Inorganic Chemistry of Defensive Peroxidases in the Human Oral Cavity

The innate host response system is comprised of various mechanisms for orchestrating host response to microbial infection of the oral cavity. The heterogeneity of the oral cavity and the associated microenvironments that are produced give rise to different chemistries that affect the innate defense system. One focus of this review is on how these spatial differences influence the two major defensive peroxidases of the oral cavity, salivary peroxidase (SPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). With hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant, the defensive peroxidases use inorganic ions to produce antimicrobials that are generally more effective than H2O2 itself. The concentrations of the inorganic substrates are different in saliva vs. gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Thus, in the supragingival regime, SPO and MPO work in unison for the exclusive production of hypothiocyanite (OSCN−, a reactive inorganic species), which constantly bathes nascent plaques. In contrast, MPO is introduced to the GCF during inflammatory response, and in that environment it is capable of producing hypochlorite (OCl−), a chemically more powerful oxidant that is implicated in host tissue damage. A second focus of this review is on inter-person variation that may contribute to different peroxidase function. Many of these differences are attributed to dietary or smoking practices that alter the concentrations of relevant inorganic species in the oral cavity ( e.g.: fluoride, F−; cyanide, CN−; cyanate, OCN−; thiocyanate, SCN−; and nitrate, NO3−). Because of the complexity of the host and microflora biology and the associated chemistry, it is difficult to establish the significance of the human peroxidase systems during the pathogenesis of oral diseases. The problem is particularly complex with respect to the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets (where the very different defensive stratagems of GCF and saliva co-mingle). Despite this complexity, intriguing in vitro and in vivo studies are reviewed here that reveal the interplay between peroxidase function and associated inorganic chemistry.

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Host Defense Peptides in the Oral Cavity and the Lung: Similarities and Differences

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/154405910808701011 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 87 (10) ◽

pp. 915-927 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

G. Diamond ◽

N. Beckloff ◽

L.K. Ryan

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Host Defense ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Immune Defense ◽

The Body ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

Host Defense Peptides ◽

Innate Defense ◽

Defense Peptides

Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found in the mucosal surfaces at many sites in the body, including the airway, the oral cavity, and the digestive tract. Based on their in vitro antimicrobial and other immunomodulatory activities, these host defense peptides have been proposed to play an important role in the innate defense against pathogenic microbial colonization. The genes that encode these peptides are up-regulated by pathogens, further supporting their role in innate immune defense. However, the differences in the local microbial environments between the generally sterile airway and the highly colonized oral cavity suggest a more complex role for these peptides in innate immunity. For example, β-defensin genes are induced in the airway by all bacteria and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists primarily through an NF-κB-mediated pathway. In contrast, the same genes are induced in the gingival epithelium by only a subset of bacteria and TLR ligands, via different pathways. Furthermore, the environments into which the peptides are secreted—specifically saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and airway surface fluid—differ greatly and can effect their respective activities in host defense. In this review, we examine the differences and similarities between host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the airway, to gain a better understanding of their contributions to immunity.

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Layer-by-Layer Biomaterials for Drug Delivery

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052350 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Dahlia Alkekhia ◽

Paula T. Hammond ◽

Anita Shukla

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Controlled Drug Release ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Multiple Substrates

Controlled drug delivery formulations have revolutionized treatments for a range of health conditions. Over decades of innovation, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly has emerged as one of the most versatile fabrication methods used to develop multifunctional controlled drug release coatings. The numerous advantages of LbL include its ability to incorporate and preserve biological activity of therapeutic agents; coat multiple substrates of all scales (e.g., nanoparticles to implants); and exhibit tuned, targeted, and/or responsive drug release behavior. The functional behavior of LbL films can be related to their physicochemical properties. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of LbL-engineered biomaterials for drug delivery, demonstrating their potential in the fields of cancer therapy, microbial infection prevention and treatment, and directing cellular responses. We discuss the various advantages of LbL biomaterial design for a given application as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies.

