Medical Illustration in the Era of Cardiac Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Constantine Mavroudis ◽  
Gary P. Lees ◽  
Rachid Idriss
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Medical Illustration ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Impact

This article reviews the collaboration between clinician and illustrator throughout the ages while highlighting the era of cardiac surgery. Historical notes are based on Professor Sanjib Kumar Ghosh’s extensive review, literature searches, and the archives of the Johns Hopkins University Department of Art as related to Medicine in Baltimore. Personal communications were explored with medical illustrators and medical practitioners, many of whom are colleagues and trainees, to further chronicle the history of medical illustration and education in the era of cardiac surgery. Medical illustrators use their talents and expressive ideas to demonstrate procedures and give them life. These methods are (1) hovering technique; (2) hidden anatomy, ghosted views, or transparency; (3) centrally focused perspective; (4) action techniques to give life to the procedure; (5) use of insets to highlight one part of the drawing; (6) human proportionality using hands or known objects to show size; and (7) step-by-step educational process to depict the stages of a procedure. Vivid examples showing these techniques are demonstrated. The result of this observational analysis underscores the importance of the collaboration between clinician and illustrator to accurately describe intricate pathoanatomy, three-dimensional interrelated anatomic detail, and complex operations. While there are few data to measure the impact of the atlas on medical education, it is an undeniable assertion that anatomical and surgical illustrations have helped to educate and train the modern-day surgeon, cardiologist, and related health-care professionals.

Earth science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Дьяченко ◽  
Vladimir Dyachenko ◽  
Лариса Дьяченко ◽  
Larisa D'yachenko
Keyword(s):  
Earth Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Short Course ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
The Impact

The textbook describes the features of the origin, development, structure and functioning of the earth's shells and the impact on them of the most common types of environmental management. From the standpoint of modern science shows the history of the formation of the biosphere, analyzed the causes and consequences of natural hazards associated with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and technogenic transformation of the biosphere. The complex of disciplines that make up the textbook is chosen to present the essence of the main natural science subjects required for students studying in the framework of a larger group of specialties and areas of training 20.00.00 "Technosphere safety and environmental engineering" in accordance with the requirements of the GEF in the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the directions 20.03.01 "Technosphere safety", 20.03.02"nature management and water use". The textbook can be used in the educational process for educational programs of the enlarged group of specialties 05.00.00 "earth Sciences", as well as areas 06.03.01 "Biology", 06.03.02 "soil science". The content of the textbook also allows you to use it as a short course in Geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climatology and meteorology, soil science, landscape Geochemistry for training bachelors in related areas and specialties.

‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 069-090 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM O. CHITTICK ◽  
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
For Profit ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. First, the authors briefly introduce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be analysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and normative as well as practical policy implications of their observations.

‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 069-090
Author(s):  
WILLIAM O. CHITTICK ◽  
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
For Profit ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. First, the authors briefly introduce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be analysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and normative as well as practical policy implications of their observations.

P1395The role of hyponatremia in the development of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

