scholarly journals Salt Iodine Variation within an Extended Guatemalan Community: The Failure of Intuitive Assumptions

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Stewart ◽  
Noel Solomons ◽  
Ivan Mendoza ◽  
Sandy May ◽  
Glen Maberly
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Protective Level ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Median Concentration ◽  
Salt Iodine

Guatemalan law mandates an iodine concentration from 30 to 700 parts per million (ppm) in all table salt offered in local commerce. Forty-four specimens of salt were collected in urban and rural sectors of a county on the outskirts of the capital of Guatemala and analysed for their iodine content by an iodate titration method. The concentrations ranged from 1 to 117 ppm, (mean ± SD 26.6 ± 21.7 ppm, median 24 ppm). Salt samples with iodine in both the adequate and the inadequate ranges were found in each of five subjurisdictions (township and four hamlets), and the median concentration was equivalent at all sites, without an urban-to-rural gradient. Similarly, the mandated iodine concentration was no more likely to be found in salt packaged under a brand name with a commercial label than in salt in a plain, unlabelled package. The findings place in relief the continuing difficulties in Guatemala in the effort to provide a universally protective level of iodine in table salt.

Iodized Salt Between Myth and Reality: Assessment of Iodine Content in Table Salt Commercially Available in Romania

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2997-3001
Author(s):  
Iulian Brezean ◽  
Dumitru Ferechide ◽  
Mircea Lupusoru ◽  
Adrian Barbilian ◽  
Marius Moga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Proportion ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
World Population ◽  
Iodometric Titration ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
The World

About 1/3 of the world population lives in areas where iodine is scarce. The easiest solution to provide an organism with adequate iodine doses is the iodization of table salt, a process implemented in about 120 countries. Romanian laws require the iodization of salt used for human consumption. The purpose of our study is to assess the iodine concentration of various table salt brands commercially available in Romania, from different countries � Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Austria, to see if they comply with accepted standards and compare them with those in our country. An iodometric titration method was used for analyzing the iodine content of the salt samples. The analysis of the samples indicate that a great proportion do not meet accepted standards regarding iodine concentration.

scholarly journals Validation of a User-Friendly and Rapid Method for Quantifying Iodine Content of Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. S330-S335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Rohner ◽  
Greg S. Garrett ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Simone K. Frey ◽  
Ralf Mothes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Determination Limit ◽  
Potassium Iodate ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
User Friendly

Background Despite considerable progress made in the past decade through salt iodization programs, over 2 billion people worldwide still have inadequate iodine intake, with devastating consequences for brain development and intellectual capacity. To optimize these programs with regard to salt iodine content, careful monitoring of salt iodine content is essential, but few methods are available to quantitatively measure iodine concentration in a simple, fast, and safe way. Objective We have validated a newly developed device that quantitatively measures the content of potassium iodate in salt in a simple, safe, and rapid way. Methods The linearity, determination and detection limit, and inter- and intra-assay variability of this colorimetric method were assessed and the method was compared with iodometric titration, using salt samples from several countries. Results Linearity of analysis ranged from 5 to 75 mg/kg iodine, with 1 mg/kg being the determination limit; the intra- and interassay imprecision was 0.9%, 0.5%, and 0.7% and 1.5%, 1.7%, and 2.5% for salt samples with iodine contents of 17, 30, and 55 mg/kg, respectively; the interoperator imprecision for the same samples was 1.2%, 4.9%, and 4.7%, respectively. Comparison with the iodometric method showed high agreement between the methods ( R2 = 0.978; limits of agreement, −10.5 to 10.0 mg/kg). Conclusions The device offers a field- and user-friendly solution to quantifying potassium iodate salt content reliably. For countries that use potassium iodide in salt iodization programs, further validation is required.