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Study of Microbial Interaction Formed by "Candida krusei" and "Candida glabrata": "In Vitro" and "In Vivo" Studies

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201701393 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 669-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rodnei Dennis Rossoni ◽

Patrícia Pimentel de Barros ◽

Fernanda Freire ◽

Jéssica Diane dos Santos ◽

Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Single Infection ◽

Xtt Assay ◽

Microtiter Plates ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Immunosuppressed Patients

Abstract Recently, the non-albicans Candida species have become recognized as an important source of infection and oral colonization by association of different species in a large number of immunosuppressed patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between C. krusei and C. glabrata in biofilms formed in vitro and their ability to colonize the oral cavity of mouse model. Monospecies and mixed biofilms were developed of each strain, on 96-well microtiter plates for 48 h. These biofilms were analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and by determining cell viability, using the XTT hydroxide colorimetric assay. For the in vivo study, twenty-four mice received topical applications of monospecie or mixed suspensions of each strain. After 48 h, yeasts were recovered from the mice and quantified by CFU/mL count. In the biofilm assays, the results for the CFU/mL count and the XTT assay showed that the two species studied were capable of forming high levels of in vitro monospecie biofilm. In mixed biofilm, the CFU of C. krusei increased (p=0.0001) and C. glabrata decreased (p=0.0001). The metabolic activity observed in XTT assay of mixed biofilm was significantly reduced compared with a single C. glabrata biofilm (p=0.0001). Agreeing with CFU in vitro count, C. glabrata CFU/mL values recovered from oral cavity of mice were statistically higher in the group with single infection (p=0.0001) than the group with mixed infection. We concluded that C. krusei inhibits C. glabrata and takes advantage to colonize the oral cavity and to form biofilms.

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The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1444

Author(s):

Ilona Rowińska ◽

Adrianna Szyperska-Ślaska ◽

Piotr Zariczny ◽

Robert Pasławski ◽

Karol Kramkowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Oral Diseases

The article is a concise compendium of knowledge on the etiology of pathogenic microorganisms of all complexes causing oral diseases. The influence of particular components of the diet and the role of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases were described. The study investigated the bacteriostatic effect of the diet of adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on the formation of bacterial biofilms living in the subgingival plaque, causing diseases called periodontitis. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are bacteria of all complexes, including the red complex. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using a specific diet in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases-already treated as a disease of civilization. The quoted article is an innovative compilation of knowledge on this subject and it can be a valuable source of knowledge for professional hygienists, dentists, peridontologists, dentistry students and anyone who cares about proper oral hygiene. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using this type of diet in the prophylaxis of the oral cavity in order to avoid periodontitis.

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In vivo and in vitro studies of a cetylamine fluoride mouthrinse: evaluation of a device used for in vitro experiments

Revista de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0103-06631999000300006 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 239-244

Author(s):

Sílvia Magaly Sasso CARVALHO ◽

Ana Cristina M. POLIZELLO ◽

Denise Pimenta da Silva LEITÃO ◽

Augusto César Cropanese SPADARO

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

In Vitro Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

In Vitro Experiments ◽

Prevention And Therapy

A mouthrinse containing cetylamine fluoride (230 ppm in fluoride) was prepared for in vitro studies of fluoride clearance and adsorption by enamel and/or hydroxyapatite using a device that simulates the oral cavity. In vivo studies of fluoride clearance from this mouthrinse were conducted and compared with other fluoride sources. The amount of fluoride adsorbed to tooth blocks or powdered hydroxyapatite, both treated with this cetylamine fluoride mouthrinse once or twice a day, was determined. The results of these studies showed that it is possible to prepare a mouthrinse with cetylamine fluoride for alternative use by patients for the prevention and therapy of dental caries.

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Therapeutics Effects of Oral Cavity Derived Stem Cells on the Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal ◽

10.32598/bcn.2021.2892.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Emel Uzunoglu-Ozyurek ◽

