Analysis of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings of the Transverse Carpal Ligament

Hand ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 155894472110669
Author(s):  
Lana L. de Lima ◽  
Diego Ariel de Lima ◽  
Thiago H. B. Freire ◽  
Francisco A. A. Almeida ◽  
José A. D. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Type I ◽  
Neural Element ◽  
Transverse Carpal Ligament ◽  
Protein Gene Product ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Density Methods

Background: The treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) is not exempt from complications. Some nerve branches may be damaged by the incision. The aim of this study is to identify and map the TCL nerve endings, serving as a guide for sectioning this structure in a zone with less nerve ending density. Methods: Ten TCLs were obtained from fresh frozen cadavers. The TCLs were measured, divided into 3 equal bands (radial, central, and ulnar), and submitted to cryostat sectioning. The sections were subjected to immunofluorescence with the protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and confocal microscopy analysis. Results: All the specimens contained type I and type IV mechanoreceptors. Neural elements occupied 0.695 ± 0.056% of the ligament area. The density of the neural elements was greater in the radial, followed by the ulnar and central bands, with 0.730 ± 0.083%, 0.686 ± 0.009%, and 0.669 ± 0.031%, respectively. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that the region with the least potential for neural element injury during TCL release is the central third near the transition with the ulnar third. When performed distally to proximally with a slight inclination from the radial to the ulnar, this release compromises the lowest nerve element density. Topographically, the proximal limit of the release is the distal wrist crease, while the distal limit is the intersection of Kaplan cardinal line and the axis of the third webspace.

scholarly journals The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin modulates the firing 1 properties of the reticular thalamic nucleus bursting neurons

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 2827-2841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Albéri ◽  
Alessandra Lintas ◽  
Robert Kretz ◽  
Beat Schwaller ◽  
Alessandro E. P. Villa
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Reticular Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Firing Properties

The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) of the mouse is characterized by an overwhelming majority of GABAergic neurons receiving afferences from both the thalamus and the cerebral cortex and sending projections mainly on thalamocortical neurons. The RTN neurons express high levels of the “slow Ca2+ buffer” parvalbumin (PV) and are characterized by low-threshold Ca2+ currents, IT. We performed extracellular recordings in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized mice in the rostromedial portion of the RTN. In the RTN of wild-type and PV knockout (PVKO) mice we distinguished four types of neurons characterized on the basis of their firing pattern: irregular firing (type I), medium bursting (type II), long bursting (type III), and tonically firing (type IV). Compared with wild-type mice, we observed in the PVKOs the medium bursting (type II) more frequently than the long bursting type and longer interspike intervals within the burst without affecting the number of spikes. This suggests that PV may affect the firing properties of RTN neurons via a mechanism associated with the kinetics of burst discharges. Cav3.2 channels, which mediate the IT currents, were more localized to the somatic plasma membrane of RTN neurons in PVKO mice, whereas Cav3.3 expression was similar in both genotypes. The immunoelectron microscopy analysis showed that Cav3.2 channels were localized at active axosomatic synapses, thus suggesting that the differential localization of Cav3.2 in the PVKOs may affect bursting dynamics. Cross-correlation analysis of simultaneously recorded neurons from the same electrode tip showed that about one-third of the cell pairs tended to fire synchronously in both genotypes, independent of PV expression. In summary, PV deficiency does not affect the functional connectivity between RTN neurons but affects the distribution of Cav3.2 channels and the dynamics of burst discharges of RTN cells, which in turn regulate the activity in the thalamocortical circuit.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

Palmar Musculature: Does It Affect the Development of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Simcox ◽  
Lauren Seo ◽  
Kevin Dunham ◽  
Shengnan Huang ◽  
Catherine Petchprapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Transverse Carpal Ligament ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is multifactorial. Static mechanical characteristics of CTS have been described, but dynamic (muscular) parameters remain obscure. We believe that musculature overlying the transverse carpal ligament may have an effect on carpal tunnel pressure and may explain the prevalence of CTS in manual workers. Questions/Purposes To utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging to estimate the amount of muscle crossing the area of the carpal tunnel and to compare these MRI measurements in patients with and without documented CTS. Methods A case–control study of wrist MRI scans between January 1, 2018, and December 1, 2019, was performed. Patients with a diagnosis of CTS were matched by age and gender with controls without a diagnosis of CTS. Axial MRI cuts at the level of the hook of the hamate were used to measure the thenar and hypothenar muscle depth overlying the carpal tunnel. Muscle depth was quantified in millimeters at three points: midcapitate, capitate–hamate border, capitate–trapezoid border. Average depth was calculated by dividing the cross-sectional area (CSA) by the transverse carpal ligament width. Statistical analysis included Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient calculation. Results A total of 21 cases and 21 controls met the inclusion criteria for the study. There were no significant differences in demographics between case and control groups. The location and depth of the musculature crossing the carpal tunnel were highly variable in all areas evaluated. A significantly positive correlation was found between proximal median nerve CSA and muscle depth in the capitate–hamate area (correlation coefficient = 0.375; p = 0.014). CSA was not significantly associated with chart documented CTS. Conclusions We found large variability in our measurements. This likely reflects true anatomical variation. The significance of our findings depends on the location of the muscles and the line of pull and their effect on the mechanics of the transverse carpal ligament. Future research will focus on refining measurement methodology and understanding the mechanical effect of the muscular structure and insertions on carpal tunnel pressure. Level of Evidence This is a Level 3, case–control study.

