Abnormal head growth in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Monica Chitkara ◽  
Mas Ahmed ◽  
Bushra Rafique ◽  
Nimrit Dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
Head Growth ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Abnormal Head ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
Frontal Sinuses ◽  
Practice Assessment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Skull Thickness

Head size naturally differs between female and male infants, and it is age-dependent. The skull is filled with the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and vascular structures. The shape and size of the head is determined by the above components, as well as skull thickness, rate of the fusion of the cranial sutures, and the development of the frontal sinuses. This article aims to outline a best practice assessment of head circumference and discuss abnormalities that could be seen in general practice.

Deletion of murine tau gene increases tau aggregation in a human mutant tau transgenic mouse model

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunie Ando ◽  
Karelle Leroy ◽  
Céline Heraud ◽  
Anna Kabova ◽  
Zehra Yilmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Ad Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Tau Aggregation ◽  
The Brain

We have reported previously a tau transgenic mouse model (Tg30tau) overexpressing human 4R1N double-mutant tau (P301S and G272V) and that develops AD (Alzheimer's disease)-like NFTs (neurofibrillary tangles) in an age-dependent manner. Since murine tau might interfere with the toxic effects of human mutant tau, we set out to analyse the phenotype of our Tg30tau model in the absence of endogenous murine tau with the aim to reproduce more faithfully a model of human tauopathy. By crossing the Tg30tau line with TauKO (tau-knockout) mice, we have obtained a new mouse line called Tg30×TauKO that expresses only exogenous human double-mutant 4R1N tau. Whereas Tg30×TauKO mice express fewer tau proteins compared with Tg30tau, they exhibit augmented sarkosyl-insoluble tau in the brain and an increased number of Gallyas-positive NFTs in the hippocampus. Taken together, exclusion of murine tau causes accelerated tau aggregation during aging of this mutant tau transgenic model.

scholarly journals Comparison of age‐dependent alterations in thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 2 expressions in hippocampi between mice and rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Ho Yoo ◽  
Dae Won Kim ◽  
Bai Hui Chen ◽  
Hyejin Sim ◽  
Bora Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cresyl Violet Staining ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Aging is one of major causes triggering neurophysiological changes in many brain substructures, including the hippocampus, which has a major role in learning and memory. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a class of small redox proteins. Among the Trx family, Trx2 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and is controlled by TrxR2. Hitherto, age-dependent alterations in Trx2 and TrxR2 in aged hippocampi have been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine changes in Trx2 and TrxR2 in mouse and rat hippocampi by age and to compare their differences between mice and rats. Results Trx2 and TrxR2 levels using Western blots in mice were the highest at young age and gradually reduced with time, showing that no significant differences in the levels were found between the two subfields. In rats, however, their expression levels were the lowest at young age and gradually increased with time. Nevertheless, there were no differences in cellular distribution and morphology in their hippocampi when it was observed by cresyl violet staining. In addition, both Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the CA1-3 fields were mainly shown in pyramidal cells (principal cells), showing that their immunoreactivities were altered like changes in their protein levels. Conclusions Our current findings suggest that Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the brain may be different according to brain regions, age and species. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the reasons of the differences of Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the hippocampus between mice and rats.

Mutant Presenilin 2 Transgenic Mouse: Effect on an Age-Dependent Increase of Amyloid β-Protein 42 in the Brain

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumitaka Oyama ◽  
Naoya Sawamura ◽  
Kimio Kobayashi ◽  
Maho Morishima-Kawashima ◽  
Takashi Kuramochi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Β Protein ◽  
Β Protein ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Presenilin 2 ◽  
The Brain

Age-Dependent Changes in the Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Amyloid-β Peptides and Insulin

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Zhou ◽  
Nidhi Sharda ◽  
Vidur V. Sarma ◽  
Kristen M. Ahlschwede ◽  
Geoffry L. Curran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Plasma Pharmacokinetics ◽  
The Brain

Background: Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmarks of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Moreover, sub-physiological brain insulin levels have emerged as a pathological manifestation of AD. Objective: Identify age-related changes in the plasma disposition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin in mice. Methods: Upon systemic injection of 125I-Aβ 40, 125I-Aβ 42, or 125I-insulin, the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx were assessed in wild-type (WT) or AD transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at various ages. Additionally, publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data [GSE129788] was employed to investigate pathways regulating BBB transport in WT mice at different ages. Results: The brain influx of 125I-Aβ 40, estimated as the permeability-surface area product, decreased with age, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. In contrast, the brain influx of 125I-Aβ 42 increased with age, accompanied by a decrease in plasma AUC. The age-dependent changes observed in WT mice were accelerated in APP/PS1 mice. As seen with 125I-Aβ 40, the brain influx of 125I-insulin decreased with age in WT mice, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. This finding was further supported by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies. RAGE and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways at the BBB, which are implicated in Aβ and insulin transcytosis, respectively, were upregulated with age in WT mice, indicating BBB insulin resistance. Conclusion: Aging differentially affects the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx of Aβ isoforms and insulin in a manner that could potentially augment AD risk.