scholarly journals Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Amadou Diop ◽  
Rokhaya Gueye ◽  
Mamadou Balde ◽  
Khadidiatou Thiam ◽  
Nassifatou Koko Tittikpina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

scholarly journals Comparing the Quality of Iodine in Edible Salt in Iranian Households Living in the Southern Province of Khorasan-e-Razavi Using WHO Standards (Years 2010–2015)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Ramezani Awal Riabi ◽  
Hamid Ramezani Awal Riabi ◽  
Ali Aalami ◽  
Morteza Mohammadzadeh Moghadam ◽  
Seyed Farzam Mircheraghi
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
Standard Limit

Iodine deficiency disorder among Iranians is a major health-related issue. The aim of this study was to determine iodine concentration in household salt. To sample the iodized salt products, the authors visited all wholesale warehouses of two cities of Bajestan and Gonabad in Khorasan-Razavi, Iran, and randomly purchased three packages of each brand of factory salt distributed through those centers. The sampling procedure was continued over the course of five years (2010–2015). In the 5-year study period, 82 samples of 23 different brands of factory salt were sampled. The most frequent samples were classified into three groups based on their iodine content (ppm = mg iodine per kg of salt): under standard limit (<20 ppm); allowable standard limit (20–50 ppm); over standard limit (>50 ppm). The tests showed that 67% of samples maintained a good level, 26.8% possessed an acceptable level, and 6% had unacceptable levels of iodine. Mean and standard deviation of the salt iodine content were 24.7 and 13.7, respectively. According to the results, the iodine content of samples showed significant differences with international standards (40 ppm), and this highlights the necessity of stricter monitoring of the salt production.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the consumption of table salt with inadequate iodine concentrations: a population analysis at a Peruvian household level

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Akram Hernández-Vásquez ◽  
Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández ◽  
Diego Azañedo
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Salt Iodine

Abstract Objective: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem, especially in Peru, where it affects women of childbearing age and school-age children. The objective of the study was to conduct a household-level analysis of the factors associated with the consumption of table salt with inadequate amounts of iodine in Peru. Design: Analytical cross-sectional study using Peruvian household-level data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey. Table salt iodine concentrations were considered as the dependent variable (‘inadequate’ with iodine levels <30 PPM and ‘adequate’ with levels ≥30 PPM). The association between iodine concentrations in salt and independent variables was evaluated using crude and adjusted log-binomial regression models. Setting: Peru. Participants: A total of 25 007 households were included. Results: In Peru, 21·8 % households had inadequate table salt iodine concentrations. Belonging to the poorer and poorest wealth index, living in the Highlands natural region, and living with women of childbearing age with native mother tongue were identified as factors associated with inadequate iodine concentrations in table salt. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to ensure that table salt with adequate iodine concentrations is available for poor populations, residents of the Highlands and households with ethnic presence. Likewise, it is necessary to promote good storage practices, greater regulation/law enforcement and better monitoring of the companies that manufacture or sell this product. Furthermore, the population needs to be informed of the disorders associated with iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Iodization of table salt and attitudes and habits in relation to the use of salt in general population

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Gorica Sbutega-Milosevic ◽  
Zorica Djordjevic ◽  
Zoran Marmut ◽  
Boban Mugosa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
World Population ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction. Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2,2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre - one of the IDD. The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. Objective. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. Methods. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. Results. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Conclusion. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

scholarly journals People's Knowledge and Practice of Salt Iodization, as Well as the Assessment of Iodine Content in Salt in the Cumilla Region of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Sadia Jahan ◽  
Md. Saddam Hossain ◽  
Md. Anisur Rahman Bhuiyan ◽  
Susmita Roy Lisa ◽  
Somaia Haque Chadni
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Behavior

