Chemical restraint of adults with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour in Queensland, Australia: Views of statutory decision makers

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-211
Author(s):  
Nicole Edwards ◽  
Julie King ◽  
Karen Williams ◽  
Sara Hair
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Positive Behaviour Support ◽  
Challenging Behaviours ◽  
Community Supports

Background: Psychotropic medication is widely prescribed to treat mental illness. However, it is controversial when used as a chemical restraint (CR) to manage challenging behaviours (CBs) of adults with intellectual disability (ID). CR has potentially negative consequences and affects human rights. Method: Qualitative research conducted between 2014 and 2015 explored the views of ‘guardian’ decision makers appointed under unique Queensland legislation oversighting the use of CR. Results: Findings included (1) negative conceptualization of CR, (2) concerning relationships with prescribers and disability sector staff, (3) challenges to information seeking about people with ID prescribed CR and (4) problematic implementation of positive behaviour support plans. Conclusion: According to guardians, CR may be used in lieu of community supports, and prescribers sometimes diagnose mental illness to avoid CR legislative requirements. Guardians, prescribers and professionals would benefit from training that addresses the intersection between physical and mental health, CB and CR.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Courtenay ◽  
B. Perera
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Psychotropic Medication ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
Challenging Behaviours ◽  
Community Supports ◽  
Placement Breakdown

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic affect all groups in society. People with intellectual disability (ID) are especially vulnerable to the physical, mental and social effects of the pandemic. Cognitive impairments can limit understanding of information to protect them relying on carers to be vigilant on their behalf during quarantine. Restrictions on usual activities are likely to induce mental stress especially among those who are autistic leading to an escalation in challenging behaviours, risk of placement breakdown and increased the use of psychotropic medication. People with ID are vulnerable to exploitation by others where the usual community supports no longer function to protect them. In future pandemics, it is important that lessons are learned from the impacts COVID-19 have on people with ID. Collecting the evidence through a rigorous approach should help to empower people with ID and their carers to face future outbreaks of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Helbred og trivsel

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Peter La Cour ◽  
Heidi Frølund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Public Health Officials

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the first COVID-19 lockdown, public health officials and political decision makers were aware that the lockdown would have some sort of psychological repercussion, but it was totally unknown what reactions the disease would evoke. This article investigates how the physical and mental health (well-being) were affected. Data from the COVID-19 survey indicate that negative consequences were uneven distributed in the population with especially young women, but also young men reporting alarming degrees of low well-being. DANSK RESUMÉ: Gennem første COVID-19 nedlukning i foråret 2020 var det endnu helt ukendt, hvilke reaktioner sygdommen ville fremkalde. Denne artikel undersøger, hvordan det fysiske og psykiske helbred (trivslen) blev påvirket. Den fremhæver, hvordan især de negative påvirkninger ramte befolkningen skævt, og at særligt de unge kvinder, men også unge mænd rapporterede mistrivsel i alarmerende omfang.  

Socio Demographic and Clinical Profile of Indoor Female Patients of RINPAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rajni Suri ◽  
Anshu Suri ◽  
Neelam Kumari ◽  
Amool R. Singh ◽  
Manisha Kiran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

The role of women is very crucial in our society. She cares for her parents, partner, children and other relatives. She performs all types of duties in family and also in the society without any expectations. Because of playing many roles, women often face many challenges in their life including both physical and mental. Mental health problems affect women and men equally, but some problems are more common among women including both physical and mental health problems. Aim of the study - The present study is aimed to describe and compare the clinical and socio-demographic correlates of female mentally ill patients. Methods and Materials: The study includes 180 female mentally ill patients based on cross sectional design and the sample for the study was drawn purposively. A semi structured socio-demographic data sheet was prepared to collect relevant information as per the need of the study. Result: The present study reveals that the socio-demographic factors contribute a vital role in mental illness. Findings also showed that majority of patients had mental problems in the age range of 20-30 have high rate. Illiterate and primary level of education and daily wage working women as well as low and middle socio-economic status women are more prone to have mental illness. Other factors like marital status, type of family and religion etc also important factors for mental illness. Keywords: Socio demographic profile, female, psychiatric patient

scholarly journals Communicating evidence in icons and summary formats for policymakers: what works?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Cameron Brick ◽  
Alexandra L.J. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
What Works ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Evidence Quality ◽  
Color Cues ◽  
Expected Outcomes

Abstract Policy decisions have vast consequences, but there is little empirical research on how best to communicate underlying evidence to decision-makers. Groups in diverse fields (e.g., education, medicine, crime) use brief, graphical displays to list policy options, expected outcomes and evidence quality in order to make such evidence easy to assess. However, the understanding of these representations is rarely studied. We surveyed experts and non-experts on what information they wanted and tested their objective comprehension of commonly used graphics. A total of 252 UK residents from Prolific and 452 UK What Works Centre users interpreted the meaning of graphics shown without labels. Comprehension was low (often below 50%). The best-performing graphics combined unambiguous metaphorical shapes with color cues and indications of quantity. The participants also reported what types of evidence they wanted and in what detail (e.g., subgroups, different outcomes). Users particularly wanted to see intervention effectiveness and quality, and policymakers also wanted to know the financial costs and negative consequences. Comprehension and preferences were remarkably consistent between the two samples. Groups communicating evidence about policy options can use these results to design summaries, toolkits and reports for expert and non-expert audiences.

