Desacralized law, disenchanted society: A major transition in Ch’u T’ung-tsu’s historical studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-358
Author(s):  
Yue Du
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Deviant Behaviors ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Major Transition ◽  
Informal Structure

In this study, I examine four major books written by a renowned Chinese historian, Ch’u T’ung-tsu, and describe a profound transition over the course of his studies. I argue that the isomorphism between Confucian doctrines and Chinese social structure in two earlier books, Feudal Society in China, and Law and Society in Traditional China, disappears completely in his last book, Local Government in China under the Ch’ing, which exclusively focuses on informal relationships and deviant behaviors in China’s bureaucratic system. The current study traces this transition by carefully examining Ch’u’s Western influences, represented by Maine’s work in Ancient Laws, and Ch’u’s subsequent ‘failed effort’ in his third book, Han Society Structure. I maintain that Ch’u’s Western academic influences could best be characterized as the desacralization of law, with an exclusive focus on social structure. When the formal structure of kinship groups and social classes failed to explain the maintenance of social order in the Han dynasty, Ch’u turned away from formal structure and pursued studies on informal structure and deviance.

The Eighteenth-Century Social Order in Surat: A Reply and an Excursus on the Riots of 1788 and 1795

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social

The Banias of eighteenth-century Surat, whom Michelguglielmo Torri earlier treated with indifference if not innocence, have invited his wrath since they were brought into focus by the publication of my essay on the Banias and the Surat riot of 1795. In his ‘rejoinder’ to my article, he seeks to wish away their existence altogether (to him there was no specific Bania community, the term merely signifying traders of all communities engaged in the profession of brokerage), and seeks to provide what he regards as an ‘alternative’ explanation of the Muslim–Bania riot of 1795. the Muslim-Bania riot of 1795. It shall be my purpose in this reply to show that his alternative explanation is neither an alternative nor even an explanation, and is based on a basic confusion in his mind about the Banias as well as the principal sources of tension in the social structure of Surat. I shall treat two main subjects in this reply to his misdirected criticisms. First, I shall present some original indigenous material as well as European documentation to further clarify the identity, position and role of the Banias, whom Irfan Habib in a recent article has identified as the most important trading group in the trading world of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India. It is also my purpose to show how the social order of Surat operated under stress by presenting some archival material, the existence of which Torri seems to be completely unaware of, on the Parsi-Muslim riot of 1788.

Wheat: The Integral Nation, Genetics, and Salazar’s Corporatist Fascist State

Fascist Pigs ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Agricultural Experiment Station ◽  
The Past ◽  
Liberal Ideology ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Corporatist State ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
Historical Trajectory

This chapter follows the historical trajectory of Strampelli’s Ardito wheat into Portugal to participate in the Wheat Campaign of Salazar’s fascist regime. When examining the Portuguese case, the narrative explores how new standardized forms of wheat contributed to the development of all embracing corporatist state agencies, a critical subject in the new fascist social order: corporatism promised a society built on organic units and “economic solidarities” in contrast to the alleged artificiality of liberal ideology based on individuals as well as to the Bolshevik obsession with social classes. The technoscientific organisms produced at the National Agricultural Experiment Station (EAN) led by the geneticist António Sousa da Câmara, the executive head of the Wheat Campaign, promised to sustain the futurism of the past announced by the propaganda of the Portuguese corporatist New State.

Law, Equality, and Entrepreneurship Through a Gendered Lens

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-149
Author(s):  
Shubha Sandill
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Grassroots Advocacy ◽  
Family Entrepreneurship

An insurmountable amount of great research being done in academia rarely gets transformed into laws and policies. This can be attributed to the disconnect between academia, law/policy makers, and decision-making tables. A three-pronged approach to bridge the gap between academic scholarship, grassroots advocacy, and political activism could be instrumental in impacting socio-legal and policy reforms. Gender, as a social construct, has intersected since time immemorial with the way law and society have been organized. Law, as a hegemonic collection of practices and processes, has actively perpetuated a particular social order that did not go far enough in matching lived realities. This chapter begins with the author's efforts to examine family law and social inequality through a gendered lens by exploring marriage, divorce, and family entrepreneurship. It further outlines the ongoing debates about gender vs. diversity mainstreaming in policy realms. Lastly, it concludes with how these experiences drove the author's passion for grassroots advocacy, which finally led the author to political activism.

scholarly journals Οίκέταί (huisbediendes) in die eerste-eeuse Grieks-Romeinse samelewing

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Van Wyk ◽  
F. J. Van Rensburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Peter 2 ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Foundational Work ◽  
General Perspective

This article attempts to do the foundational work for a construct of the probable socio-historic context of household servants mentioned in 1 Peter 2:18. The article provides a general perspective of the different social classes, especially the lower classes in the Graeco-Roman society during the first century A.D. It is proposed that not all slaves were part of the lowest level of the social structure and that not all Roman citizens were equal or functioned as part of the top level of the social pyramid. Many slaves were indeed household servants. Some ex­- slaves (freedmen and freedwomen), however, were also classified according to this category. It is possible and probable that some (poor) citizens and (poor) foreigners were household servants.

