Determination of the Leading Central Obesity Index among Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Women

Background It is unknown whether the waist circumference (WC) or the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors at different ages. Objective To compare WC and WHR as predictors of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adult women at different ages. Methods In this clinical cross-sectional study, 714 overweight and obese women aged 20 to 70 years who were referred to two nutrition clinics in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, were studied. The subjects were classified into three groups, 20 to < 35, 35 to < 50, and > or = 50 years of age. Anthropometric indices were measured according to the standard protocol. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C ratios were enzymatically determined. Results Older subjects (> or = 50 years old) had significantly higher values of body mass index (BMI), WC, TC, TG, and LDL-C than those in the two younger age classes. The prevalence rates of obesity, high WC, high WHR, high TC, high TG, high LDL-C, and high TC/HDL-C ratios were higher in the older subjects. After adjustment for age and BMI, multiple linear regression showed that WC was significantly related to TC and TG in the 20- to < 35-year-old group and to TG in the 35- to < 50-year-old group. In the older participants, WHR was significantly related to TG. Conclusions The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increases with age. In clinical practice, WC is a better index for predicting some cardiovascular risk factors in younger and middle-aged women; however, for older women, WHR is better.

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The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Polish Soldiers: The Results from the MIL-SCORE Program

Cardiology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/3973526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Grzegorz Gielerak ◽

Paweł Krzesiński ◽

Katarzyna Piotrowicz ◽

Piotr Murawski ◽

Andrzej Skrobowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Cross Sectional

The MIL-SCORE (Equalization of Accessibility to Cardiology Prophylaxis and Care for Professional Soldiers) program was designed to assess the prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in a population of Polish soldiers. We aimed to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the MIL-SCORE population with respect to age. This observational cross-sectional study enrolled 6440 soldiers (97% male) who underwent a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to assess cardiovascular risk. Almost half of the recruited soldiers were past or current smokers (46%). A sedentary lifestyle was reported in almost one-third of those over 40 years of age. The prevalence of hypertension in a subgroup over 50 years of age was almost 45%. However, the percentage of unsatisfactory blood pressure control was higher among soldiers below 40 years of age. The prevalence of overweight and obese soldiers increased with age and reached 58% and 27%, respectively, in those over 50 years of age. Total cholesterol was increased in over one-half of subjects, and the prevalence of abnormal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was even higher (60%). Triglycerides were increased in 36% of soldiers, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hyperglycemia were reported in 13% and 16% of soldiers, respectively. In the >50 years of age subgroup, high and very high cardiovascular risk scores were observed in almost one-third of soldiers. The relative risk assessed in younger subgroups was moderate or high. The results from the MIL-SCORE program suggest that Polish soldiers have multiple cardiovascular risk factors and mirror trends seen in the general population. Preventive programs aimed at early cardiovascular risk assessment and modification are strongly needed in this population.

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Dietary diversity score and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2005887 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 728-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Leila Azadbakht ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Fereidoun Azizi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractAimTo evaluate the relationship between dietary diversity score (DDS) and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, a representative sample of 581 subjects (295 males and 286 females) aged over 18 years, residents of Tehran, participated. Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥ 126 mg dl−1or 2-h post challenge glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg dl−1. Hypertension was defined on the basis of the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Dietary diversity was defined according to the Diet Quality Index revised.ResultsMean (±standard deviation) DDS was 6.15 ± 1.02. The probability of having diabetes (odds ratio (OR) among quartiles: 1.45, 1.26, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) and hypertriglyceridaemia (OR = 1.41, 1.23, 1.05 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for whole grains. The probability of having obesity (OR among quartiles: 1.39, 1.06, 1.03 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 1.46, 1.28, 1.11 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03), hypertension (OR = 1.32, 1.17, 1.13 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.03) and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR = 1.25, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.00, respectively;Pfor trend = 0.04) decreased with increasing quartile of the diversity score for vegetables. The probability of having hypercholesterolaemia, high LDL-C, hypertension and diabetes decreased with quartile of the DDS. But the probability of being obese increased with quartile of the DDS (Pfor trend = 0.03).ConclusionDDS was inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors in this cross-sectional study. Increased diversity scores of diets, to increase the variety score for vegetables, may be emphasised in programmes attempting to bring about changes in lifestyle.

