Bacterial resistance to disinfectants

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Russell
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Bacterial Spores ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Mycobacterium Chelonae ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

A ntiseptics and disinfectants (biocides) are widely employed in controlling hospital infection. Their activity depends upon several factors, notably concentration, period of contract, pH, temperature, the type, nature and numbers of microorganisms to be inactivated and the presence of organic soil or other interfering material. Bacteria vary considerably in their response to antiseptics and disinfectants. Bacterial spores are the least susceptible, followed by mycobacteria (including glutaraldehyde-resistant Mycobacterium chelonae) and then by Gram-negative bacteria, notably pseudomonads. Gram-positive cocci, including antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, are readily inactivated by disinfectants. Enterococci, including vancomycin-resistant strains, are also susceptible but somewhat less so than staphylococci. Resistance is often intrinsic in nature, but may be acquired either by mutation or by the acquisition of genetic elements. Disinfectant rotation is practised in several hospitals but the issue remains contentious, although hospital isolates are often more resistant to biocides than laboratory or ‘standard’ strains.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activities of Mefloquine and a Series of Related Compounds

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kunin ◽  
W. Y. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Walter Reed Army Institute ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Related Compounds

ABSTRACT Mefloquine was found to have bactericidal activity against methicillin- and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant strains ofStaphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and gentamicin- and vancomycin-resistant strains ofEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. The MICs were 16 μg/ml, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 16 to 32 μg/ml. These concentrations cannot be achieved in serum. Mefloquine was active at a more achievable concentration against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, with MICs of 0.2 to 1.5 μg/ml. Mefloquine was not active against gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. In an attempt to find more active derivatives, 400 mefloquine-related compounds were selected from the chemical inventory of The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. We identified a series of compounds containing a piperidine methanol group attached to pyridine, quinoline, and benzylquinoline ring systems. These had activities similar to that of mefloquine against S. pneumoniae but were far more active against other gram-positive bacteria (MICs for staphylococci, 0.8 to 6.3 μg/ml). They had activities similar to that of amphotericin B againstCandida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Combinations of the compounds with gentamicin and vancomycin were additive against staphylococci and pneumococci. The MIC and MBC of gentamicin were decreased by four- to eightfold when this drug was combined with limiting dilutions of the compounds. There was no antagonism with other antimicrobial drugs. The compounds were rapidly bactericidal. They appear to act by disrupting cell membranes. Combinations of the compounds with aminoglycoside antibiotics may have potential for therapeutic use.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Wild Captured Loggerhead Sea Turtles

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Francesca Blasi ◽  
Luciana Migliore ◽  
Daniela Mattei ◽  
Alice Rotini ◽  
Maria Cristina Thaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Resistant Strains

Sea turtles have been proposed as health indicators of marine habitats and carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, for their longevity and migratory lifestyle. Up to now, a few studies evaluated the antibacterial resistant flora of Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and most of them were carried out on stranded or recovered animals. In this study, the isolation and the antibiotic resistance profile of 90 Gram negative bacteria from cloacal swabs of 33 Mediterranean wild captured loggerhead sea turtles are described. Among sea turtles found in their foraging sites, 23 were in good health and 10 needed recovery for different health problems (hereafter named weak). Isolated cloacal bacteria belonged mainly to Enterobacteriaceae (59%), Shewanellaceae (31%) and Vibrionaceae families (5%). Although slight differences in the bacterial composition, healthy and weak sea turtles shared antibiotic-resistant strains. In total, 74 strains were endowed with one or multi resistance (up to five different drugs) phenotypes, mainly towards ampicillin (~70%) or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (more than 30%). Hence, our results confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains also in healthy marine animals and the role of the loggerhead sea turtles in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Nosocomial klebsiellas: I. Colonization of hospitalized patients

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Haverkorn ◽  
M. F. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

SUMMARYThe colonization of patients byKlebsiellaand several other gram-negative bacteria was studied in a hospital urological ward over a period of six months. Before and during the survey there was no evidence of an outbreak of nosocomial infection and multi-drug resistant strains ofKlebsiellawere not isolated.Klebsiellawere biotyped by nine biochemical tests, which led to the detection of 66 biotypes spread uniformly throughout the survey period. This method of biotyping proved a useful epidemiological tool. The colonization rate of throats, hands, and faeces of patients increased after admission to the ward, especially when antibiotics were used. The effect of systemic antibiotics was greater than that of urinary antibiotics especially on throat and faeces carrier rates. Carrier rates forKlebsiellaincreased also after catheterization and operation – relationships which could well be multifactorial.During the first two weeks after admission the proportion of antibiotic resistant strains ofKlebsiellain carriers increased. The proportion of resistant strains amongst isolations from clinical infections was always greater than among strains isolated routinely from sites of carriage.

scholarly journals Effect of Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy Combined with Antibiotics on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana Ilizirov ◽  
Andrei Formanovsky ◽  
Irina Mikhura ◽  
Yossi Paitan ◽  
Faina Nakonechny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Chemotherapy ◽  
Mrsa Strains

The well-known and rapidly growing phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is caused by uncontrolled, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. One of alternatives to antibiotics is Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy (PACT). In the present study, the effect of PACT using a photosensitizer Rose Bengal alone and in combination with antibiotics including methicillin and derivatives of sulfanilamide synthesized by us was tested against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic-sensitive and resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were eradicated by Rose Bengal under illumination and by sulfanilamide but were not inhibited by new sulfanilamide derivatives. No increase in sensitivity of P. aeruginosa cells to sulfanilamide was observed upon a combination of Rose Bengal and sulfanilamide under illumination. All tested S. aureus strains (MSSA and MRSA) were effectively inhibited by PACT. When treated with sub-MIC concentrations of Rose Bengal under illumination, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of methicillin decreased significantly for MSSA and MRSA strains. In some cases, antibiotic sensitivity of resistant strains can be restored by combining antibiotics with PACT.

