An explanation of the relationship between artificial intelligence and human beings from the perspective of consciousness

2021 ◽  
pp. 209660832110563
Author(s):  
Jianhua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Contract Theory ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Evolution Of Consciousness ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Normative Significance ◽  
The Relationship

What will be the relationship between human beings and artificial intelligence (AI) in the future? Does an AI have moral status? What is that status? Through the analysis of consciousness, we can explain and answer such questions. The moral status of AIs can depend on the development level of AI consciousness. Drawing on the evolution of consciousness in nature, this paper examines several consciousness abilities of AIs, on the basis of which several relationships between AIs and human beings are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of those relationships can be analysed by referring to classical ethics theories, such as contract theory, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics. This explanation helps to construct a common hypothesis about the relationship between humans and AIs. Thus, this research has important practical and normative significance for distinguishing the different relationships between humans and AIs.

Dehumanization and Mentalizing Animals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Kasperbauer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mental State Attribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phenomenal States

This chapter applies the psychological account from chapter 3 on how we rank human beings above other animals, to the particular case of using mental states to assign animals moral status. Experiments on the psychology of mental state attribution are discussed, focusing on their implications for human moral psychology. The chapter argues that attributions of phenomenal states, like emotions, drive our assignments of moral status. It also describes how this is significantly impacted by the process of dehumanization. Psychological research on anthropocentrism and using animals as food and as companions is discussed in order to illuminate the relationship between dehumanization and mental state attribution.

Roadmap to Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual PropertyAn Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jyh-An Lee ◽  
Reto M Hilty ◽  
Kung-Chung Liu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Legal Subjects ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
Ip Law ◽  
Creativity And Innovation ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and intellectual property (IP). While human beings have used various instruments and technologies to create and innovate, they themselves have been the main driving force of creativity and innovation. AI puts that into question, raising numerous challenges to the existing IP regime. Traditionally, the “intellectual” part of “intellectual property” refers to human intellect. However, since machines have become intelligent and are increasingly capable of making creative, innovative choices based on opaque algorithms, the “intellectual” in “intellectual property” turns out to be perplexing. Existing human-centric IP regimes based on promoting incentives and avoiding disincentives may no longer be relevant—or even positively detrimental—if AI comes into play. Moreover, AI has sparked new issues in IP law regarding legal subjects, scope, standards of protection, exceptions, and relationships between actors.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING YOGASUTRA: A FRAMEWORK FOR ECOLOGICAL VIRTUE ETHICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
P.S. Sreevidya
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

This is an endeavor to seek the possibilities of the application of ethical principles of yoga in present day of ecological issues. The relevance of this research paper is evident from the fact that ecological issues are not only scientific but also an ethical and this research paper is reliable and informative in the extent that it seeks to challenge the existing relationship between human beings and nature with the description of the present crisis of ecology as a crisis of human-nature relationship. To talk of ecological issues signifies that most of the issues may occur because of the attitude and behavior patterns of man towards environment. The confluence of ethical principles of yoga and ecology offer profoundly relevant response to the ecological issues and brings forth an ecological virtue ethics, which care for all natural entities with main focus of the relationship between man and environment. It offer systematic framework for understanding the traits of character and types of action that cause problems for environment. Yoga approach on ecology is intrinsic in nature, which includes moral expansionism that tries to expand outward from human centered ethics towards animals and sentient life in general. All life forms of plants and animals are interrelated and have an intrinsic value. Ethical principles of yoga give greater importance to the attitude of the mind rather than on postulation of the elaborate theories of what is right and wrong.  So the virtues of yoga ethics would be used as a remedy towards changing an attitude of the common man towards his environment.

scholarly journals Ecological Transformation and Man-Machine Symbiosis: A Study on the Relationship between Human and Artificial Intelligence

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Zheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship

The theory of “ecological symbiosis” discovered by Margulis and Raulock updates the relationship between humans and nature to “the symbiotic relationship between man and ecology as a whole”. Human activities transform human ecology from the aspects of life evolution and cultural evolution. Artificial intelligence, as the core of human ecology, has a symbiotic relationship with human beings, and has the independence of human ecology. The possibility of life becomes a symbiotic species with humans.

scholarly journals Ecological Transformation and Man-Machine Symbiosis: A Study on the Relationship between Human and Artificial Intelligence

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Zheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship

The theory of “ecological symbiosis” discovered by Margulis and Raulock updates the relationship between humans and nature to “the symbiotic relationship between man and ecology as a whole”. Human activities transform human ecology from the aspects of life evolution and cultural evolution. Artificial intelligence, as the core of human ecology, has a symbiotic relationship with human beings, and has the independence of human ecology. The possibility of life becomes a symbiotic species with humans.

