scholarly journals People's Knowledge and Practice of Salt Iodization, as Well as the Assessment of Iodine Content in Salt in the Cumilla Region of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Sadia Jahan ◽  
Md. Saddam Hossain ◽  
Md. Anisur Rahman Bhuiyan ◽  
Susmita Roy Lisa ◽  
Somaia Haque Chadni
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Behavior

Aim: To evaluate the household iodine content and knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding salt iodization among the residents of Cumilla, Bangladesh. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 700 inhabitants in Cumilla's urban and rural areas to determine the iodine concentration of salt they consume. The participants were asked about what they know about iodine deficiency and salt iodization as well as how their salt was packaged and stored. Among them, 338 people provided a sample of salt to be tested of its iodine content by the titrimetric method. Results: 46.57% of people knew that iodization was the best way to prevent iodine deficiency while 35.14% considered salt iodization during purchasing. Most people stored salt in plastic boxes (89.7%) and closed containers (84.14%).Among all participants, only 37.14% of people were aware of the iodine requirement during pregnancy. In urban regions, the median iodine content was 36.76 ppm (OR=0.658, 95% CI, 0.469-0.925), while in rural areas, the median iodine content was 40.92 ppm (OR=1.188, 95% CI, 1.022-1.380). Iodine levels were less than 15 ppm (minimum limit) in 6.8% of samples and greater than 40 ppm (maximum limit) in 56.5%. Only 36.7% of the salt samples contained adequate iodine. Conclusion: An effective and consistent approach for controlling iodine concentration in distributed salt is required at Cumilla, Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Amadou Diop ◽  
Rokhaya Gueye ◽  
Mamadou Balde ◽  
Khadidiatou Thiam ◽  
Nassifatou Koko Tittikpina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

Evaluation of Urinary Iodine by Sandell-kolthoff Reaction Method in Urban and Rural Children Referring to the Shiraz Shahid Motahari Clinic and Village of Marvdasht City in 2016 and 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-279
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Anbardar ◽  
◽  
Afruz Afshari ◽  
Mohammad Javad Ashraf ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background and Objectives: Iodine deficiency affects the population of all age groups, but neonates, infants, pregnant women, and school children constitute the most vulnerable groups. Disorders caused by iodine deficiency are among the major health-nutritional problems in Iran. Because of the importance of this matter, the present study was done to evaluate the status of urinary iodine in 6-16 years old children in urban and rural areas and to compare measurement indices of urinary iodine. Subjects and Methods In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we included 230 6-16 years old children, including 128 urban and 102 rural children. In all samples, the creatinine amount was measured based on the Jaffe reaction, and iodine was measured by the acid digestion method. Since iodine concentration was not normally distributed, the median value of urinary iodine was reported. Also, the urinary iodine/ creatinine (UI/Cr) ratio index was calculated in all samples. Results The median value of urinary iodine in all examined children was 14.30 μg/dL and in children of urban and rural areas were 15.6 and 12.9 μg/dL, respectively. Because these measurements were more than 10 μg/dL, the urinary iodine was sufficient in children of both regions. Based on the median UI/Cr ratio, the iodine excretion was 178.92 μg/g in all children (more than 50 μg/g showing iodine sufficiency). Conclusion Based on median urinary iodine and median UI/Cr ratio, iodine intake in children was normal. Also, according to the present study, there is a fair agreement between both mentioned indices

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Awareness of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors among the Lebanese Population: A Prospective Study Comparing Urban to Rural Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Fahs ◽  
Zainab Khalife ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Mohammad Iskandarani ◽  
Pascale Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undiagnosed Hypertension ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction. CVDs are largely driven by modifiable risk factors. This study sought to determine the awareness and prevalence of the modifiable CVDs risk factors among the Lebanese population.Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, 1000 participants aged ≥ 45 years were randomly selected from pharmacies and interviewed. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 21.0 software.Results. Differences between urban and rural areas include alcohol consumption (2.8% versus 1.7%;p=0.0001), cardioprotective vegetable servings (6.1% versus 2.3%;p=0.016), sedentary hours per day (18.6% versus 15.1%;p=0.002), and hypertension (38.5% versus 25.4%;p=0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity (77.3% versus 75.2%;p=0.468), smoking (39.3% versus 43.3%;p=0.232), diabetes (25.4% versus 21.4%;p=0.173), and dyslipidemia (25 versus 21.2%) was reported. Measurements revealed 19.3% of undiagnosed hypertension (12.4% versus 22.4%,p=0.001), 61.7% of hypertension (59.8% versus 62.6%;p=0.203), and 7.9% of undiagnosed diabetes (6.6% versus 8.6%;p=0.323). The declared awareness of CVDs risk factors was highest for smoking (91.5% versus 89.7%;p=0.339) and lowest for diabetes (54.4 versus 55.7%;p=0.692).Conclusion. This study has shown a high prevalence of modifiable CVDs risk factors in the Lebanese population ≥ 45 years, among which hypertension is the most prominent.

