scholarly journals Mechanistic Science: A New Approach to Comprehensive Psychopathology Research That Relates Psychological and Biological Phenomena

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel G. Thomas ◽  
Paul B. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Mechanistic Approach

Efforts to understand the causes of psychopathology have remained stifled in part because current practices do not clearly describe how psychological constructs differ from biological phenomena and how to integrate them in unified explanations. The present article extends recent work in philosophy of science by proposing a framework called mechanistic science as a promising way forward. This approach maintains that integrating psychological and biological phenomena involves demonstrating how psychological functions are implemented in biological structures. Successful early attempts to advance mechanistic explanations of psychological phenomena are reviewed, and lessons are derived to show how the framework can be applied to a range of clinical psychological phenomena, including gene by environment findings, computational models of reward processing in schizophrenia, and self-related processes in personality pathology. Pursuing a mechanistic approach can ultimately facilitate more productive and successful collaborations across a range of disciplines.

scholarly journals Mechanistic science: A new approach to comprehensive psychopathology research that relates psychological and biological phenomena

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel G. Thomas ◽  
Paul B. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Mechanistic Approach

Efforts to understand the causes of psychopathology have remained stifled in part because current practices do not clearly describe how psychological constructs differ from biological phenomena and how to integrate them in unified explanations. The present article extends recent work in philosophy of science by proposing a framework called mechanistic science as a promising way forward. This approach maintains that integrating psychological and biological phenomena involves demonstrating how psychological functions are implemented in biological structures. Successful early attempts to advance mechanistic explanations of psychological phenomena are reviewed, and lessons are derived to show how the framework can be applied to a range of clinical psychological phenomena including gene by environment findings, computational models of reward processing in schizophrenia, and self-related processes in personality pathology. Pursuing a mechanistic approach can ultimately facilitate more productive and successful collaborations across a range of disciplines.

Computational Models of Anxiety: Nascent Efforts and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Sharp ◽  
Eran Eldar
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Mind

Computational approaches to understanding the algorithms of the mind are just beginning to pervade the field of clinical psychology. In the present article, we seek to explain in simple terms why this approach is indispensable to pursuing explanations of psychological phenomena broadly, and we review nascent efforts to use this lens to understand anxiety. We conclude with future directions that will be required to advance algorithmic accounts of anxiety. Ultimately, the surplus explanatory value of computational models of anxiety, above and beyond existing neurobiological models of anxiety, impugns the naively reductionist claim that neurobiological models are sufficient to explain anxiety.

Near-constancy phenomena in branching processes

1991 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Biggins ◽  
N. H. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Primary Motivation

The occurrence of certain ‘near-constancy phenomena’ in some aspects of the theory of (simple) branching processes forms the background for the work below. The problem arises out of work by Karlin and McGregor [8, 9]. A detailed study of the theoretical and numerical aspects of the Karlin–McGregor near-constancy phenomenon was given by Dubuc[7], and considered further by Bingham[4]. We give a new approach which simplifies and generalizes the results of these authors. The primary motivation for doing this was the recent work of Barlow and Perkins [3], who observed near-constancy in a framework not immediately covered by the results then known.

scholarly journals On the modeling of the interaction between tumor growth and the immune system using some new fractional and fractional-fractal operators

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Uniqueness Of The Solution ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
New Research

Abstract Humans are always exposed to the threat of infectious diseases. It has been proven that there is a direct link between the strength or weakness of the immune system and the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, and Covid-19 as soon as the immune system has no the power to fight infections and infectious diseases. Moreover, it has been proven that mathematical modeling is a great tool to accurately describe complex biological phenomena. In the recent literature, we can easily find that these effective tools provide important contributions to our understanding and analysis of such problems such as tumor growth. This is indeed one of the main reasons for the need to study computational models of how the immune system interacts with other factors involved. To this end, in this paper, we present some new approximate solutions to a computational formulation that models the interaction between tumor growth and the immune system with several fractional and fractal operators. The operators used in this model are the Liouville–Caputo, Caputo–Fabrizio, and Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo in both fractional and fractal-fractional senses. The existence and uniqueness of the solution in each of these cases is also verified. To complete our analysis, we include numerous numerical simulations to show the behavior of tumors. These diagrams help us explain mathematical results and better describe related biological concepts. In many cases the approximate results obtained have a chaotic structure, which justifies the complexity of unpredictable and uncontrollable behavior of cancerous tumors. As a result, the newly implemented operators certainly open new research windows in further computational models arising in the modeling of different diseases. It is confirmed that similar problems in the field can be also be modeled by the approaches employed in this paper.

scholarly journals Oscillating behaviour of the spectrum for a plasmonic problem in a domain with a rounded corner

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1285-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Chesnel ◽  
Xavier Claeys ◽  
Sergei A. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Expansion ◽  
Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Error Estimates ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Oscillatory Behaviour ◽  
Time Harmonic ◽  
Rounded Corner