Study on Morphometric Features of Coronal Suture Along with it Absence and Craniosynostosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 8151-8155
Author(s):  
Khaleel N ◽  
◽  
Angadi A V ◽  
Muralidhar P S ◽  
Shabiya M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defect ◽  
Cranial Sutures ◽  
Coronal Suture ◽  
Cranial Suture ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Metopic Suture ◽  
Parietal Bones ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cranial sutures are syndesmosis between the cranial bones. The coronal suture is oblique in direction and extends between the frontal and the parietal bones. Craniosynostosis is a rare birth defect that occurs when the coronal suture in the skull fuses prematurely, but the brain continues to grow and develop. This leads to a misshapen head. There are a number of forms of this defect, such as coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic. Materials and Methods: Total 500 skulls were used for study, coronal suture length measured by thread method, distance between Nasion to bregma and midsupraorbital rim to coronal suture were measured. For finding skull with absence of coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic suture, we examined many skulls during routine osteology classes of Medical, Dental and other medical sciences students. Around 500 skull observed and we find only one skull with absence of left coronal suture completely. Results: The length of coronal suture was 24.8+1.4cm length, the distance between nasion to bregma was 126.7 +10.25 mm and Midsupraorbital rim to cranial suture was 102.76+8.64mm We have found only one skull with absence of coronal suture. Some of the skulls shows partly fusion of sagittal, coronal sutures. The skull with complete absence of coronal suture showing the features of other sutures clearly and right side of coronal suture is showing the complete suture. The skull was not damaged and it is in perfect condition which was using by students for their osteology study. Conclusion: We found the skull with absence of left coronal suture, which may resulted due to craniosynostosis. It may be due to hot climate in India also might be resulted for absence of suture. KEY WORDS: Birth defect, Skull, Coronal suture, Craniosynostosis.

scholarly journals Differences in lipidome and metabolome organization of prefrontal cortex among human populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tkachev ◽  
Vita Stepanova ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Ekaterina Khrameeva ◽  
Dmitry Zubkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Han Chinese ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Molecular Phenotype ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Polar Low ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractHuman populations, despite their overwhelming similarity, contain some distinct phenotypic, genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression features. In this study, we explore population differences at yet another level of molecular phenotype: the abundance of non-polar and polar low molecular weight compounds, lipids and metabolites in the prefrontal cortical region of the brain. We assessed the abundance of 1,670 lipids and 258 metabolites in 146 Han Chinese, 97 Western European, and 60 African American individuals of varying ages, covering most of the lifespan. The statistical analysis and logistic regression models both demonstrated extensive lipid and metabolic divergence of the Han Chinese individuals from the other two populations. This divergence was age-dependent, peaking in young adults, and involved metabolites and lipids clustering in specific metabolic pathways.

scholarly journals Head circumference and anterior fontanel measurements in newborns

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizal Agus Tiansyah ◽  
Irawan Mangunatmadja ◽  
Aman Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Anterior Fontanel ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Head Growth ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
The Brain

Background Head growth and anterior fontanel (AP) closureare passive processes in response to brain growth. The growthof the brain and skull starts in the third week of intrauterinegestation. roth processes run simultaneously as a part of integralgrowth, along 'With increasing gestational age, until post􀀿birth.Measurement of head circumference (He) and AF in newbornsis done to determine if the brain and skull grew normally duringthe intrauterine period.Objectives To investigate the differences in He and AF sizebetween preterm and full􀀿term infants, and the relationshipbetween gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) to Heand AF size.Methods This was a descriptive analytic study on preterm andfull􀀿term newborns. Measurement of HC and AF was conductedin three phases: just after birth, 1x24 and 2x24 hours of age.Analysis of HC and AF size differences between preterm and fullterm subjects was performed, as well as analysis of the correlationbetween GA and BW to HC and AF size.Results Two hundred fifty newborns completed the study. Therewere 180 full􀀿term and 70 preterm subjects. Median HC in full􀀿term and preterm male subjects were 34 cm (range 31􀀿37 cm)and 31 cm (27􀀿34 cm), respectively. Median HC in full􀀿termand preterm female subjects were 33 cm (31􀀿36 cm) and 32 cm(27􀀿3S.S cm), respectively. Median AF in full􀀿term and pretermmale subjects were 2.17 cm (1.0SA.6 cm) and 2.22 cm (1.3SA.Scm), respectively, and in full􀀿term and preterm female subjectswere 2.02 cm (lA.1S cm) and 2.22 cm (0.7SA cm), respectively.The HC of preterms were significantly lower than the fullterms(P<O.OOl), however the AF size was not different between these2 groups of newborns (P =0 .28). Correlation test between GA andBW to HC size revealed a positive correlation (r=0.620, P<O.OO 1and r=0.801, P<O.OOl, respectively), but not to AF size (r=􀀿 0.06,p􀁀 0.279 and F- 0.049, P􀁀0.44, respectively).Concl usions We found that the HC size of pre terms wassignificantly lower than thefullterms, but no significant differences in AF size between the two groups. GA and BW were associatedwith HC size, but not associated to AF size. [paediatr lndones.2012;52:145-51].

