ISIL in Iraq: A Critical Analysis of the UN Security Council’s Gendered Personification of (Non)States

Legal feminist theories have troubled dominant conceptions of statehood, revealing the threat of the ‘Other’ as integral to the hegemonic masculinity of powerful states. In this paper I provide a critical gendered discourse analysis of the UN Security Council’s response to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIL). I consider the role of personification in constituting legal subjects as states (persons) and excavate this from the Council’s resolutions concerning Iraq. In constituting ISIL as a barbaric, hypermasculine terror group in relational opposition to the state of Iraq, the Council draws on gendered normativities ordinarily veiled by seemingly objective legal criteria as to the creation of states. Whilst the state of Iraq is constituted through the hegemonic model of statehood, one premised upon democratic, liberal Westphalian ideals, it is still subject to the paternalism of the Security Council. In this way, the state of Iraq is framed as failing to reach a particular masculine standard of statehood, and is thus subject to the continuation of ‘civilising’ discourses. Thus, instead of asking whether ISIL is or is not a state under international law, it is revealing to consider how responses to it work to maintain and (re)produce a graded, hierarchical international community of states.

Bad Queers: LGBTQ People and the Carceral State in Modern America

The war on sex offenders was an American campaign against sex crime that began in the 1930s and is still ongoing. In this review essay, I argue that the architects and opponents of that war engaged in political struggles that—especially during the pivotal era of the long 1970s—produced, criminalized, and hierarchized multiple new categories of “good” and “bad” LGBTQ legal subjects. In making this argument, my aim is to bring the field of LGBTQ political and legal history—especially the work of George Chauncey ([1994] 2019) and Margot Canaday (2009)—into closer conversation with scholarship by queer theorists who are not historians—especially Gayle Rubin ([1984] 2011a) and Michael Warner (1999)—about the stigmatization of non-normative gender and sexual practices. While historians have examined the policing of multiple queer behaviors in the early twentieth century, their examinations of the post-1945 period have been concerned primarily with the consolidation of a starker social and legal binary between homo- and heterosexuality. As their narratives get closer to the present, the most stigmatized “bad” queers become more and more tangential. At least in part, this has been because historians have been under the same pressure as LGBTQ activists to distance LGBTQ identity from the stigma of sexual “deviance”—especially sex that violated age-of-consent statutes—in order to promote the political project of LGBTQ rights. Placing bad queers at the center of LGBTQ political and legal history diversifies who counts as a subject of this history and reveals an even bigger carceral state that governed them.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK SEBAGAI KORBAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL

Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada setiap subjek hukum menjadi salah satu hak yang diberikan kepada setiap orang dan hak tersebut dilindungi oleh hukum, hak yang melekat pada setiap manusia harus mendapat perlindungan hukum. Perlindungan hukum juga dijadikan sebagai sarana untuk melindungi hah-hak subjek hukum. Perlindungan hukum disini tentu saja perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat, teori ini merupakan teori penting dalam fokus kajiannya terutama sasarannya pada masyarakat yang berada pada posisi lemah. Dalam memberikan perlindungan dilakukan oleh para penegak hukum, dalam hal ini pihak kepolisian pada proses penyidikan memberikan perlindungan terhadap korban, memberikan hak-hak korban. Legal protection given to every subject is one of the rights given to everyone and these rights are protected by law. The rights inherent in every human being must receive legal protection. Legal protection is also used as a means to protect the rights of legal subjects. Legal protection here is of course legal protection for the community. This theory is an important theory in the focus of this study, especially its target on people who are in a weak position. In providing protection, it is carried out by law enforcers, in this case the police in the investigation process to provide protection to victims and to provide victims' rights.

The most important problems of legal philosophy and the nature of law

The purpose of legal philosophy is frequently defined as the discovery or exploration of the nature of law. The nature of law is usually understood as a set of necessary properties of law. Such an identification of the purpose of legal philosophy raises some doubts. Irrespective of those doubts, I claim that that focusing exclusively on the nature of law may be detrimental to legal philosophy as a whole, as it may be an obstacle to the investigation of certain issues that seem important. Or, at least, not all fundamental problems of legal philosophy may be perceived as pertaining to the nature of the law. Two such problems are briefly discussed: (i) legal pluralism and (ii) certain new categories of non-human legal subjects, such as autonomous machines, environmental legal persons and animals. I argue that focusing on the nature of law does not help the exploration of those important topics.