Antibiotic Resistance as a Virulence Factor of Opportunistic Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
NА Gordinskaya ◽  
EV Boriskina ◽  
DV Kryazhev
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains

Introduction: A large number of infectious processes are associated with opportunistic microorganisms. The phenotype of antibiotic resistance of such pathogens is multidrug-resistant strains with the presence of various β-lactamases. Our objective was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic features of antibiotic resistance of staphylococci, enterobacteria, and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria – the cause of infectious diseases in patients of various health facilities of Nizhny Novgorod. Material and methods: Using classical microbiological methods and molecular genetic studies, we analyzed 486 strains of microorganisms isolated from the upper respiratory tract, intestines, urine, and wound discharge of patients in 2019–2020. In all isolates, the phenotype of antibiotic resistance was determined by the disco-diffusion method (Bioanalyse, Turkey) and using the Multiscan FC spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific, Finland) with Microlatest tablets (PLIVA-Lachema, Czech Republic), along with molecular features of resistance mechanisms by PCR on the CFX96 device (BioRad, USA) using AmpliSens kits (Russia). Results and discussion: The results showed that the most prevalent causative agents of infectious diseases (40.7 %) were Gram-negative bacteria, of which Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacteria accounted for 27.1 % and 13.6 % of cases, respectively. Staphylococci were isolated in 37.6 % of patients: S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci induced 13.4 % and 24.2 % of cases, respectively. The analysis of antibiotic resistance of the isolates showed a high level of antimicrobial resistance in all hospitals, regardless of the isolation locus. The phenotype of methicillin-resistant strains was found in 26.3 % and 37.9 % of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, respectively; the mecA gene was found in 89.0 % of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The highest number of antibiotic-resistant strains among Gram-negative microorganisms was observed in K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa. We established that 61.7 % of K. pneumoniae, 75.1 % of A. baumannii, and 58.2 % of P. aeruginosa were resistant to carbapenems. The results of molecular genetic studies confirmed the presence of serine carbapenemases KPC and OXA groups in all multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii; genes of the metallo-β-lactamase of VIM group were found in 40.9 % strains of P. aeruginosa. The production of numerous β-lactamases and the presence of determinants of antibiotic resistance in the genome determine the virulent properties of opportunistic microorganisms. Conclusion: The antibiotic resistance of opportunistic microorganisms is the cause of developing a chronic infectious process. Today, a wide spread of antibiotic-resistant infectious agents is a serious public health problem, which determines the need for constant microbiological monitoring and studies of molecular mechanisms of resistance to identify the most potent antibiotics and to determine the ways of eradication of multidrug-resistant strains.

Species composition and molecular-genetic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant strains of gram negative bacteria isolated from patients of a hospital’s urology department

Urologiia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1_2018 ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.U. Shalekenov Shalekenov ◽  
A.L. Bissekenova Bissekenova ◽  
B.A. Ramazanova Ramazanova ◽  
D.A. Adambekov Adambekov ◽  
S.B. Shalekenov Shalekenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptide Novicidin Synergizes with Rifampin, Ceftriaxone, and Ceftazidime against Antibiotic-Resistant EnterobacteriaceaeIn Vitro

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 6233-6240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odel Soren ◽  
Karoline Sidelmann Brinch ◽  
Dipesh Patel ◽  
Yingjun Liu ◽  
Alexander Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Multiple Strains

ABSTRACTThe spread of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria is a serious clinical threat, and infections with these organisms are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Traditional novel drug development inevitably leads to the emergence of new resistant strains, rendering the new drugs ineffective. Therefore, reviving the therapeutic potentials of existing antibiotics represents an attractive novel strategy. Novicidin, a novel cationic antimicrobial peptide, is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we investigated novicidin as a possible antibiotic enhancer. The actions of novicidin in combination with rifampin, ceftriaxone, or ceftazidime were investigated against 94 antibiotic-resistant clinical Gram-negative isolates and 7 strains expressing New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1. Using the checkerboard method, novicidin combined with rifampin showed synergy with >70% of the strains, reducing the MICs significantly. The combination of novicidin with ceftriaxone or ceftazidime was synergistic against 89.7% of the ceftriaxone-resistant strains and 94.1% of the ceftazidime-resistant strains. Synergistic interactions were confirmed using time-kill studies with multiple strains. Furthermore, novicidin increased the postantibiotic effect when combined with rifampin or ceftriaxone. Membrane depolarization assays revealed that novicidin alters the cytoplasmic membrane potential of Gram-negative bacteria.In vitrotoxicology tests showed novicidin to have low hemolytic activity and no detrimental effect on cell cultures. We demonstrated that novicidin strongly rejuvenates the therapeutic potencies of ceftriaxone or ceftazidime against resistant Gram-negative bacteriain vitro. In addition, novicidin boosted the activity of rifampin. This strategy can have major clinical implications in our fight against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document