119 Visualization of Vascular Structures of the Brain Through a Novel Multispectral Fluorescence Microscope After Intravenous Application of ICG

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (CN_suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Athanasopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
White Light ◽  
Surgical Microscope ◽  
Light Image ◽  
Fluorescent Image ◽  
Surgical Clip ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
The Brain

Abstract INTRODUCTION Vascular structures are intraoperatively visualized through the eye-piece of a surgical microscope. The blood flow within the blood vessels can be demonstrated via indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence. In this study we wanted to find out whether the development of a novel fluorescent surgical microscope, overlapping a multispectral fluorescent image on a white light image, is superior, equal or inferior, compared to the previous models. Moreover, it shall be proved, whether multispectral fluorescence enhances surgeon's orientation through the precise and clearer visualization of blood vessels and the blood flow. METHODS A total of 8 porcine animal models were used. After fixation of the animal's head the parietal cortex and the cortical blood vessels were exposed. A digital imaging of the arterial perfusion, capillary transition and venous drainage after intravenous injection of ICG (5 ml; 5 mg/ml) was then performed. The blood flow was artificially blocked by a surgical clip. After repetitive intravenous injection of ICG and visualisation with multispectral view, the surgical clip was removed and the reperfusion of the brain tissue was visualized with the real time ICG perfusion. RESULTS >The visualization of the anatomical structures of the surgical field under white light as well as the image overlapping were easily performed. The occlusion of blood vessels with surgical clips demonstrate a blockage of the ICG perfusion on the multispectral fluorescent image. The ICG perfusion was again demonstrated after removing the surgical clip and reperfusion of the blood vessel. CONCLUSION Multispectral fluorescence was shown to be superior to the classic ICG fluorescence. With the development of a novel multispectral surgical microscope, which overlaps a fluorescent image on a white light image, the data delivered to the surgeon are enhanced, compared to the previous models. Moreover, the surgeons's orientation is improved thanks to the clear visualization of blood vessels and the blood flow.

Neuronal Replacement After Traumatic or Age-Dependent Brain Damage

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
Anders Björklund ◽  
Fred H. Gage
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Neural Grafts ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tissue Grafts ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Host Brain

During the last few years evidence has accumulated that fetal neurons, implanted into the depth of the brain in adult rats, can reestablish damaged connections in the host brain and substitute functionally for elements lost or damaged as a result of a preceding lesion. This research work has led to the realization that, contrary to traditional views, the adult mammalian CNS has a potential to incorporate new neuronal elements into already established neuronal circuitry and that such implanted neurons can modify the function and behavior of the recipient. For a long time it was thought that the remarkable regenerative and functional potential of CNS tissue grafts that had been demonstrated in cold-blooded vertebrates reflected a fundamental difference in the regenerative properties of central nervous tissue between cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals. During the last few years it has become evident however, that at least certain types of intracerebral neural grafts can perfoum just as well in developing and mammals as in developing or adult submammalian vertebrates.

scholarly journals Nutrients, Microglia Aging, and Brain Aging

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Wu ◽  
Janchun Yu ◽  
Aiqin Zhu ◽  
Hiroshi Nakanishi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Activation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain

As the life expectancy continues to increase, the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) becomes a big major issue in the world. After cellular activation upon systemic inflammation, microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, start to release proinflammatory mediators to trigger neuroinflammation. We have found that chronic systemic inflammatory challenges induce differential age-dependent microglial responses, which are in line with the impairment of learning and memory, even in middle-aged animals. We thus raise the concept of “microglia aging.” This concept is based on the fact that microglia are the key contributor to the acceleration of cognitive decline, which is the major sign of brain aging. On the other hand, inflammation induces oxidative stress and DNA damage, which leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by the numerous types of cells, including macrophages and microglia. Oxidative stress-damaged cells successively produce larger amounts of inflammatory mediators to promote microglia aging. Nutrients are necessary for maintaining general health, including the health of brain. The intake of antioxidant nutrients reduces both systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation and thus reduces cognitive decline during aging. We herein review our microglia aging concept and discuss systemic inflammation and microglia aging. We propose that a nutritional approach to controlling microglia aging will open a new window for healthy brain aging.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document