MENGENALKAN RAGAM BENTUK KEKERASAN, SANKSI PIDANA DAN PENCEGAHANNYA MELALUI KEGIATAN PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT

Children are one of the legal subjects who have the potential to become victims of violence. Violence faced by children can be in the form of physical, psychological, sexual and neglect. Against these various types of violence, the Domestic Violence Law and the Child Protection Law can serve as the basis for criminalizing the perpetrators. In the Child Protection Law, even criminal sanctions against perpetrators of sexual violence against children are weighted for punishment. Furthermore, the law is equipped with additional penalties in the form of announcing the identity of the perpetrator, and action sanctions in the form of chemical castration and installation of electronic detection devices. However, efforts to overcome violence against children are not enough to rely on criminal sanctions. This is evidenced by the rise in the number of violence against children. Therefore, prevention efforts are needed through increasing understanding of the importance of making helping others a basic need of human life. So that each individual will always help and provide assistance to children who need help. The method of implementing this community service activity is carried out using the lecture, discussion and question and answer method at Loyola High School Semarang. The activity begins with material exposure regarding forms of violence, sanctions and prevention. After the presentation, there was a discussion session and a question and answer session regarding the material that had been presented. The results of the service implementation activities were obtained by understanding various information about child violence and its prevention.Anak menjadi selah satu subjek hukum yang berpotensi menjadi korban kekerasan. Kekerasan yang dihadapi oleh anak dapat berupa kekerasan fisik, psikis, seksual dan penelantaran. Terhadap berbagai kekerasan tersebut, UU KDRT dan UU Perlindungan Anak dapat menjadi dasar pemidanaan terhadap pelaku. Dalam UU PerlindunganAnak bahkan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku kekerasan seksual terhadap anak terdapat pemberatan pemidanaan. Lebih lanjut dalam undang-undang tersebut dilengkapi pidana tambahan berupa pengumuman identitas pelaku, dan sanksi tindakan berupa kebiri kimia dan pemasangan alat pendeketksi elektronik. Namun upaya penanggulangan kekerasan terhadap anak tidak cukup hanya mengandalkan sanksi pidana. Hal ini terbukti dengan maraknya angkakekerasan terhadap anak. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan upaya pencegahan melalui peningkatan pemahaman tentang pentingnya menjadikan menolong orang lain sebagai kebutuhan dasar hidup manusia. Sehingga setiap individu akan senantiasa menolong dan memberikan bantuan kepada anak yang membutuhkan bantuan. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ceramah, diskusi dan tanyajawab di SMA Kolese Loyola Semarang. Kegiatan diawali dengan paparan materi berkenaan dengan bentuk kekerasan, sanksi dan pencegahannya. Setelah paparan dilakukan sesi diskusi dan tanya jawab berkenaan dengan materi yang telah disampaikan. Hasil kegiatan pelaksanaan pengabdian diperolehnya pemahaman mengenai berbagai informasi seputar kekerasan anak dan pencegahannya.

Inmigración y derecho al voto Una investigación exploratoria en Santiago de Chile

The objective of our research is to analyze the causes and/or factors that influence the voting intentions of immigrants in the municipality of Santiago, Chile. To achieve this, we interviewed twenty immigrants who had the right to vote in two different periods. Before and after the October 2016 municipal elections. By doing this we were able to compare their answers having the elections as a pivotal point. We followed a content analysis of their answers to evaluate their discourses with regards to voting intentions. We conclude that the factors that influence immigrants’ voting decisions are multiple. We center our conclusions in the lack of information migrants have on their electoral rights, the lack of interest of candidates on migrants as a voting force, and the lack of recognition from the State of migrants as legal subjects. These reasons produce high political indifference on immigrants.

International Juridical Forms and Legal Subjectivity: A History of the Subject in Southeast Asia from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 to the ASEAN Charter

Using Michel Foucault's concept of modes of objectification, this paper argues that treaties, declarations, and agreements constitute international juridical forms that transform human beings into legal subjects. It retraces the objectification of “natives” in nineteenth-century colonial treaties that made human beings accessories to territories and transformed them into colonial subjects. This legal construct, the paper contends, was rendered unstable in the UN era when treaties re-objectified the “natives” into “peoples”, thereby allowing colonial subjects to re-subjectify themselves into actors and re-describe themselves with an adjective, a nationality. The paper then brings the history to the twenty-first century and posits that ASEAN is now objectifying new trans-national subjects that are ontologically connected to the regional economy. This history of legal subjectivity reveals not only the power of international juridical forms as a mode of objectification, but also the trajectory of subject formation in Southeast Asia under the ASEAN Charter.