Aim: To evaluate the household iodine content and knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding salt iodization among the residents of Cumilla, Bangladesh. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 700 inhabitants in Cumilla's urban and rural areas to determine the iodine concentration of salt they consume. The participants were asked about what they know about iodine deficiency and salt iodization as well as how their salt was packaged and stored. Among them, 338 people provided a sample of salt to be tested of its iodine content by the titrimetric method. Results: 46.57% of people knew that iodization was the best way to prevent iodine deficiency while 35.14% considered salt iodization during purchasing. Most people stored salt in plastic boxes (89.7%) and closed containers (84.14%).Among all participants, only 37.14% of people were aware of the iodine requirement during pregnancy. In urban regions, the median iodine content was 36.76 ppm (OR=0.658, 95% CI, 0.469-0.925), while in rural areas, the median iodine content was 40.92 ppm (OR=1.188, 95% CI, 1.022-1.380). Iodine levels were less than 15 ppm (minimum limit) in 6.8% of samples and greater than 40 ppm (maximum limit) in 56.5%. Only 36.7% of the salt samples contained adequate iodine. Conclusion: An effective and consistent approach for controlling iodine concentration in distributed salt is required at Cumilla, Bangladesh.

Thyroid function of subjects with goitre and cretinism in an endemic goitre area of rural China after use of iodized salt

1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan-Ping Pang ◽  
An Ouyang ◽  
Tian-Sue Su ◽  
Jerome M. Hershman
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Serum Free

Abstract. Endemic goitre and cretinism are still a public health problem in China. An epidemiological survey showed that about 5% of the inhabitants in Daxin village, Henan province, had goitre or cretinism after an iodized salt prevention programme had been carried out for two decades. The main food for the inhabitants of this area has an iodine content <30 nmol/kg and the water for cooking and drinking has an iodine concentration between 7–12 nmol/l. We studied thyroid function in subjects of this village. There were 42 with grade 0 goitre (males 29, females 13), 42 grade I (males 23, females 19), 27 grade II (males 9, females 18), 31 grade III (males 14, females 17) and 34 cretinism patients (males 30, females 4) diagnosed and classified according to WHO criteria. Serum T4, free T4, T3, free T3, T3 uptake, TSH and thyroglobulin were measured in these subjects. The patients with goitre or cretinism had significantly decreased serum free T4 and increased serum T3 and free T3 levels compared with those of controls. Thyroid size was positively correlated with age and serum thyroglobulin concentrations. Serum thyroglobulin was significantly increased even in the grade 0 goitre subjects. The percentages of subjects with serum free T4 < 12 nmol/l, T3 >2.5 nmol/l, free T3 >5.2 pmol/l, TSH >3.5 mU/l, T3/T4 ratio >0.03 and free T3/free T4 ratio >0.36 were significantly higher among goitre and cretinism patients than among controls. The data suggest that there is partial compensation for a marginal deficiency of iodine in the inhabitants of this village.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Iodine Content in Table Salt Consumed in Democratic Republic of Congo

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayumba E. Kitwa ◽  
Laurence Habimana ◽  
Simbi J. B. Lumbu ◽  
Philippe Donnen ◽  
Kabange E. Twite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Republic Of Congo

scholarly journals Iodine Biofortification of Vegetables Could Improve Iodine Supplementation Status

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574
Author(s):  
Eva Duborská ◽  
Martin Urík ◽  
Martin Šeda
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
The Subject

Iodine is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. It is essential to produce important hormones by the thyroid gland. In most inland areas, the soils are iodine deficient and its amount is insufficient to produce agricultural crops with adequate iodine content to cover the recommended daily intake. In connection with the occurrence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), it has been the subject of intensive research in the past. However, following the introduction of iodized table salt in the food industry, problems related to IDD were not solved and studies on iodine mobility and bioavailability from soils are rare even today and have remained insufficiently investigated. In many countries, mainly in Europe, the prescription rate of medicaments used to treat goiter is still high. Thus, there are a considerable amount of studies looking for alternative methods for iodine supplementation in foodstuffs among the use of iodized table salt. In most cases, the subject of these studies are agricultural crops. This mini review presents the consequences of inadequate and excess iodine intake, the current status of iodine supplementation and the most recent alternative methods of the application of iodine in agriculture and its effect on the quality of used plant species.

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