scholarly journals Food for thought: the importance of nutritional well-being during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
L. Burke-Furey ◽  
F. McNicholas
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Current Experience ◽  
Roll Out

Individuals with mental illness have poorer physical health, nutritional status, and lowered life expectancy. Optimising their physical and nutritional status has become an increasingly important therapeutic goal. Current experience with COVID-19 has further emphasised the susceptibility to physical illness and poorer outcomes amongst individuals with mental illness and those who are nutritionally compromised. Although life as we knew it has been suspended until the widespread roll-out of a vaccine, individuals can take immediate action to improve physical and mental health by attending to and optimising their nutritional well-being. Clinicians within mental health services have a crucial role to play in assisting such change, and reminding their patients of the importance of pursuing a healthy and balanced diet.

scholarly journals COST, CONTEXT, AND DECISIONS IN HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Culyer
Keyword(s):  
Health Economics ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Context Dependent

Objectives:This study is an attempt to demystify and clarify the idea of cost in health economics and health technology assessment (HTA).Methods:Its method draws on standard concepts in economics. Cost is a more elusive concept than is commonly thought and can be particularly elusive in multidisciplinary territory like HTA.Results:The article explains that cost is more completely defined as opportunity cost, why cost is necessarily associated with a decision, and that it will always vary according to the context of that decision: whether choice is about inputs or outputs, what the alternatives are, the timing of the consequences of the decision, the nature of the commitment to which a decision maker is committed, who the decision maker is, and the constraints and discretion limiting or liberating the decision maker. Distinctions between short and long runs and between fixed and variable inputs are matters of choice, not technology, and are similarly context-dependent. Harms or negative consequences are, in general, not costs. Whether so-called “clinically unrelated” future costs and benefits should be counted in current decisions again depends on context.Conclusions:The costs of entire health programs are context-dependent, relating to planned rates of activity, volumes, and timings. The implications for the methods of HTA are different in the contexts of low- and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries, and further differ contextually according to the budget constraints (fixed or variable) facing decision makers.

scholarly journals The experiences of family caregivers of people with severe mental illness in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254351
Author(s):  
Aisha Hamed Alyafei ◽  
Taghrid Alqunaibet ◽  
Hassan Mansour ◽  
Afia Ali ◽  
Jo Billings
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Middle East Countries

Background There is a wealth of literature exploring the experiences of family caregivers of people with severe mental illness (SMI) in western countries, however, this topic has been neglected in the Middle East, despite families being the main source of caregiving in this context. The purpose of this review was to conduct a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis to explore the experiences of family caregivers living in countries in the Middle East caring for a relative with severe mental illness. Methods A systematic review and meta-synthesis were conducted, to comprehensively gain a thorough and detailed overview of what is known about family caregivers’ experiences from published qualitative research in the Middle East geographical area from inception to May 2021. The review protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (Ref: CRD42020165519). Results The review identified twelve qualitative studies that explored caregivers’ experiences of caring for relatives with SMI in Middle East countries. Family caregivers’ experiences were captured under seven overarching themes. The participants across all studies reported negative consequences of providing care, increased burden and emotional distress. Many experienced issues with family/marital relationships and stigmatizing attitudes and behaviours from their communities. Caregivers expressed the need for increased support which was perceived to have a critical role in improving family caregivers’ experiences. Conclusions The meta-synthesis revealed many challenges and issues that affect caregivers of people with SMI in the Middle East. Family caregivers experienced distress and burden, and reported significant impact on their psychological well-being. Their experiences highlight the urgent need to provide more support for family caregivers in Middle East countries.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use amongst South African adults with mental illness in the Eastern Cape

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda K. Tindimwebwa ◽  
Anthony I. Ajayi ◽  
Oladele V. Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products

Background: Given the physical and mental health consequences of tobacco use amongst individuals with mental illness, it was imperative to assess the burden of tobacco use in this population.Aim: This study examined the patterns and factors associated with tobacco use in individuals attending the outpatient unit.Setting: Cecilia Makiwane Hospital Mental Health Department in Eastern Cape province, South Africa.Methods: Lifetime (ever use) use and current use of any tobacco products were examined in a cross-sectional study of 390 individuals between March and June 2020. A logistic regression was fitted to determine the correlates of lifetime and current use of any tobacco products.Results: The rates of ever use and current use of tobacco products were 59.4% and 44.6%, respectively. Of the participants interviewed, lifetime tobacco use was more prevalent amongst individuals with schizophrenia (67.9%) and cannabis-induced disorders (97.3%) and lower in those with major depressive disorders (36.1%) and bipolar and related disorders (43.5%). Men were six times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products in comparison to women. Also, those who had a salaried job or owned a business were over three times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products compared with those receiving government social grants.Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use in this study was significantly higher than the general population in the Eastern Cape. Therefore, smoking prevention and cessation interventions targeted at the general population should target this often neglected sub-population in the region.

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