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Association of overweight and obesity with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with atherosclerotic diseases

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2019-0027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Milos Maksimovic ◽

Hristina Vlajinac ◽

Djordje Radak ◽

Jelena Marinkovic ◽

Jadranka Maksimovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Serum ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

General Obesity ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Carotid Disease ◽

Cross Sectional

Summary Background The aim of this study was to compare demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics, including inflammatory markers, according to the nutritional status of patients with verified atherosclerotic disease. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 1045 consecutive patients with verified carotid disease or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Anthropometric parameters and data on cardiovascular risk factors and therapy for hypertension and hyperlipidemia were collected for all participants. Results Carotid disease was positively and PAD was negatively associated with body mass index (BMI). Negative association between obesity and PAD was significant only in former smokers, not in current smokers or in patients who never smoked. Overweight and general obesity were significantly related to metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001), lower values of high – density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001), increased triglycerides (p < 0.001), hyperglycemia (p < 0.001), self-reported diabetes (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), high serum uric acid (p < 0.001), increased high sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.020) and former smoking (p = 0.005) after adjustment for age, gender and type of disease. Antihypertensive therapy seems to be less effective in patients who are overweight and obese. Conclusions In conclusion, overweight and general obesity were significantly related to several cardiovascular risk factors.

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Thirty year trends in cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Siberian adolescents (1989-2019)

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.890 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

D Denisova

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Risk Profile ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Aim of the study was to assess trends of cardiovascular risk factors among Siberian adolescents during the last 30 years including period of Russian reforms (1989-2019). Methods Seven cross-sectional surveys of representative samples of school children aged 14-18 since 1989 (every 5 years) were carried out. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Self-reported smoking and physical activity rates were obtained. To define overweight the sex- and age-specific IOTF cutoffs for BMI were used. Hypertension (HT) and lipid disorders were revealed according to international criteria. Results Prevalence of high TC significantly decreased from 22 to 4% (p < 0,01) in males and from 32 to 17% (p < 0,05) in females. High LDL-C showed similar trends. Prevalence of low HDL-C was stable with some fluctuations. In the period of Russian reforms (1989-1999) the prevalence of overweight significantly decreased from 12% in boys and from 14% in girls in 1989 to 4% in 1999 (p < 0,01). Since 2003 rapid increasing of overweight was observed. Trends of HT have shown double decreasing during the reform period and stabilization in the post-reform time. So, since 2003 discordant trends in HT and overweight were revealed. Physical activity was stably low in boys (49-55%) and girls (83-73%). Average weekly screen time doubled from 15 (2009) to 30 h/w (2019), p < 0,05. Cigarette smoking rates in boys dramatically decreased from 45% (1989) to 3% (2019), in girls - from 19% to 5% (p < 0,01). Smoking of electronic devices was registered in 2019: 6% among boys and 3% among girls. Conclusions Obtained data indicate on trends to reduction in CVD risk profile among Siberian adolescents during the period of Russian reforms. Discordant trends of HT and overweight were revealed. The study was supported by RFBR grant 19-013-00800. Key messages Long time changes in cardiovascular risk profile among Siberian adolescents were registered. Against the background of a decrease in combustible smoking among adolescents, electronic smoking began to register.

