnología GPS, analizando y comparando sus desplazamientos durante partidos amistosos en base a un umbral absoluto, frente a un umbral individualizado al perfil locomotor del jugador. Para ello se les valoró su pico máximo de velocidad realizando un sprint de 40 m, así como su actividad locomotora en 4 partidos amistosos. Los desplazamientos de los jugadores codificaron en cinco umbrales de velocidad absolutos y diez umbrales de velocidad individualizados. Los umbrales de velocidad absolutos fueron: carrera de muy baja intensidad (VLIR: 0-7 km·h-1), carrera de baja intensidad (LIR: 7-13 km·h-1), carrera de intensidad media (MIR: 13-18 km·h-1), carrera de alta intensidad  (HIR: 18-21 km·h-1), y carrera de muy alta intensidad (VHIR: >21 km·h-1). Los umbrales individualizados en base a su pico de velocidad máxima (PV) fueron:  <10%, 10-20 %, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, and >90% del PV. El 30% de los jugadores consiguen el 80-90% de su pico de velocidad en partidos y el 2.5 % alcanza el 90-100 % de su pico de velocidad.

Positional Differences in Match Running Performance and Physical Collisions in Men Rugby Sevens

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Suarez-Arrones ◽  
Carlos Arenas ◽  
Guillermo López ◽  
Bernardo Requena ◽  
Oliver Terrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Substantial Decrease ◽  
Gps Technology ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Medium Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fitness Training

Purpose:This study describes the physical match demands relative to positional group in male rugby sevens.Methods:Ten highly trained players were investigated during competitive matches (N = 23) using GPS technology, heart rate (HR), and video recording.Results:The relative distance covered by the players throughout the match was 102.3 ± 9.8 m/min. As a percentage of total distance, 35.8% (36.6 ± 5.9 m/min) was covered walking, 26.0% (26.6 ± 5.5 m/min) jogging, 10.0% (10.2 ± 2.4 m/min) running at low intensity, 14.2% (14.5 ± 4.0 m/min) at medium intensity, 4.6% (4.7 ± 1.6 m/min) at high intensity, and 9.5% (9.7 ± 3.7 m/min) sprinting. For the backs, a substantial decrease in total distance and distance covered at low, medium, and high intensity was observed in the second half. Forwards exhibited a substantial decrease in the distance covered at medium intensity, high intensity, and sprinting in the 2nd half. Backs covered substantially more total distance at medium and sprinting speeds than forwards. In addition, the maximum length of sprint runs was substantially greater for the backs than forwards. On the contrary, forwards performed more tackles. The mean HR during the match in backs and forwards was similar, with the exception of time spent at HR intensities >90%HRmax, which was substantially higher in forwards.Conclusion:These findings provide a description of the different physical demands placed on rugby sevens backs and forwards. This information may be helpful in the development of positional and/or individualized physical-fitness training programs.

Inhibition rather than Enhancement of Hemostatic System Activation during Initiation of Oral Anticoagulant Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (04) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A Kyrle ◽  
Johannes Brockmeier ◽  
Ansgar Weltermann ◽  
Sabine Eichinger ◽  
Wolfgang Speiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Treatment ◽  
Shed Blood ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Hemostatic System ◽  
System Activation

SummaryCoumarin-induced skin necrosis is believed to be due to a transient hypercoagulable state resulting from a more rapid decline of the protein C activity relative to that of coagulation factors (F) II, IX and X during initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy. We studied hemostatic system activation during early oral anticoagulant treatment with a technique that investigates coagulation activation in the microcirculation.We determined in 10 healthy volunteers the concentrations of prothrombin fragment F1+2 (f1.2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) in blood emerging from an injury of the microvasculature (bleeding time incision) before and after initiation of both high-inten- sity and low-intensity coumarin therapy. In addition, f1.2, TAT, activated F VII (F Vila) and the activities of FII, F VII, F X and protein C were measured in venous blood.A rapid decline of F VII and protein C was observed in venous blood with activities at 24 h of 7 ± 1% and 43 ± 2%, respectively, during the high-intensity regimen. A 20 to 30% reduction of f1.2 and TAT was seen in venous blood at 72 h with no major difference between the high- and the low-intensity regimen. F Vila levels were substantially affected by anticoagulation with a >90% reduction at 48 h during the high-intensity regimen. Following high-intensity coumarin, a >50% decrease in the fl.2 and TAT levels was found in shed blood at 48 h suggesting substantial inhibition of thrombin generation during early oral anticoagulation. An increase in the f1.2 and TAT levels was seen neither in shed blood nor in venous blood.Our data do not support the concept of a transient imbalance between generation and inhibition of thrombin as the underlying pathomechanism of coumarin-induced skin nekrosis.

Contralateral training effects of low-intensity blood-flow restricted and high-intensity unilateral resistance training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goncalo V. Mendonca ◽  
Carolina Vila-Chã ◽  
Carolina Teodósio ◽  
André D. Goncalves ◽  
Sandro R. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Low Intensity

scholarly journals Comparison of two different models of rehabilitation programs following total knee replacement operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabab S. Zaghlol ◽  
Sahar S. Khalil ◽  
Ahmed M. Attia ◽  
Ghada A. Dawa
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Replacement ◽  
Knee Replacement ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Functional Gain

Abstract Background Total knee replacement operation (TKR) is the treatment of choice in severe knee osteoarthritis (OA). Rehabilitation post-TKR is still not well studied. The aim of this study was to compare between the high-intensity (HI) rehabilitation program and the low-intensity (LI) rehabilitation program following TKR. Results At 1 month following the TKR operations, significant improvements were found in the first group compared to the second group in all the measured parameters except for the knee range of motion (ROM). At 3 and 12 months follow-up periods, there were statistically significant differences between both groups in all the evaluated parameters except for the numeric pain rating scale and the knee ROM. Conclusions Both high-intensity and low-intensity rehabilitation programs are effective; however, HI program had superior functional gain and patient-reported outcomes compared to the LI program. Moreover, HI group has a long-term functional gain.