Kecakapan Bertindak Penyandang Disabilitas Autisme Menurut Hukum Perdata

A person with a disability has the right to be treated the same as other human legal subjects. Therefore, the government is obliged to realize the rights listed in the convention, using laws and regulations, including how to fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities in every aspect of life such as: a decent living, education, health and so on, just like humans who live with disabilities. other normal. An autistic person or what in psychological terms is called autism, is included in the category of a person with a mental disability. A person is said to be autistic if he experiences abnormalities in carrying out a legal act, development in terms of the quality of the ability to carry out social and emotional relationships in the social environment of the community. A person is said to have autism, namely someone who has a special character in people generally not by showing mental (psychic), emotional (affective) or physical (physical) disabilities. The word autism, namely "auto" means everything that is directed at the individual. According to information that is not difficult to understand, autism is an abnormality in the brain that causes a decrease or loss of a person's ability to communicate, relate to others and respond to the environment or environment.

Protection of the rights of indigenous people in the archipelagic province in planning on management of coastal areas and small islands post of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning job creation

The inconsistency of the state’s commitment to the protection of the archipelago’s indigenous people in the management of coastal areas and small islands has become more apparent since the passage of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. This research is normative legal research that analyzes the synchronization of legislation relating to the management of coastal resources and small islands that are responsive to the protection of indigenous people. The results show that (1) Recognition of indigenous people according to the Job Creation Law is placed on government legal politics in accordance with the provisions of the applicable legislation, showing the incompleteness of norms, which has implications for the weak position of indigenous people in managing coastal resources without recognition/determination as legal subjects. (2) Indigenous people who have received recognition/determination from the local government have the privilege of including the management area as part of the RZ WP3K and managing coastal resources and small islands in accordance with customary law, as long as it does not conflict with the applicable laws. As a result, the research’s recommendations are as follows: (1) Policy advocacy, encouraging acceleration of the legislative process for the Draft Law on Indigenous People and the Draft Law on Archipelagic Regions; and (2) Empowerment, support for capacity building of indigenous people to be critical and innovative in sustainable coastal and small island management through community development.

Formulasi Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Terhadap Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Corporations are often neglected in the development of law as well as participation in legal development, making it vulnerable to access to justice. Corporations must obtain the same rights as humans in accordance with the laws and regulations concerning corporations as legal subjects. This is to give a sense of fairness to those who work in the company. The purpose of this study is to examine, find facts and analyze criminal liability for corporations against vehicles that have traffic accidents due to not conducting periodic tests. The method used is a type of normative juridical writing method using a statutory approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the LLAJ Law only focuses on vehicle drivers, the fact is that the cause of some traffic accidents is because the company does not conduct periodic tests on its vehicles. It is the responsibility of the company to conduct periodic tests on its vehicles every six months, but based on the cases described in the results of the discussion, traffic accidents caused by not conducting periodic tests by the company only focus on the fault of the driver. The current laws and regulations regarding traffic certainly do not fully support legal subjects in Indonesia, therefore there is a need for a formulation of criminal liability against corporations. Korporasi sering dilupakan dalam perkembangan hukum dan juga partisipasi dalam pembangunan hukum, sehingga menjadi rentan aksesnya terhadap keadilan. Korporasi harus memperoleh hak yang sama dengan manusia sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan tentang korporasi sebagai subjek hukum. Hal ini untuk memberikan rasa adil kepada mereka yang bekerja didalam perusahaan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji, menemukan fakta dan menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi korporasi terhadap kendaraannya yang mengalami kecelakaan lalu lintas akibat tidak melakukan uji berkala. Metode yang digunakan adalah jenis metode penulisan yuridis normatif dengan menggunkan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa UU LLAJ hanya menitikberatkan terhadap pengemudi kendaraan, kenyataannya bahwa penyebab beberapa kecelakaan lalu lintas adalah karena perusahaan tidak melakukan uji berkala terhadap kendaraanya. Uji berkala tersebut merupakan tanggungjawab dari perusahaan untuk melakukan pengujian secara berkala terhadap kendaraanya selama 6 bulan sekali, namun berdasarkan kasus yang diuraikan dalam hasil pembahsan, kecelakaan lalu lintas yang disebabkan karena tidak dilakukan uji berkala oleh perusahaan hanya menitikberatkan kesalahan terhadap pengemudi. Peraturan perundang-undangan tentang lalu lintas saat ini tentu sangat tidak mendukung sepenuhnya subjek hukum di Indonesia, oleh karena itu perlu adanya formulasi pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap korporasi.