scholarly journals Virulence Factors Found in Nasal Colonization and Infection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates and Their Ability to Form a Biofilm

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Thamiris Santana Machado ◽  
Felipe Ramos Pinheiro ◽  
Lialyz Soares Pereira Andre ◽  
Renata Freire Alves Pereira ◽  
Reginaldo Fernandes Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Spa Gene ◽  
The City

Hospitalizations related to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are frequent, increasing mortality and health costs. In this way, this study aimed to compare the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of MRSA isolates that colonize and infect patients seen at two hospitals in the city of Niterói—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 147 samples collected between March 2013 and December 2015 were phenotyped and genotyped to identify the protein A (SPA) gene, the mec staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec), mecA, Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), icaC, icaR, ACME, and hla virulence genes. The strength of biofilm formation has also been exploited. The prevalence of SCCmec type IV (77.1%) was observed in the colonization group; however, in the invasive infection group, SCCmec type II was prevalent (62.9%). The Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), ST5/ST30, and ST5/ST239 analyses were the most frequent clones in colonization, and invasive infection isolates, respectively. Among the isolates selected to assess the ability to form a biofilm, 51.06% were classified as strong biofilm builders. Surprisingly, we observed that isolates other than the Brazilian Epidemic Clone (BEC) have appeared in Brazilian hospitals. The virulence profile has changed among these isolates since the ACME type I and II genes were also identified in this collection.

scholarly journals Distribution of virulence genes and SCCmec types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clinical and environmental origin: a study from community of Assam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Bhowmik ◽  
Shiela Chetri ◽  
Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽  
Debadatta Dhar Chanda ◽  
Amitabha Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Clinical Community ◽  
Type V ◽  
Sccmec Types

Abstract Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.

scholarly journals Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yuan ◽  
Wen Guo ◽  
Dan Lyu ◽  
Yuanlin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Abstract The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.

scholarly journals Patterns and Relevance of Langerhans Islet Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Ruediger Goess ◽  
Ayse Ceren Mutgan ◽  
Umut Çalışan ◽  
Yusuf Ceyhun Erdoğan ◽  
Lei Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Human Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Background: Pancreatic cancer‐associated diabetes mellitus (PC‐DM) is present in most patients with pancreatic cancer, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to characterize tumor infiltration in Langerhans islets in pancreatic cancer and determine its clinical relevance. Methods: Langerhans islet invasion was systematically analyzed in 68 patientswith pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using histopathological examination and 3D in vitro migration assays were performed to assess chemoattraction of pancreatic cancer cells to isletcells. Results: Langerhans islet invasion was present in all patients. We found four different patterns of islet invasion: (Type I) peri‐insular invasion with tumor cells directly touching the boundary, but not penetrating the islet; (Type II) endo‐insular invasion with tumor cells inside the round islet; (Type III) distorted islet structure with complete loss of the round islet morphology; and (Type IV)adjacent cancer and islet cells with solitary islet cells encountered adjacent to cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer cells did not exhibit any chemoattraction to islet cells in 3D assays in vitro. Further, there was no clinical correlation of islet invasion using the novel Islet Invasion Severity Score (IISS), which includes all invasion patterns with the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. However, Type IV islet invasion was related to worsened overall survival in our cohort. Conclusions: We systematically analyzed, for the first time, islet invasion in human pancreatic cancer. Four different main patterns of islet invasion were identified. Diabetes mellitus was not related to islet invasion. However, moreresearch on this prevailing feature of pancreatic cancer is needed to better understand underlying principles.

scholarly journals Shift in collagen type as an early response to induction of the metanephric mesenchyme.

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ekblom ◽  
E Lehtonen ◽  
L Saxén ◽  
R Timpl
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Metanephric Mesenchyme ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Interstitial Collagens ◽  
Membrane Components

Conversion of the nephrogenic mesenchyme into epithelial tubules requires an inductive stimulus from the ureter bud. Here we show with immunofluorescence techniques that the undifferentiated mesenchyme before induction expresses uniformly type I and type III collagens. Induction both in vivo and in vitro leads to a loss of these proteins and to the appearance of basement membrane components including type IV collagen. This change correlates both spatially and temporally with the determination of the mesenchyme and precedes and morphological events. During morphogenesis, type IV collagen concentrates at the borders of the developing tubular structures where, by electron microscopy, a thin, often discontinuous basal lamina was seen to cover the first pretubular cell aggregates. Subsequently, the differentiating tubules were surrounded by a well-developed basal lamina. No loss of the interstitial collagens was seen in the metanephric mesenchyme when brought into contact with noninducing tissues or when cultured alone. Similar observations were made with nonnephrogenic mesenchyme (salivary, lung) when exposed to various heterotypic tissues known to induce tubules in the nephrogenic mesenchyme. The sequential shift in the composition of the extracellular matrix from an interstitial, mesenchymal type to a differentiated, epithelial type is so far the first detectable response of the nephrogenic mesenchyme to the tubule-inducing signal.

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