We investigate the eigenvalue problem −div(σ∇u) = λu (P) in a 2D domain Ω divided into two regions Ω±. We are interested in situations where σ takes positive values on Ω+ and negative ones on Ω−. Such problems appear in time harmonic electromagnetics in the modeling of plasmonic technologies. In a recent work [L. Chesnel, X. Claeys and S.A. Nazarov, Asymp. Anal. 88 (2014) 43–74], we highlighted an unusual instability phenomenon for the source term problem associated with (P): for certain configurations, when the interface between the subdomains Ω± presents a rounded corner, the solution may depend critically on the value of the rounding parameter. In the present article, we explain this property studying the eigenvalue problem (P). We provide an asymptotic expansion of the eigenvalues and prove error estimates. We establish an oscillatory behaviour of the eigenvalues as the rounding parameter of the corner tends to zero. We end the paper illustrating this phenomenon with numerical experiments.

scholarly journals Zygomatic bone implants in prosthetic rehabilitation - A review

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
DB Nandeeshwar ◽  
Neha Arora
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Bone Implants ◽  
Prosthetic Rehabilitation ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
New Approach ◽  
New Era ◽  
Zygomatic Bone ◽  
Case Selection

Abstract Dental implants are the new era in the field of dentistry providing the new opportunities to the clinicians to manage their patients with missing teeth. The procedure is more technique sensitive in maxilla than mandible. The scenario becomes even more challenging with severely resorbed maxillary arches. The idea of zygomatic bone implants put forward the new approach to manage such patients. The purpose of the present article is to describe the concept of zygomatic implantology with emphasis on case selection and clinical outcomes based on the literature. How to cite this article Nandeeshwar DB, Neha A. Zygomatic bone implants in prosthetic rehabilitation - A review. CODS J Dent 2014;6;90-95

scholarly journals Parabolic Sandwiches for Functions on a Compact Interval and an Application to Projectile Motion

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kantrowitz ◽  
Michael M. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Valid Argument ◽  
Quadratic Polynomials ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Projectile Motion ◽  
Full Result ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Natural Way

About a century ago, the French artillery commandant Charbonnier envisioned an intriguing result on the trajectory of a projectile that is moving under the forces of gravity and air resistance. In 2000, Groetsch discovered a significant gap in Charbonnier’s work and provided a valid argument for a certain special case. The goal of the present article is to establish a rigorous new approach to the full result. For this, we develop a theory of those functions which can be sandwiched, in a natural way, by a pair of quadratic polynomials. It turns out that the convexity or concavity of the derivative plays a decisive role in this context.

Let's talk about class: towards an institutionalist typology of class relations in the cities of pre-modern Europe (c. 1200 – c. 1800)

Urban History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFF FYNN-PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Modern Europe

ABSTRACTFor a quarter century, the term ‘class’ has been anathema for most writers of premodern urban history. The term's associations with discredited forms of analysis – forms often dubiously but persistently associated with Marxism – continue to hamper its reintroduction. In the absence of ‘class’, or a term like it, however, meaningful discussion of ‘horizontal’ divisions in urban society has dwindled. The present article suggests that ‘class’ can and should be reintroduced into our analysis, but that this should be done in an informed way, which takes into account the principal possible meanings of the term. To this end, we analyse the ways in which urban historians have employed the term ‘class’ and find four principal usages. Two of these are ‘material’ and two are ‘institutional’. It is further suggested that certain institutions, such as the nobility and town governments in Europe, can be ‘class determining’, insofar as they channel economic and productive differences into effective political, legal and ideological ‘classes’. This insight, and the typology it is based upon, open the possibility for integrating ‘class’ analysis with recent work in both European and Global contexts.

The Authority of Greek Mythic Narratives in the Magical Papyri

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Sarah Iles Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Greek Myth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Greek Myths ◽  
Strong Relationships

Abstract I begin by summarizing work that has been done concerning a persistent question in the study of ancient magic: how did practitioners balance empirical reality against their own imaginations? I go on to suggest that my recent work on Greek myths, which uses ideas developed in media studies and social psychology, can help. This work suggests that myths’ authority rested in large part on their effectiveness as lively, cognitively-engaging narrations, which in turn enabled audience members to build strong relationships with the myths’ characters, who were the gods and heroes worshipped in cult. For purposes of the present article, the most important point to emerge from my work is that each name of a mythic character instantly evokes for the audience a large, vivid history of that character and of his or her interactions with other characters. I then go on to examine what amounts to ‘Greek myth’ in many magical papyri of later antiquity-not stories per se, but the listing of characters’ names. Extending my earlier observations, I suggest that the vivid story-world that these names created for each person who spoke, read or heard the spells, gave those spells enormous authority by evoking larger narratives or complexes of narratives. To illustrate this, I examine PGM IV.1390 -1495, a spell that lists a large number of Underworld divinities. I offer variations of my approach by examining PGM IV.3209-54, a ‘Saucer Divination of Aphrodite,’ and PGM IV.2891-2942, a ‘Love Spell of Attraction.’

A new approach to the assessment of structural personality pathology: Theory-driven profile interpretation of the Dutch Short Form of the MMPI

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth H.M. Eurelings-Bontekoe ◽  
Anne Onnink ◽  
Melody M. Williams ◽  
Wim M. Snellen
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
New Approach
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