◽

Gizem Önal ◽

Serap Dökmeci ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

In Vitro Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Published Data ◽

Moderate Evidence ◽

The Impact

Objective: Published data obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies was reviewed systematically and analyzed critically in order to evaluate the effect of oral cavity derived stem cells (OCDSCs) on the recovery/therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s (HD) and Parkinson’s (PD). Methods: An electronic search was accomplished. References of included articles were also searched manually. Studies were critically evaluated for suitability against inclusion/exclusion criteria and data was extracted. Bias risk evaluation of the studies and evidence synthesis were conducted. Results: Fourteen in vivo and 10 in vitro studies met inclusion criteria. PD was induced in 10 in vivo and 7 in vitro studies, while AD was induced in 2 in vivo and 4 in vitro studies. Two studies (1 in vitro and 1 in vivo) evaluated ALS disease and 1 in vivo study evaluated HD. Moderate evidence was found for in vitro studies reporting positive effect of OCDSCs on either PD or AD recovery. Strong evidence was found for in vivo studies in which PD animal models were used; while moderate evidence was found for the impact of OCDSCs on the recovery of the AD. Limited evidence was found for in vivo studies evaluating HD and ALS. Conclusion: Although studies included reported favorable data regarding the OCDSCs on NDs, they presented considerable risk of bias. Because of heterogenous study characteristics, current study recommends the improvement of standardized methods to evaluate the therapeutics effects of OCDSCs on the NDs.

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Hydrogel Containing an Extract of Tormentillae Rhizoma for the Treatment of Biofilm-Related Oral Diseases

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200328 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michał Tomczyk ◽

Katarzyna Sosnowska ◽

Małgorzata Pleszczyńska ◽

Jakub Strawa ◽

Adrian Wiater ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Work Of Adhesion ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins ◽

Texture Characteristics ◽

Artificial Biofilm ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Dried Extract

In the present study, hydrogels containing the dried extract of tormentil ( Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., Rosaceae) were designed and qualitatively evaluated regarding their viscosity, thixotropy, and texture properties. As mucoadhesiveness is a crucial factor determining drug retention within the oral cavity, mucoadhesive properties expressed as the work of adhesion and maximum detachment force under the presence of porcine buccal mucosa and two different models of mucoadhesive layers: mucin and gelatin discs were evaluated. The fingerprints of the analyzed tormentil extract were established by using a LC-ESI-MS method. The dominating compounds of the tested extract are oligomeric proanthocyanidins and agrimoniin. This study reveals that designed hydrogels are promising semi-solid delivery systems for the dry extract of tormentil with beneficial mucoadhesive, thixotropic, and texture characteristics and may be utilized as platforms for tormentil delivery to the oral cavity in periodontal diseases. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of the tormentil hydrogel against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms was also performed. The hydrogel significantly reduced artificial biofilm formation. For all Streptococci, complete inhibition was revealed at a final concentration of the extract of 2 mg/mL. These beneficial characteristics, as well as the anti-biofilm activity, enable its use for dental care, but further clinical studies are required.

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Biomedical Application of a Herbal Product Based on Two Asteraceae Species

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186444 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6444

Author(s):

Alice Grigore ◽

Georgeta Neagu ◽

Sultana Nita ◽

Carmen Ionita ◽

Lucian Ionita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hplc Analysis ◽

Biomedical Application ◽

Case Reports ◽

Patent Application ◽

Companion Animals ◽

In Vitro Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Oral Diseases

Background: Species belonging to the Asteraceae family have been widely studied for their healing properties. The paper introduces STOMAPET (patent pending A2016/00888/23.11.2016) based on Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp-agrimony) and Inula helenium (elecampagne) and its potential application in diseases of the oral system. Methods: STOMAPET was prepared according to the patent application and HPLC analysis was performed for chemical analysis. In vitro studies were performed using human monocytes and the cells’ viability was determined by MTS assay. In vivo studies involved lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine endotoxemia and veterinary clinical case reports. Results: HPLC analysis revealed various phenolic compounds and alantolactone. In in vitro studies, monocytes viability remained stable, around and above 100% at all concentrations (7.8 to 250 µg/mL), and a high stimulatory effect on cell proliferation was noted. In LPS-induced murine endotoxemia, STOMAPET prevents mortality, improves the decrease in body mass, and prevents the drop in temperature. Case reports of companion animals with oral diseases ameliorated after STOMAPET treatment are presented. Conclusions: Preclinical studies confirmed the safety of STOMAPET and its pharmacological potential. The results of the veterinary case reports are also encouraging. More studies are needed to find the precise mechanism of action in correlation to chemical composition.

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