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Foetal nutritional status and cardiovascular risk profile among children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898000768389x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1067-1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jian Liu ◽

Christopher Sempos

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Survey Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the impact of foetal nutritional status on cardiovascular risk among children with the Foetal Nutritional Status Index (FNSI), calculated by dividing the child's birth weight (BW, kg) by the mother's height (m2).DesignCross-sectional survey analysis.SettingA sample of children from the US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.SubjectsA total of 3109 children who were 5–11 years of age and had data on BW and mother's height. Non-fasting blood samples were included.ResultsOverall, the FNSI was positively associated with BW and negatively associated with mother's height (P < 0.0001). Within sex-specific quintiles of FNSI (third quintile as reference) adjusted for potential confounding variables, cardiovascular risk factors tended to be ‘higher’ in the lower quintiles for males while the opposite was true for females. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds for males in quintile 1 was 2.4 for having a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.01) and 2.1 for having a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.01); for females, the odds of having a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors was approximately two times higher for those in the first and fifth quintiles, who also had a significantly higher prevalence of central obesity.ConclusionsThe FNSI may be a potential proxy indicator of foetal nutritional status and it may be used to test specific hypotheses of whether foetal nutrition restriction or overnutrition programmes future cardiovascular risk.

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The Effects of a Short Term Aerobic Training on Biochemical Cardiovascular Risk Factors and IL-6 in Obese Females

International journal of basic science in medicine ◽

10.15171/ijbsm.2017.36 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 194-199

Author(s):

Zohreh Afsharmand ◽

Mojtaba Eizadi ◽

Maryam Farbod ◽

Nader Shakeri

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Aerobic Training ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Training Group ◽

T Test ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Obese Women ◽

Anthropometric Markers

Introduction: Obesity participates in the progression of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disorders. We aimed to assess the impacts of aerobic training on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and risk factors for cardiovascular dysfunction in obese women. Methods: Physically inactive, obese women matched for age (38 ± 5 years) and body mass index (BMI) (30 ≤BMI ≤36 kg/m2) were randomly divided into exercise (moderate aerobic training, 6 weeks, 3 d/wk, n = 13) and control (no training, n = 13) groups. Pre- and post-training measurements of anthropometric markers, serum IL-6 and cardiovascular risk factors were done. Within and between groups comparisons were performed by paired sample t-test and independent sample t test, respectively. Results: Aerobic training induced significant decreases in body weight, BMI, body fat (%) and abdominal obesity as anthropometric markers (P < 0.05). Compared to pre-training condition, serum IL-6, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed no alterations by aerobic training in the exercise group (P > 0.05). However, participants in the aerobic training group revealed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a decrease in TG/HDL and LDL/HDL (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Short-time aerobic training does not appear to contribute to circulating serum levels of IL-6 in obese females; however, it affects lipid profile and may be considered as a beneficial non-pharmaceutical intervention against cardiovascular diseases in obese women.

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Dietary Quality Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Adult Women

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v50i8.6819 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Behzad Zamani ◽

Elnaz Daneshzad ◽

Manije Darooghegi Mofrad ◽

Nazli Namazi ◽

Bagher Larijani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Quality Index ◽

Large Scale ◽

Health Centers ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Adult Women ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is dramatically increasing particularly in developing countries. Among the different factors, diet has an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary quality index-international (DQI-I) and cardiovascular risk factors in adult Iranian women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 371 participants, aged 20-50 yr, and recruited from 10 health centers from health centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran in 2018. Usual dietary intake was evaluated by a validated and reliable 168-items food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To assess overall quality of diet, the Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI) was used. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and fasting blood of samples were taken to assess biochemical parameters related to cardiovascular disease. Results: The results of linear regression showed that DQI-I score was inversely and directly associated with serum level of total cholesterol (TC) (0.27, confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.58; P<0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (2.53, CI: 1.42-4.52; P=0.001), respectively. However, there was no significant association between DQI-I and other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: A greater DQI-I score was associated with preferable lipid profile including TC and HDL-C. Future large-scale, prospective cohort or clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.

