Update on Burning Mouth Syndrome: Overview and Patient Management

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Scala ◽  
L. Checchi ◽  
M. Montevecchi ◽  
I. Marini ◽  
M.A. Giamberardino
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Nerve Damage ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Burning Mouth

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain syndrome that mainly affects middle-aged/old women with hormonal changes or psychological disorders. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin, often idiopathic, and its etiopathogenesis remains largely enigmatic. The present paper discusses several aspects of BMS, updates current knowledge, and provides guidelines for patient management. There is no consensus on the diagnosis and classification of BMS. The etiopathogenesis seems to be complex and in a large number of patients probably involves interactions among local, systemic, and/or psychogenic factors. In the remaining cases, new interesting associations have recently emerged between BMS and either peripheral nerve damage or dopaminergic system disorders, emphasizing the neuropathic background in BMS. Based on these recent data, we have introduced the concepts of “primary” (idiopathic) and “secondary” (resulting from identified precipitating factors) BMS, since this allows for a more systematic approach to patient management. The latter starts with a differential diagnosis based on the exclusion of both other orofacial chronic pain conditions and painful oral diseases exhibiting muco-sal lesions. However, the occurrence of overlapping/overwhelming oral mucosal pathologies, such as infections, may cause difficulties in the diagnosis ("complicated BMS"). BMS treatment is still unsatisfactory, and there is no definitive cure. As a result, a multidisciplinary approach is required to bring the condition under better control. Importantly, BMS patients should be offered regular follow-up during the symptomatic periods and psychological support for alleviating the psychogenic component of the pain. More research is necessary to confirm the association between BMS and systemic disorders, as well as to investigate possible pathogenic mechanisms involving potential nerve damage. If this goal is to be achieved, a uniform definition of BMS and strict criteria for its classification are mandatory.

scholarly journals Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Review of the Etiopathologic Factors and Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajith Vellappally
Keyword(s):  
Blood Test ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Oral Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Burning Mouth ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Burning Mouth Sensation

ABSTRACT Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by pain in the mouth with or with no inflammatory signs and no specific lesions. Synonyms found in literature include glossodynia, oral dysesthesia, glossopyrosis, glossalgia, stomatopyrosis, and stomatodynia. Burning mouth syndrome generally presents as a triad: Mouth pain, alteration in taste, and altered salivation, in the absence of visible mucosal lesions in the mouth. The syndrome generally manifests spontaneously, and the discomfort is typically of a continuous nature but increases in intensity during evening and at night. The etiopathogenesis seems to be complex and in a large number of patients probably involves interactions among local, systemic, and/or psychogenic factors. The differential diagnosis requires the exclusion of oral mucosal lesions or blood test alterations that can produce burning mouth sensation. Management is always based on the etiological agents involved. If burning persists after local or systemic conditions are treated, then treatment is aimed at controlling neuropathic symptoms. Treatment of BMS is still unsatisfactory, and there is no definitive cure. As a result, a multidisciplinary approach is required to bring the condition under better control. The aim of this review was to discuss several aspects of BMS, update current knowledge, and provide guidelines for patient management. How to cite this article Vellappallay S. Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Review of the Etiopathologic Factors and Management. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2):171-176.

Central regulation of pain in patients with joint disease and approaches to therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E S Filatova ◽  
Sh F Erdes ◽  
E G Filatova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord Neurons ◽  
Number Of Patients

The paper reviews investigations studies that have demonstrated that chronic pain syndrome is mixed in rheumatic diseases. The nervous system is involved in its pathogenesis with different frequency and different mechanisms. Under the influence of afferent pain impulses from damaged joints, there are changes in the excitability of spinal cord neurons, which is called central sensitization (CS). A number of patients have enhanced CS and clinical manifestations as neuropathic sensitive phenomena. The mixed model of the development of chronic pain in joint diseases and its presence along with nociceptive (inflammatory) and neuropathic pain components may explain the discrepancy between joint inflammatory and structural changes and pain intensity, the presence of distant pain and sensitive disorders in the areas outside the joint, and sometimes the efficiency of anti-inflammatory therapy. The presence of the neuropathic pain component serves as a rationale for combined therapy by adding centrally acting drugs, such as anticonvulsants.

scholarly journals Burning Mouth Syndrome: An Enigmatic Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Javali
Keyword(s):  
Medical Journal ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Oral Pain ◽  
Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Burning Mouth