scholarly journals Religiosity and self-rated health among older adults in Colombia

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Carlos A Reyes Ortiz ◽  
Claudia Payan ◽  
Geraldine Altamar ◽  
Jose F Gomez Montes ◽  
Harold G Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Fair Poor ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To identify the relationship between religiosity and self-rated health among older adults in Colombia. Methods: Data are drawn from the SABE (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) Colombia Study, a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015 involving 18,871 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older living in urban and rural areas of Colombia. Religiosity was assessed by self-rated religiosity (how religious are you: not at all, somewhat or very). Self-rated health during previous 30 days was assessed as very good, good, fair, poor or very poor, analyzed as an ordinal variable(1-5) using weighted logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Results: Those who were more religious were older, female, had lower socioeconomic status, and were more likely to be married. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that older adults who were more religious had better self-rated health (OR 0.92 95% CI 0.86- 0.99, p= 0.038); however, there was a significant interaction effect between gender and religiosity on self-rated health (p= 0.002), such that the relationship between religiosity and health was stronger in men (OR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79-0.94, p= 0.001) but not significant in women. Conclusion: Older adults in Colombia who consider themselves more religious, especially men, are less likely to perceive their physical health as poor compared to those who are less religious.

Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in northeast China: a cross-sectional study, 2017–2019

Heart ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) in northeast China.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method was conducted in Liaoning Province between September 2017 and March 2019. A total of 18 796 participants (28.9% urban, 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were included. All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and ECG. AF was diagnosed according to history and ECG findings.ResultsThe overall AF prevalence was 1.1%; it increased steeply with age. AF was more prevalent in men than in women (1.5% vs 0.9%, p<0.001); however, the difference between urban and rural areas was not significant (1.3% vs 1.1%, p=0.228). Among the AF population, the overall AF awareness rate was 52.6%, higher in women than in men (61.5% vs 44.1%, p=0.011); however, the difference between areas was not statistically significant (60.0% vs 49.0%, p=0.129). According to the CHA2DS-VASc score, almost all (90.2%, 194/215) of our subjects required oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy; however, only 4.1% actually received it. Moreover, hypertension (66.5%), dyslipidaemia (32.6%) and diabetes (24.2%) were highly prevalent in patients with AF, but their control rates were unacceptably low (7.0%, 8.6% and 28.8%, respectively).ConclusionsThe burden of AF in northeast China was substantial. Underuse of OAC therapy and uncontrolled comorbidities will likely contribute to the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with AF in the coming decades. Long-term management strategies for AF and related risk factors are required in northeast China.

scholarly journals Survey of Knowledge and Practice in Facing Covid 19 among Communities in Malaysia and Indonesia: Towards Apply New Norm

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Fazidah Aguslina Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Nowdays, COVID 19 is still health problem in many countries in the world including Malaysia and Indonesia. The number of confirmed cases remains high. An effort to resolve the Covid 19 problem, both Indonesian and Malaysian governments had been taken preventive strategies to break the chain of transmission through the implementation of health protocol including  using a mask, keeping a physical distance from another people at least 2 meters and washing hands as often as possible with running water. However in reality, there are many people had not implemented yet health protocol properly. This activity using cross sectional survey with the purpose of this activity was to analyze knowledge and behavior of community  in facing COVID 19  in  Malaysia and Indonesia. The results showed that in Medan, Indonesia. Out of 203 respondents, half of respondents (59.1%) had good knowledge regarding Covid 19, as much as 21.2% with fair knowledge and 19.7% had poor knowledge. While most of respondent had good practice (72.9%) and 27.9% had bad practice in applying health protocols to prevent the covid transmission. In Malaysia, out of 317 respondents aged 18 years and more, 78.9% of respondents had knowledge regarding symptoms of Covid 19, as much as 69.1% of respondents had knowledge regarding cause of the disease, 71.6% had knowledge about  transmission of the disease. Most of them (96.3%) had good practice to preventive measures for Covid 19, only 6.3% of respondent had not implemented preventive measures.  To prevent the transmission of  covid 19 in future time, it is necessary to identify knowledge and behaviour of community and then followed by  socialize regarding the disease to increased knowledge of community regarding the disease and apply new norm to prevent transmission of the disease.    

scholarly journals Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Sumita Kumari Sandhu ◽  
Arvind Kumar Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
In The Beginning

Background: Iodine insufficiency is prevalent throughout the world, and is rated as one of the most significant public health concerns in more than 125 countries. Secondary to the insufficient dietary consumption of iodine, almost two billion individuals are prone to suffer from iodine deficiency disorders worldwide. The present survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh in order to assess the extent of iodine deficiency disorders, 55 years after the initiation of salt iodisation programme.Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. A close ended pretested questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic information of the participants. Iodine content of salt and water was assessed with the use of I-Check and AQUA test kits in the households.Results: A total of 230 households were surveyed for the consumption of iodised salt which showed that 100% of the study population was using packet iodised salt for consumption. Majority of the population (92.6%) were placing their salt container near chulah in their kitchen and 73.5% were adding the salt in the beginning of the cooking followed by 16.1% in the middle of the cooking. Iodine content of salt sample collected revealed that 95.7% contain only 7 ppm iodine and 99.6% of the water sample contains less than 0.1 level iodine in water testing.Conclusions: The results of study indicated that population of district Chamba is using iodised salt but there is still need of strengthening of monitoring system as well as health education regarding the cooking practices in the households.