Concentration of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) and sucrose in beverages: Effects on physicochemical characteristics and acceptance

2020 ◽  
pp. 108201322097379
Author(s):  
Jahir Antonio Barajas-Ramírez ◽  
Ana Luisa Gutiérrez-Salomón ◽  
Sonia Guadalupe Sáyago-Ayerdi
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Color Parameters ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Red Color

The calyces of roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) are used to make a refreshing drink with high content of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, although the process for obtaining the beverage is not standardized. In this research it was determined physicochemical characteristics, total soluble polyphenols content, antioxidant activity and acceptance for beverages prepared by decoction at four concentrations of calyces in water (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%) and two concentrations of sucrose (11 and 16%). Color parameters in beverages permitted to describe them as red, which turned darker as the content of hibiscus increased. Total soluble polyphenols content and antioxidant activity were directly correlated with content of calyces in beverages and inversely correlated with pH, which means that beverages with higher content of calyces could be perceived as more acidic and more intense in characteristics associated with hibiscus presence, such as acid, astringent and the presence of intense dark red color, although the higher concentration of sucrose might have contributed to mask slightly the sourness and astringency. Acceptance for hibiscus beverages allowed to observe two segments of consumers, high-intensity and low-intensity likers but both confluence in overall liking values for beverages prepared with 2.5% calyces and 16% sucrose.

Coronary artery z score values in adolescent elite male soccer players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Stephan Gerling ◽  
Tobias Pollinger ◽  
Markus Johann Dechant ◽  
Michael Melter ◽  
Werner Krutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Left Main Coronary Artery ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Left Main ◽  
Luminal Diameter ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: With the increased training loads at very early ages in European elite youth soccer, there is an interest to analyse coronary artery remodelling due to high-intensity exercise. Design and methods: Prospective echocardiographic study in 259 adolescent elite male soccer players and 48 matched controls. Results: The mean age was 12.7 ± 0.63 years in soccer players and 12.6 ± 0.7 years in controls (p > 0.05). Soccer players had significant greater indexed left ventricular mass (93 ± 13 g/m2 versus 79 ± 12 g/m2, p = 0.001). Both coronary arteries origin could be identified in every participant. In soccer players, the mean diameter of the left main coronary artery was 3.67 mm (SD ± 0.59) and 2.61 mm (SD ± 0.48) for right main coronary artery. Controls showed smaller mean luminal diameter (left main coronary artery, p = 0.01; right main coronary artery, p = 0.025). In soccer players, a total of 91% (n = 196) and in controls a total of 94% (n = 45) showed left main coronary artery z scores within the normal range: −2.0 to 2.0. In right main coronary artery, a pattern of z score values distribution was comparable (soccer players 94%, n = 202 vs. controls 84%, n = 40). A subgroup of soccer players had supernormal z score values (>2.0 to 2.5) for left main coronary artery (9%, n = 19, p = 0.01) and right main coronary artery (6%, n = 10, p = 0.025), respectively. Conclusion: Elite soccer training in early adolescence may be a stimulus strong enough to develop increased coronary arteries diameters. In soccer players, a coronary artery z score >2.0–2.5 might reflect a physiologic response induced by multiannual high-intensity training.

scholarly journals Forest Cover Change, Households’ Livelihoods, Trade-Offs, and Constraints Associated with Plantation Forests in Poor Upland-Rural Landscapes: Evidence from North Central Vietnam

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quy Van Khuc ◽  
Tuyet-Anh T. Le ◽  
Trung H. Nguyen ◽  
Duy Nong ◽  
Bao Quang Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
North Central ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Plantation Forests ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Total Household Income

Vietnam’s forests have experienced a notable transformation over the past 20 years from net deforestation to reforestation and expanding forests. Continued reforestation that aims to achieve further economic and environmental benefits remains a national priority and strategy. We explore the current status of plantation forests and highlight possible means to facilitate their expansion in the uplands of Vietnam. We employ mixed method triangulation to empirically explore plantation forests and their economic role in household livelihood, to quantify trade-offs between plantation forests and shifting cultivation, and to assess the constraints on plantation forest expansion in Nghe An province, north-central Vietnam. Results show that forest in the study area expanded by 406,000 ha (71.1%) between 1990 and 2016. Plantation forests increased by nearly 500% (from 32,000 ha to 190,000 ha), while natural forests expanded by 48.1% (from 538,000 ha to 797,000 ha). Plantation forests contributed an average of 35.1 percent of total household income in wealthier households and 27.9 percent of income in poor households. Switching from shifting cultivation to plantation forests would increase total household income and average carbon stock but decrease food provision. Total Economic Value would be higher for plantation forest scenarios if increased carbon stocks in plantations can be monetized. This carbon income might drive conversion of shifting cultivation to plantation forests. Constraints on further expansion of plantation forest are low external cooperation, education, market stability, and agroforestry extension services. Our empirical results inform national plantation forest development, sustainable upland livelihood development, and climate change mitigation programs to ultimately facilitate forest transition and improve the resilience and sustainability of socio-ecological systems.

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