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral pain or burning sensation affecting the oral mucosa, often unaccompanied by mucosal lesions or other evident clinical signs. It is observed principally in middle-aged patients and postmenopausal women and may be accompanied by xerostomia and altered taste. Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by an intense burning or stinging sensation, preferably on the tongue or in other areas of mouth. This disorder is one of the most common, encountered in the clinical practice. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin; however the exact underlying etiology remains uncertain. This article discusses several aspects of BMS, updates current knowledge about the etiopathogenesis and describes the clinical features as well as the diagnosis and management of BMS patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i2.12498 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(2) 2013: 175-178

scholarly journals Effect of Oral Care Gel for Burning Mouth Syndrome in a Patient with Hepatitis C: A Case Report

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Nagao ◽  
Yuji Kawahigashi ◽  
Kanae Kimura ◽  
Michio Sata
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Virologic Response ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Burning Mouth

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a burning sensation in the mouth with no underlying dental or medical cause. To date, there is no satisfactory treatment for BMS. Herein, we present the case of a 42-year-old female presenting with hepatitis C virus infection along with BMS. Despite two interferon therapies and a sustained virologic response, the discomfort in her oral mucosa persisted. At the age of 51, the patient complained of burning sensation and tingling pain in the tongue; a thin layer of REFRECARE-H®, an oral care gel (therapeutic dentifrice), was applied on the oral membrane after each meal for 60 days. Application of REFRECARE-H® decreased the various symptoms including tingling pain, oral discomfort, breath odor, sleep disorder, depressive mood, and jitteriness. The improvement in quality of life continued for 30 days after application of the gel. These findings indicate that REFRECARE-H® may be effective in reducing the symptoms associated with BMS. Long-term follow-up studies with larger number of patients are required to elucidate the therapeutic effects of this gel.

scholarly journals Burning mouth syndrome. Difficulties in diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 560-565
Author(s):  
E.V. Parkhomenko ◽  
◽  
K.V. Lunev ◽  
E.A. Sorokina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
Burning Mouth ◽  
Russian Medical

The article presents data on the prevalence, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Given the variety of etiological factors, special attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of idiopathic (primary) and secondary BMS. The article also examines topical and systemic causes of burning tongue, which should be excluded when examining patients with complaints specifically attributed to BMS. The information presented in the article allows physicians of various specialties to make an individual plan of diagnostic measures for each patient, taking into account the comorbid background and anamnestic data. The main cause of treatment difficulties in BMS is a complex, not fully investigated etiopathogenesis. Due to the fact that the multifactorial nature of this disorder is most likely to involve topical, systemic and psychogenic causes, a multidisciplinary method involving physicians of various specialties (neurologist, dentist, therapist, psychiatrist) is optimal in the patient management with BMS. KEYWORDS: burning mouth syndrome, burning tongue, differential diagnosis, neuropathic pain, treatment. FOR CITATION: Parkhomenko E.V., Lunev K.V., Sorokina E.A. Burning mouth syndrome. Difficulties in diagnosis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(9):560–565. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-9-560-565.

scholarly journals Suicidal Behavior in a Patient with Burning Mouth Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kontoangelos ◽  
Evmorfia Koukia ◽  
Vasilis Papanikolaou ◽  
Aris Chrysovergis ◽  
Antonis Maillis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Local Pain ◽  
Burning Mouth

Introduction. Chronic pain of the oral cavity is a long-term condition and like all other types of chronic pain is associated with numerous comorbidities such as depression or anxiety.Case Presentation. This is a case of a 93-year-old patient suffering from chronic oral cavity pain who repeatedly stabbed his palate due to ongoing local pain, over the last few months, which he could not further tolerate. The patient was suffering from depression and also a diagnosis of “burning mouth syndrome” (BMS) was made.Discussion. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites. BMS has high psychiatric comorbidity but can occur in the absence of psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with multiple forms of pain must be considered as potential candidates for underdiagnosed depression (major) and suicidal thoughts.

scholarly journals Burning mouth syndrome – a burning enigma

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Ana Andabak Rogulj ◽  
Ivana Škrinjar ◽  
Danica Vidović Juras ◽  
Vanja Vučićević Boras † ◽  
Božana Lončar Brzak
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Burning Mouth Syndrome ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Chronic Pain Condition ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Oral Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Burning Mouth

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by an intraoral burning sensation and an absence of oral mucosal lesions and disturbances in laboratory findings. Burning symptoms usually affect the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, its lateral borders, hard palate and labial mucosa, but other oral cavity sites may also be affected. Taste alterations and a decrease in the salivary flow rate frequently accompany the burning symptoms. This condition mostly affects peri- and postmenopausal women. To date, the etiology of BMS remains unclear. This unknown etiology means that no appropriate treatment is currently available. A large number of the treatments and medications have been tried for BMS, but treatment management remains unsatisfactory in some patients. The purpose of this article is to present current knowledge on the treatment of BMS.

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