Audit Studies of Housing in the United States: Established, Emerging, and Future Research

Since the 1960s, social scientists, fair housing agencies, and the federal government have conducted hundreds of in-person and correspondence housing audits. Researchers use these covert experiments to make strong causal claims about difficult-to-detect behavior, such as racial, gender, and other types of discrimination. These studies have consistently uncovered discrimination in multiple stages and contexts of the housing exchange process. The housing audit literature is broad and robust, and a number of in-depth reviews already exist. In this chapter, we build on those reviews by focusing attention on emerging areas of inquiry and suggest new avenues of research pursuits. We begin by briefly reviewing the long history of housing audits including in-person HUD audits and correspondence audits of home sales and housing rentals. Next, we discuss three emerging areas of housing audit research – housing choice vouchers, short-term rentals, and roommate searches – and highlight important findings, new innovations, and areas of weakness. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about future directions of housing audits including using experiments to test for ways to reduce discrimination, using additional data to examine the mechanisms of housing discrimination, and designing modified audits to explore discrimination in other stages of housing exchange.

Productivity in the US Housing Industry: Total Factor and Public Firms

Productivity is widely recognized as one of the main contributors to increased economic and societal wellbeing. Unfortunately, productivity has been extremely difficult to operationalize in a repeatable context in the construction sector. The result is a lack of consensus on the basic question of whether there has been improvement or decline in the productivity of the sector. This study focuses on productivity in the housing industry. Productivity is especially important in this industry, as in addition to providing shelter, the housing market is the primary source of wealth accumulation in the US. An individual’s ability to enter this market will be a function of affordability which will be effected by the productivity of the industry. The combination of academic and societal impacts suggests that there is a need to address a fundamental question: what is the status of productivity in the housing industry. In order to address this question a data base was compiled from the 10-Ks of the largest, long lived, US companies in the single family housing industry. The result is a panel data set that consists of information on 11 firms over a 15-year period. These 11 firms were responsible for approximately 25% of all new home sales in any given year. The data set was analysed with random effects GLS time series regression. The results indicate that, at best, the housing industry has seen negligible total productivity growth.

Analisis Dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penjualan Rumah Berbasis Web Pada PT Indah Cemani Raya Balaraja

The system used by the company in handling the recording and sale of home products is still done manually as to hamper the company's performance. In a sense, a company is a unified system that influences one another to achieve certain goals. In the proposed system that the author designed to solve these problems while providing information on home sales quickly. For example, data processing needs are increasing, data processing rules are increasingly varied, rules from within or outside the company, can be used as indicators of problems. So PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja designed the application for a web-based balaraja housing information system. This system is used to facilitate the process of sales, promotions and detailed information about balaraja housing, where marketing can enter home listings entrusted by customers to the website of PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja to be marketed, and the existence of an application to activate the list of home sales that have been inputted by marketing to the website. Reports produced are in the form of home data reports, home buyer reports, home marketing reports, periodic payment reports, house specifications and credit simulations. Currently there is no system to facilitate customers in seeing housing products and also place an order without having to come to the location. The purpose of writing this journal is to analyze and design a sales system at PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja so that it can help the parties involved in the data collection process, especially in the home sales process. PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja is a private company engaged in the property business, specifically in the sale of housing construction (developers) which helps the government in increasing national economic development.

Analisis Dan Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penjualan Rumah Berbasis Web Pada PT Indah Cemani Raya Balaraja

The system used by the company in handling the recording and sale of home products is still done manually as to hamper the company's performance. In a sense, a company is a unified system that influences one another to achieve certain goals. In the proposed system that the author designed to solve these problems while providing information on home sales quickly. For example, data processing needs are increasing, data processing rules are increasingly varied, rules from within or outside the company, can be used as indicators of problems. So PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja designed the application for a web-based balaraja housing information system. This system is used to facilitate the process of sales, promotions and detailed information about balaraja housing, where marketing can enter home listings entrusted by customers to the website of PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja to be marketed, and the existence of an application to activate the list of home sales that have been inputted by marketing to the website. Reports produced are in the form of home data reports, home buyer reports, home marketing reports, periodic payment reports, house specifications and credit simulations. Currently there is no system to facilitate customers in seeing housing products and also place an order without having to come to the location. The purpose of writing this journal is to analyze and design a sales system at PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja so that it can help the parties involved in the data collection process, especially in the home sales process. PT Indah Cemani Raya, Balaraja is a private company engaged in the property business, specifically in the sale of housing construction (developers) which helps the government in increasing national economic development.