EP Europace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pavlikova ◽  
A Shevelyok ◽  
N Vatutin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Level ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Serum Sodium Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common complication after cardiac surgeries. Age, valvular heart disease, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a history of AF are well known risk factors for postoperative AF. On the other hand, hyponatremia is also a frequent disorder in patients undergoing cardiac surgery but its relationship with AF has not been studied. Purpose. We evaluated the impact of hyponatremia on the incidence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods. The retrospective study included case history of 222 patients (174 men and 48 women, median age 64.5 [range 58.0; 69.0] years) who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between January 2015 and December 2018.  In all patients intraoperative sodium level was analyzed. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium level < 135 mmol/l. Primary outcome was the episode of AF in postoperative period. Results. The incidence of postoperative AF was 18.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.1-24.3 P = 0.05). Patients with AF more often had obesity, diabetes mellitus and a history of myocardial infarction and were more likely to perform combined surgery compared to non-AF patients (all Ps < 0.05). The prevalence of hyponatremia was significantly higher among AF group compared with non-AF (95.2% versus 77.8%, P = 0.017). Hyponatremia was the independent risk factors of postoperative AF in Cox regression models adjusted for covariates (odds ratio 5.31; 95% CI 1.42-18.7; P = 0.017). Conclusion.  In this analysis serum sodium level was closely associated with the risk of AF. These findings suggest that hyponatremia may cause the development of postoperative AF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
University Education ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Jerusalem was the object of intense study and devotion throughout the Middle Ages. This book illuminates ways in which the city was represented by Christians in Western Europe, from the 600s the 1500s. Focusing on maps in illuminated manuscripts and early printed books, it also considers views and architectural replicas, and treats depictions of the Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre alongside those of Jerusalem as a whole. The chapters draw on new research and a range of disciplinary perspectives to show how such depictions responded to developments in the West, as well as to the shifting political circumstances of Jerusalem and its wider region. One central theme is the relationship between text, image and manuscript context, including discussion of images as scriptural exegesis and the place of schematic diagrams and plans in the presentation of knowledge. Another is the impact of trends in learning, such as the reception of Jewish scholarship, the move from monastic to university education, and the creation of yet wider audiences through mendicant preaching and the development of printing. The book also examines the role of changing liturgical and devotional practices, including imagined pilgrimage and the mapping of Jerusalem onto European cities and local landscapes. Finally, it seeks to elucidate how two- and three-dimensional representations of the city both resulted from and prompted processes of mental visualization. In this way, the book is conceived as a contribution to manuscript studies, the history of cartography, visual studies and the history of ideas.

scholarly journals Contributions of Freire's Theory to Dialogic Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Del Mar Ramis Salas
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Communicative Action ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Do So

The present article discusses how Paulo Freire was ahead of his time with his theoretical contributions by reflecting on the author’s groundbreaking insights, particularly those developed in his Pedagogy of the oppressed. To do so, the paper first introduces his Theory of Dialogical Action and the premises that explain how it established the theoretical grounds for some of the most relevant theoretical works in the Social Sciences such as Habermas’ Theory of the Communicative Action developed more than a decade after Freire’s work. The second part of the paper further explores the influence of the premises of the Dialogic Education, by reviewing the theoretical foundations of other major theoretical works and practical experiences that building on Freire’s work and the centrality of dialogue in the educational process continue enabling the creation of future through transformative educational experiences. In so doing, the impact that the legacy of one of the most relevant authors in the history of education has had upon most relevant theoretical conceptualisations as well as a successful practical key experiences is further explained.

scholarly journals Deconstructing instructions in the art academy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Henrike Scholten ◽  
Vanessa van ‘t Hoogt
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Spring Semester ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Object Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
Elective Course ◽  
Art Academies

Drawing as a manual discipline was long taught in the West according to specific ‘academic’ principles, culminating institutionally in the art academies of the nineteenth century. This educational process was mediated by visual images and three-dimensional objects, and relied on copying as a means to acquire manual skill along with a ‘vocabulary’ of idealized forms. During the twentieth century the roles, values and practices of art changed profoundly, and consequently methods of artistic education changed as well. As symbols of a tradition overcome, in many (modernizing) art academies, instruction books, plaster casts of sculptures and écorchés were either discarded or consigned to storage rooms and libraries. In one such art school, Minerva Art Academy in Groningen (the Netherlands), a didactic experiment was undertaken in the spring semester of 2019. Art historian Vanessa van ‘t Hoogt and artist Henrike Scholten designed and taught an elective course that investigated and reflected critically on the art academy’s history. Using a historically informed, experimental and practice-based pedagogic approach, the sixteen-week course challenged 23 undergraduate art students to engage with the material and didactic heritage of the art academy. Not in a nostalgic or neo-academic fashion, but on their own terms as contemporary art students. This project report describes some aspects of the authors’ didactic approach during the course. As an investigative and sometimes performative project, it toes the line between educational action research and object-based teaching. The aim of the course was to provide art students with new tools to engage with the history of their discipline and its processes of skill acquisition in a reflective and generative way.