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Child Physical Activity Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Differ by Race

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2015-0189 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 397-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nicholas M. Edwards ◽

Heidi J. Kalkwarf ◽

Jessica G. Woo ◽

Philip R. Khoury ◽

Stephen R. Daniels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship

Purpose:The objective of this study was to characterize the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular risk factors in 7-year-old children and test the hypothesis that it differs by race.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 308 7-year-old children drawn from a major US metropolitan community. PA (moderate-to-vigorous, MVPA; light, LPA; and inactivity, IA) was measured by accelerometry (RT3). Cardiovascular risk factors included BMI, blood pressure, and serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations. General linear modeling was used to evaluate the independent associations between PA measures and cardiovascular risk factors and interactions by race.Results:In black children, greater time spent in PA was independently associated with lower levels of triglycerides (MVPA and LPA, both p < .01), glucose (MVPA, p < .05), and insulin (MVPA, p < .01); these associations were not evident in white children. Across races, greater inactivity was independently associated with greater low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in overweight participants (p < .01) but not in normal weight participants. No PA measure was associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions:In this cohort of 7-year-old children, the relationship between PA and some cardiovascular risk factors differed by race. These findings may have implications for targeting of PA promotion efforts in children.

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Breakfast frequency, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors as markers in adolescents

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951115000050 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 244-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Suziane U. Cayres ◽

Ismael F. F. Júnior ◽

Maurício F. Barbosa ◽

Diego G. D. Christofaro ◽

Rômulo A. Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Elementary Education ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skipping Breakfast

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the relationship between skipping breakfast and haemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out with information from an ongoing cohort study in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample comprised of 120 adolescents (11.7±0.8 years old) who met the following inclusion criteria: age between 11 and 14 years; enrolled in the school unit of elementary education; absence of any known disease; and no drug consumption. The parents or legal guardians of the patients signed a formal informed consent. Skipping breakfast was self-reported through face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure, intima-media thickness, trunk fatness, total and fractional cholesterol levels – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol – triacylglycerol levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured.ResultsIn this study, 47.5% (95% CI: 38.5–56.4%) of the adolescents reported skipping breakfast at least 1 day/week. Adolescents who skipped breakfast had higher values of trunk fatness and systolic blood pressure. Breakfast frequency was negatively related to systolic blood pressure (β −1.99 [−3.67; −0.31]) and z score dyslipidaemia (β −0.46 [−0.90; −0.01]), but this relationship was mediated by trunk fatness.ConclusionSkipping breakfast is related to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents, and this relationship was mainly mediated by trunk fatness.

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Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the echogenicity and pattern of the carotid intima-media complex in men

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1322490 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 132 (2) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Priscilla Lopes da Fonseca Abrantes Sarmento ◽

Frida Liane Plavnik ◽

Andrea Scaciota ◽

Joab Oliveira Lima ◽

Robson Barbosa Miranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Arterial Blood

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The thickness of the carotid intima-media complex (C-IMC) is considered to be a marker of early atherosclerosis, but visual and echogenic changes to the C-IMC can also be noted. The objective here was to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the echogenicity of the C-IMC and identify those most associated with an "abnormal" C-IMC. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in the ultrasound sector of the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: Eighty men were evaluated. Measurements of arterial blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), lipid profile, fasting glucose, uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were obtained. The thickness of the C-IMC was measured by means of B-mode ultrasound, and the intima-media gray-scale mean (IM-GSM) and standard deviation (IM-SD) were calculated. RESULTS: The following were discriminating variables: fasting glucose (r2 = 0.036; P = 0.013), uric acid (r2 = 0.08; P = 0.03), IM-SD (r2 = 0.43; P < 0.001), IM-GSM (r2 = 0.35; P < 0.001) and thickness of the C-IMC (r2 = 0.29; P < 0.001). IM-GSM showed significant correlations with WC (r = -0.22; P = 0.005), fasting glucose (r = -0.24; P = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = 0.27; P = 0.0007). CONCLUSION: IM-GSM showed correlations with WC, fasting glucose and HDL-C. However, uric acid and IM-SD presented the greatest discriminating impact. These results suggest that visual changes in C-IMC may help identify patients with potential cardiovascular risk, independently of the thickness of the C-IMC.

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