Impact of COVID-19 on the economy of micro, small and medium enterprises in Mexico

The objective of this research is to analyze the effects of COVID-19 on the economy and finances of micro, small and medium enterprises (MIPYMES) in Mexico, as well as the economic and financial strategies to survive this perfect storm, where the characteristic The main thing about this type of business is that it survives and is used to these events due to the way in which they are generally created and because they have a peculiar characteristic that the vast majority are family businesses. A mixed methodology is used that starts from grounded theory, is contrasted with findings from other national and international research that show the importance of analyzing the economic and financial effects for MSMEs. For the quantitative analysis, statistics of the companies that closed since the beginning of the pandemic were analyzed according to data collected by the INEGI Statistics Institute in 2020. As a result, it is obtained that the MIPYMES made use of their savings and previous returns, a change in the way of marketing their products, using online and home sales. This as economic and financial survival strategies in the red light months in each of the states of the Mexican Republic, and that affected all companies in the world.

The Application of Mathematics to Calculation of Zakat in Home Sales

Zakat is the name or designation of something that a person gives to those who are entitled to it, meaning zakat is one of the pillars of Islam that deals directly with property and social conditions. One of the forms of wealth to which the zakat should be issued is the wealth of commerce. Prof. Dr. Wahbah Zuhaili in his book, “Al-Fiqh al-Islam waadillatuhu” describes the house when it comes to income / profit earned by renting / selling it is obligatory. The scholars explain that there is a zakat on real estate when selling a home. This is what was discussed at the second Muslim scholars in Cairo, that there is a zakat obligation on the profit or income of a home sale when it reaches nishab and is fulfilled when selling the house. Although he wants to buy a house again, he has to pay his charity first so that his wealth can be clean and be a blessing in life and in the hereafter.Keywords: Zakat, Mathematics,Home

Realtors as Partners in Tobacco Control: Results from a Pennsylvania Survey

Objectives: Despite success of clean indoor air efforts, home smoking exposes residents to secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS). Home sales offer sellers opportunity to establish smoke-free homes, to improve salability, and promote both exposure reduction and cessation. We explored realtor experiences with smoking-permitted home sales, views on SHS and THS, and attitudes towards mandatory disclosure of in-home smoking in sales. Methods: In 2019, 329 realtors in four Philadelphia-area counties completed on-line surveys capturing both closed-ended and open text responses, regarding the impact of smoking on sales. Results: Virtually all (96%) of respondents reported greater difficulty selling smoking-permitted homes, and buyers with young children or health concerns least likely to consider such properties. Although 65% saw client concerns as primarily aesthetic, 30% felt health concerns played a role. Only 20% saw mandatory disclosure of tobacco use history as negative, with 27% viewing this as positive, and 53% predicting mixed impact. Conclusions: In-home smoking negatively impacts realtors. Tobacco control should consider disclosure as one policy strategy. Advocates and realtors should help sellers establish smoke-free properties and address tobacco-related residue, with long-term goals of maintaining smoke-free homes to support cessation.

USING THE HIERARCHY ANALYSIS METHOD FOR INCREASING REAL ESTATE SALES

В данной статье рассматривается вопрос применения метода анализа иерархий в качестве алгоритма интеллектуального анализа данных для увеличения продаж жилья агентством недвижимости. This article discusses the application of the hierarchy analysis method as a data-mining algorithm for increasing home sales by a real estate agency.

COVID-19 will hit US GDP but recovery may be V-shaped

Subject US economic outlook. Significance Before the COVID-19 outbreak, economic activity was growing at 2.0-2.5%, the stock market and employment were close to record highs, new home sales were rising and consumer spending had momentum. The immediate outlook for the US economy is now very unclear as the number of COVID-19 cases has surged above 3,800 and the virus is present in 49 states, prompting President Donald Trump to declare a national emergency on March 13. To bolster financial market liquidity and support businesses and households, the Federal Reserve (Fed) cut rates by 100 basis points to 0-0.25% on March 15. Impacts The public spending for the COVID-19 outbreak will add to the budget deficit as no party is willing to raise taxes in an election year. The Fed may cut rates more but will risk inflation if rates stay low too long; if recovery is rapid, rates may rise sooner than expected. Heavily indebted firms and individuals will seek assistance from the government, especially in the travel and entertainment industries. A sharper economic downturn will test Trump’s managerial skill as his voters expect him to be able to resolve their problems quickly.