Some Unchanging Values of Pediatric Education During a Time of Changing Technology and Practice

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1254
Author(s):  
Richard E. Behrman
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Managed Care Programs ◽  
Pediatric Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

A few of the opportunities and difficulties of educating pediatric residents in a particular community-based setting, the managed care organization, are discussed in this article. Some of these organizations have deliberately recruited corporate employees with young families, offering relatively complete coverage. Quality problems remain, however. Children may benefit, because managed care arrangements may reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment, but children may also be deprived, particularly in Medicaid managed care programs, of needed, appropriate care. Pediatric faculties must be confident about the quality of care, the quality of teaching, and the opportunity for residents to develop interpersonal skills before residents are placed in managed care settings. First, however, important, broader aspects of contemporary pediatric education are discussed. These essentials of contemporary pediatric education apply in any setting, community based or not, and not only to physicians in training, but to those who are delivering ongoing care as well. A case study illustrates the impact of technologic advances on medical diagnosis and management. Such advances may lead to the chance for better outcomes but also to confusion, including misperceptions about disease prevalence, the natural history of disease, and therapeutic effectiveness. To meet patient needs and to provide a medically educated physician, the understanding of biology and disease that grows out of scientific advances must be balanced with the illness-related functions of the physician. Two approaches to this goal are suggested: (1) the epidemiologic and demographic anatomy of the health of populations and the socioeconomic kinetics of our society and its diverse value systems relevant to health care should be deliberately structured into all phases of medical education; and (2) the sites of the educational process should be diversified so that residents are placed, perhaps as much as half the time, in those settings in which most patients interact with physicians.

Studies of translocation catalysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. F. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Chemiosmotic Theory ◽  
Fundamental Theory ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Impact

There is a symbiotic relationship between the evolution of fundamental theory and the winning of experimentally-based knowledge. The impact of the General Chemiosmotic Theory on our understanding of the nature of membrane transport processes is described and discussed. The history of experimental studies on transport catalysed by ionophore antibiotics and the membrane proteins of mitochondria and bacteria are used to illustrate the evolution of knowledge and theory. Recent experimental approaches to understanding the lactose-H+ symport protein of Escherichia coli and other sugar porters are described to show that the lack of experimental knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of the proteins currently limits the development of theories about their molecular mechanism of translocation catalysis.

scholarly journals The Interactive Role Using the Mozabook Digital Education Application and its Effect on Enhancing the Performance of eLearning

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (20) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Duha Khalid Abdul-Rahman Al-Malah ◽  
Saad Ibrahim Hamed ◽  
Haider Th.Salim Alrikabi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
Educational Method ◽  
Digital Education ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Scientific Subject ◽  
The Impact

The study examined the impact of the use of the Mozabook application for digital education in enhancing the performance of electronic-learning to ensure strategic educational success and the urgent need to use E-learning to increase and enable scientific knowledge to confront the exceptional circumstances that afflict the world in general and Iraq in particular for the spread of the Corona epidemic and its harm to society and home quarantine. Therefore, the diversity of software ap-plications available to teachers and students reflected the tremendous development and unique potential to achieve the goals of E-learning of what increased of knowledge of community awareness of how to use modern E-learning tools and in a way that ensures accuracy in use and awareness of its effective role in spreading education among the student community. The study aims to find better methods to deal and to prefer the role of digital education as in creating a knowledge-ability that meets the requirements of the educational process from methodological content, educational method and study tools such as blackboard, notebook, drawing tools and scientific, engineering, chemical, biological, geo-graphic and historical laboratories and other requirements that attract the student and his eagerness to study in this Digital education, so an application that works with three-dimensional technology was chosen with the availability of all audio, visual and sensory means to increase the interaction and desire of the student for the scientific subject, which is the educational Mozabook application. The study included test of major hypotheses, which leads to knowledge and determination of whether there is a correlation relationship, or an effect with significant moral, each according to its location for the application of the Mozabook digital educa-tion and E-learning. The two researchers selected academics and students as a field of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for practical application based on the use of the questionnaire and the benefit of analyzing its results after its treatment using a number of statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, regression coefficient and path analysis.

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