Evolution of the social structure of hospitality management literature: 1960-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ali Koseoglu
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Small World ◽  
Hospitality Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hospitality Managers ◽  
Informal Structure

Purpose This study aims to address how the social structure of the hospitality management field has evolved from 1960 to 2016. Design/methodology/approach The informal social structure of the hospitality management literature was analyzed by collecting authorship data from seven hospitality management journals. Co-authorship analyses via network analysis were conducted. Findings According to the findings, throughout the history of hospitality management, international collaboration levels are relatively low. Based on social network analysis, the research community is only loosely connected, and the network of the community does not fit with the small-world network theory. Additional findings indicate that researchers in the hospitality management literature are ranked via degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality. Cliques, which contain at least five researchers, and core researchers are identified. Practical implications This study helps both scholars and practitioners improve the informal structure of the field. Scholars must generate strong ties to strengthen cross-fertilization in the field; hence, they collaborate with authors who have strong positions in the field. Specifically, this provides a useful performance analysis. To the extent that institutions and individuals are rewarded for publications, this study demonstrates the performance and connectivity of several key researchers in the field. This finding could be interesting to (post)graduate students. Hospitality managers looking for advisors and consultants could benefit from the findings. Additionally, these are beneficial for journal editors, junior researchers and agencies/institutions. Originality/value As one of the first study in the field, this research examines the informal social structure of hospitality management literature in seven journals.

The Vocational Senate in Ireland

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-538
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Bromage ◽  
Mary C. Bromage
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Lower House ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Cleavage

Out of an Irish dilemma has come one of the most striking legislative experiments in modern government. After a short life from 1922 to 1936, the first Irish upper house proved so inept as to be abolished. Then came an interval of unicameralism, and now under the constitution of 1937 another senate has been brought into existence, differing radically from the old. In the early days of her independence, Ireland was confronted with the problem of precisely how to constitute an upper house, how to differentiate it from the lower house, and whom to represent in it. Now, after a vicissitudinous history, she has embarked upon a course of advanced ideas in parliamentary practice—upon a plan which attempts to secure vocational representation.Why has it been difficult to fit a second chamber into the structure of the Irish state? In feudal society, class cleavage produced assemblies of more than one house. Since democratization of the social order, this basis of separation, has lost significance, but the tradition persists in the bicameralism of such countries as England.

Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryken Grattet
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Interpretive Research ◽  
Movement Activity ◽  
Industrial Accidents ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interdisciplinary Scholarship ◽  
Organizational Procedures

Sociological and social historical approaches to the study of legal transformations have traditionally been marked by a focus on external “social” factors, such as industrialization, class conflict, and social movement activity, that causally determine the form and content of law (Hurst 1956; Friedman 1973; Gordon 1975; Hagan 1980; Humphries and Greenberg 1981; Chambliss and Seidman 1982; Chambliss and Zatz 1993; Kantor and Fishback 1994). More recently, interdisciplinary scholarship on law and society has criticized this view for narrowly reducing law to formal structure—organizational procedures and textual rules—and for its image of unidirectional causation running from society to law (Gordon 1984; Harrington and Yngvesson 1990). The result of this critique has been a growth in interpretive research on law emphasizing ideological analysis of law and depicting relations between law and society as constitutive (Milner 1989: 633).

scholarly journals Social Classes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Aktor
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Identity Markers

The notions of class (varṇa) and caste (jāti) run through the Dharmaśāstra literature on all levels. They regulate marriage, economic transactions, work, punishment, penance, entitlement to rituals, identity markers like the sacred thread, and social interaction in general. Although this social structure was ideal in nature and not equally confirmed in other genres of ancient and medieval literature, it has nevertheless had an immense impact on Indian society. The chapter presents an overview of the system with its three privileged classes, the Brahmins, the Kṣatriyas, and the Vaiśyas, the fourth underprivileged class, the Śūdras, and, at the bottom of the society, the lowest so-called untouchable castes. It also discusses the understanding of human differences that lies at the center of the system and the possible economic and political motivations of the Brahmin authors of the texts.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of District School Students in the Kazan Governorate during the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
G.V. Ibneyeva ◽  
◽  
A.I. Shakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, changes that took place in the social structure of district school students in the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century were analyzed. It was shown that the social representation of district school students in the region under consideration changed under the influence of the government policy on education. With the help of numerous archival clerical documents, a complex study was performed to reconstruct the social image of a typical student attending any of the district schools in the Kazan governorate of that time. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the available archival sources, a percentage ratio of students from different social classes was determined. Changes in the size of each social class were determined using mathematical methods. It was concluded that district schools of the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century saw a gradual increase in the number of students representing various social classes (lower middle class, merchants, and peasants) from both urban and rural areas. At the same time, a rise in the number of students coming from the privileged social classes was also detected.

scholarly journals Combining Theoretical Perspectives on the Organizational Structure-Performance Relationship

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Starling David Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Organization Design ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
Informal Structure ◽  
The Impact

Much of the literature linking organization structure to performance falls into two broad research streams. One stream concerns formal structure – the hierarchy of authority or reporting relationships as well as the degree of standardization, formalization, specialization, etc. The impact of formal structure and other elements of organization design on performance is typically contingent on factors such as strategic orientation, task characteristics, and environmental conditions. The other research stream focuses on informal structure – a network of interpersonal and intra-organizational relationships. Properties of informal structure are typically shown to have a more direct (less contingent) impact on organizational performance. Despite these pronounced differences in the conceptualization of organization structure, considerable overlap and complementarity exist between the two research streams. In this article, I compare and contrast a pair of exemplars from each stream – the information processing perspective and the social network perspective – with respect to their conceptualizations of organization structure and its relationship to performance. Several recommendations for future research that combines the two approaches are offered.

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