scholarly journals Provisional Abridged Life Tables for Urban and Rural Areas in Pakistan, Based on PGS 1968 and 1971

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseem Iqbal Farooqui ◽  
Iqbal Alam
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Vital Registration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Growth Estimation ◽  
Longitudinal Registration

As is the case in many other countries, mortality has been undergoing substantial, though not precisely understood, changes in Pakistan. In the absence of a reliable and adequate system of vital registration in the country, the precise measurement of these changes is well nigh impossible. In Pakistan, an attempt to estimate levels of fertility and mortality on a sample basis was made through the Population Growth Estimation (PGE) project undertaken from 1962 through 1965 [5, 12]. Subsequently, another demographic survey, called the Population Growth Survey (PGS), was initiated and carried out from 1968 through 1971 [13]. In the PGE a dual system of data collection was utilized based on continuous (Longitudinal) registration and a periodic (Cross-Sectional) survey. In the PGS, data were collected through periodic surveys only. Data from the PGS have only recently been made available to researchers. The present set of life tables is based on the mortality statistics collected in 1968 and 1971 field operations of the PGS.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Salt in Retail Shops and Retailers’ Knowledge on Iodized Salt in Wa East District, Upper West Region, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Kubi Appiah ◽  
Georgina Agartha Fenu ◽  
Francis Wadga-Mieza Yankey
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Source Of Information

Background. There are laws to enforce the universal iodization of salt to check the consequences of iodine deficiency in Ghana. These laws are to ensure that there are production and sales of iodized salt in the country. Yet, the availability of iodized salt in the county's households is still not encouraging, with data indicating that 93.8% of children have urine iodine <100 μg/dl. Hence, the study investigated the iodine content of salt in retail shops and knowledge of iodized salt among retailers in the Wa East District. The study will help the informed decision on strengthening and enforcing laws to achieve the universal salt iodization and the consumption of adequate iodized salt. Method. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. We used a questionnaire to collect quantitative data from participants and a rapid field test kits to determine the iodine content of salt. STATA version 14.2 was used to analyse data. Chi-squared and logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the dependent and independent variables and considered p value <0.05 as statistically significant. Findings. The retailers’ primary source of information about iodized salt was health workers (46.2%), with the majority (52.8%) of them having low knowledge of iodized salt. Notwithstanding the high knowledge of iodized salt, as high as 53.8% of the salts do not have adequate iodine (<15 ppm). Retailer’s sex (p=0.014), educational level (p=0.006), primary source of information about iodized salt (p=0.012), texture of salt being sold (p=0.023), and mode of displaying salt in the shop (p=0.003) were associated with knowledge of iodised salt. Again, retailer’s educational level (p=0.036), knowledge of iodized salt (p=0.034), texture of salt being sold (p=0.021), and method of displaying the salt being sold (p=0.004) were associated with an iodine content of the salt in the shop. Conclusions. Though policies have been implemented to promote production and consumption of iodized salt, the iodine content of salt in retail shops in the Wa East are not encouraging. We recommend the establishment of checkpoints along the production and distribution chain to ensure salt with adequate iodine reaches the consumer. Again, traders of iodized salt should have regular training on ways to preserve salt to maintain its iodine content.

scholarly journals Iodine in Table Salt in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayyub Ali Patel
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Salt Iodization

Background: Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a significant role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for normal neurological development. Universal Salt Iodization is a plan advocated by the WHO to ensure sufficient iodine intake by all individuals. No accurate data was available about household coverage with iodized salt and salt iodization adequacy in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of households consuming iodized salt in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, and assess salt iodization’s adequacy. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample. The household of each child was requested to bring a teaspoonful of table salt consumed in their kitchen. The salt samples were taken in standard, small, self-sealed plastic bags. The Iodine concentration of salt was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The study included 3038 samples of table salt. Insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 15 ppm based on the WHO/UNICEF ICCIDD classification) were observed in 22.3% (95% CI: 20.8% – 23.8%) of the samples. Similarly, insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 70 ppm based on Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization “SASO” classification) were observed in 75.7% (95% CI: 74.1% – 77.2%) of the study samples. The present study showed that rural areas significantly had higher insufficient table salt samples than urban areas. Conclusions: The study showed that the use of insufficient iodized salt in the region is still common. The accessibility of iodized salt can be achieved through iodized salt’s marketing and sales. Authorities in the Aseer region should play an influential role in forbidding non-iodized salt in the local markets in the Aseer region. Key words: Iodine; Table salt; Saudi Arabia

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