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (29) ◽  
pp. 3569-3578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhimanyu Thakur ◽  
Ambika P. Mishra ◽  
Bishnupriya Panda ◽  
Diana C.S. Rodríguez ◽  
Isha Gaurav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Research Material

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the way to model human intelligence to accomplish certain tasks without much intervention of human beings. The term AI was first used in 1956 with The Logic Theorist program, which was designed to simulate problem-solving ability of human beings. There have been a significant amount of research works using AI in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of its applicabication and, future perspectives that impact different areas of society. Even the remarkable impact of AI can be transferred to the field of healthcare with its use in pharmaceutical and biomedical studies crucial for the socioeconomic development of the population in general within different studies, we can highlight those that have been conducted with the objective of treating diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, among others. In parallel, the long process of drug development also requires the application of AI to accelerate research in medical care. Methods: This review is based on research material obtained from PubMed up to Jan 2020. The search terms include “artificial intelligence”, “machine learning” in the context of research on pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Results: This study aimed to highlight the importance of AI in the biomedical research and also recent studies that support the use of AI to generate tools using patient data to improve outcomes. Other studies have demonstrated the use of AI to create prediction models to determine response to cancer treatment. Conclusion: The application of AI in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical studies has been extensive, including cancer research, for diagnosis as well as prognosis of the disease state. It has become a tool for researchers in the management of complex data, ranging from obtaining complementary results to conventional statistical analyses. AI increases the precision in the estimation of treatment effect in cancer patients and determines prediction outcomes.

scholarly journals The Moral and Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence (Present Dilemmas and Future Challenges)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Igor Milinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Autonomous Action ◽  
Legal Personhood ◽  
Legal Subjectivity ◽  
Future Challenges

Abstract The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems raises dilemmas regarding their moral and legal status. Can artificial intelligence possess moral status (significance)? And under what conditions? Can one speak of the dignity of artificial intelligence as the basis of its moral status? According to some authors, if there are entities who have the capacities on which the dignity of human beings is based, they would also possess intrinsic dignity. If dignity is not an exclusive feature of human beings, such status also could be recognised by artificial intelligence entities. The first part of the paper deals with the problem of moral status of artificial intelligence and the conditions that must be fulfilled for such a status to be recognised. A precondition for the existence of moral status of artificial intelligence is its ability to make autonomous decisions. This part of the paper considers whether developing autonomous AI is justified, or, as some authors suggest, the creation of AI agents capable of autonomous action should be avoided. The recognition of the moral status of artificial intelligence would reflect on its legal status. The second part of the paper deals with the question of justifiability of ascribing legal personhood to the AI agents. Under what conditions would recognition of legal personhood by the artificial intelligence be justified and should its legal subjectivity be recognised in full scope or only partially (by ascribing to the AI agents a “halfway-status,” as some authors suggest)? The current state of the legal regulation of artificial intelligence will be observed as well.

The Ethics of Human–Robot Interaction and Traditional Moral Theories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Nyholm
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Moral Theories ◽  
Domains Of Life

The rapid introduction of different kinds of robots and other machines with artificial intelligence into different domains of life raises the question of whether robots can be moral agents and moral patients. In other words, can robots perform moral actions? Can robots be on the receiving end of moral actions? To explore these questions, this chapter relates the new area of the ethics of human–robot interaction to traditional ethical theories such as utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and virtue ethics. These theories were developed with the assumption that the paradigmatic examples of moral agents and moral patients are human beings. As this chapter argues, this creates challenges for anybody who wishes to extend the traditional ethical theories to new questions of whether robots can be moral agents and/or moral patients.

scholarly journals Is Kierkegaard a “Virtue Ethicist”?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-342
Author(s):  
Robert C. Roberts ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Virtue Ethicist ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
The Relationship

Several readers of Kierkegaard have proposed that his works are a good source for contemporary investigations of virtues, especially theistic and Christian ones. Sylvia Walsh has recently offered several arguments to cast doubt on the thesis that Kierkegaard can be profitably read as a “virtue ethicist.” Examination of her arguments helps to clarify what virtues, as excellent traits of human character, can be in a moral outlook that ascribes deep sin and moral helplessness to human beings and their existence and salvation entirely to God’s grace. The examination also clarifies the relationship between virtues and character and between the practices of virtue ethics and character ethics. Such clarification also may provide a bridge of communication between Kierkegaard scholarship and scholars of virtue ethics beyond the theistic communities. In particular, I’ll argue that a character ethics that is not a virtue ethics would be suboptimal as an aid to the formation of Christian wisdom and sanctification. Kierkegaard’s character ethics is a virtue ethics.

Marjorie Prime

Glimpse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Ingrid Lacerda ◽  
Thamires Ribeiro de Mattos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Film Festival ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Current

This article aims to analyze the relationship between human beings and artificial intelligence through the movie “Marjorie Prime,” released in 2017 during Sundance Film Festival. Martin Heidegger's thoughts on Dasein and human nature and derived studies from Alan Turing's perspective on Artificial Intelligence and Humanity, as well as perspectives on posthumanism and transhumanism and their social implications, will be contrasted in order to discuss alterity and its presence in artificial intelligence. Hence, in this article we ask how it is possible to understand the alterity found between Marjorie, the protagonist of the film, and a holographic artificial intelligence created with the purpose of replacing her deceased husband, Walter. This study will begin with assumptions about the question of technology in the Heideggerian conception of Dasein and Being, as well as the view of technology as a current mode of being in postmodernity. Our methodology combines a bibliographical review and also an analysis of the audiovisual content previously quoted.

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