Istidlal Batalnya Wudlu (Perspektif Imam Hanafi dan Imam Syafi’i)

<p><em>This study aims to determine 1) How is Istidlal (the process of searching for and using arguments) to invalidate ablution according to Imam Hanafi and Imam Syafii and 2) What are the factors that cause the difference of opinion between Imam Hanafi and Imam Shafii regarding the cancellation of ablution. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with a comparative approach that compares the opinions of two scholars about the cancellation of wudlu. The research results obtained are: 1) Istidlal: Imam Hanafi's istidlal regarding the cancellation of ablution was inspired by analogues and qiyas, because he was nicknamed "ahlu alra'yu", while Imam Shafi'i's istidlal regarding the cancellation of ablution is to look for the rules and ushul of the problem of canceling wudlu, then after finding him combine it with a valid argument or basis and this is also chosen from a valid argument. 2) Factors: The factors that cause differences of opinion between Imam Hanafi and Imam Shafi'i regarding the cancellation of ablution are the time or era factor, the scientific factor possessed, the legal basis used, the search for a legal basis in determining the law, and the experience factor.</em></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui, 1) <em>Istidlal</em> (proses pencarian dan penggunaan dalil) batalnya wudlu menurut Imam Hanafi dan Imam Syafii dan 2) Faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan perbadaan pendapat antara Imam Hanafi dan Imam Syafii tentang batalnya wudlu. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan komparatif yang membandingkan pendapat dua ulama tentang batalnya wudlu. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah1)<em>Istidlal</em> Imam Hanafi tentang batalnya wudlu diilhami dengan analog dan qiyas, karena beliau dijuluki <em>”ahlu alra’yu”,</em>sedangkan <em>istidlal</em> Imam Syafi’i tentang batalnya wudlu yaitu dengan mencari kaidah-kaidah dan ushul dari permasalahan batalnya wudlu, kemudian setelah ditemukan beliau memadukan dengan dalil atau dasar yang dan ini pun dipilih dari dalil yang sahih. 2) Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perbedaan pendapat antara Imam Hanafi dan Imam Syafi’i tentang batalnya wudlu adalah faktor masa atau zaman, faktor Keilmuan yang dimiliki, faktor dasar hukum yang digunakan, faktor pencarian dasar hukum dalam menetapkan hukum, dan faktor Pengalaman.</p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Knot Semantic Logic and Deep Structure of Statements

This article aims to analyze the deep structure of sentences by applying the knot semantic logic principle in the surface structure of the sentences. This article will help to judge some controversial statements that have legal and social effects. The knot semantic logic theory is a novel approach to explaining a literature’s symmetry structure. Chiasm, parallelism, and concentricity are all examples of symmetry structure. This new theory introduces a new method for detecting symmetry in words, sentences, verses, essays, chapters, and entire books. This analysis will use Knot semantic logic point of view. The methodology used in the analysis has two main procedures: (1) classification of the structure and (2) analyzing some examples from some official/formal statements and controversial statements using Paltridge’s classification of thematic progression and knot semantic logic. The result of this research is that the valid argument has surface and Deep Structure. Some fallacies statements such as presumption, generalization, distortion, and deletion have a deep structure that forms ring composition (Type I of knots semantic logic) and parallelizations (Type III of knots semantic logic). This research results generate a new idea about perspective truth, Original perspective domain, and Response perspective domain

Condition of Students' Mathematical Reasoning Abilities Based on Their Ability to Argue

This study aims to reveal the condition of students' reasoning abilities based on the way students argue. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach. The subjects in this study were 3 students of junior high school with high reasoning abilities and 3 students with low reasoning abilities who viewed the reasoning ability scores when providing problem solving solutions on the written test. The data obtained in this study were in the form of students' written test scores and the results of student interviews. Interviews were conducted to bring up students 'ability to argue that describe and reveal the condition of students' reasoning abilities in the process of solving problems. The results of students 'arguments are analyzed and adjusted to the model of StephenToulmin's argument which reveals that there are 6 components of the argumentation to show the seriousness of students in arguing in order to obtain valid argument results to assess students' reasoning abilities. The arguments from students succeeded in uncovering 4 conditions that describe the conditions of students' mathematical reasoning abilities. These conditions are: 1) Students who show high reasoning ability in written tests and are able to show their reasoning process in the arguments that are brought up, 2) Students who show low reasoning abilities in written tests but are able to show their reasoning processes in the arguments that are brought up, 3) Students which shows a high reasoning ability in a written test but have not been able to demonstrate the reasoning process in the arguments that are brought up, and 4) Students who show a low reasoning ability in a written test and have not been able to demonstrate their reasoning process in the arguments that are brought up.

The A-edition First Paralogism

This chapter opens with an account of the A-edition first Paralogism. After refining the account of Transcendental Illusion given in Chapter 1, it proceeds to examine Julian Wuerth’s rival interpretation of the first Paralogism and, in connection with that interpretation, Kant’s notion of the ‘substantiale’. The chapter discusses a problem with Kant’s characterization of a paralogism in terms of ‘transcendental’ and ‘empirical’ uses of a category. Finally, it considers the three ways in which a paralogism can be diagnosed, namely, either as an invalid argument with known premises or as a valid argument with at least one unknown premise (a ‘paralogism’ now only by courtesy) or, finally, as a valid argument with known premises which is ‘false with respect to form’ because its proponent commits the fallacy of overestimating the significance of what has been proved. This last, it argues, is the diagnosis Kant offers of the A-edition first paralogism.

The Second Paralogism

This chapter examines Kant’s discussion of the second paralogism, focusing on the changes in his diagnosis between the two editions. It begins by isolating the contribution made to the argument by a certain sub-argument known as the ‘Achilles’. It then argues that Kant switches from presenting the paralogism, in the A-edition, as a valid argument (with one unknown premise), which aims to establish the ‘simplicity’ of the soul (in the sense of its being one thing as opposed to many) to presenting it, in the B-edition, as an invalid argument, with known premises, which aims to establish the soul’s individual substantiality (its being one substance). He makes this change because he comes to doubt his own earlier claim that an assumption supporting the minor premise, the so-called ‘nervus probandi’, cannot be known to be true. The chapter seeks to explain this change of mind.

„Tęczowa zaraza” a niezależność Kościoła i godność człowieka. Uwagi do wyroku Sądu Okręgowego w Krakowie z 8 grudnia 2020 r., sygn. I C 1357/19

In the judgment of 8 December 2020 (file reference number I C 1357/19), the District Court in Kraków dismissed the action for infringement of personal rights and payment against the Archbishop of Kraków. M. Jędraszewski. The reason was his statement during the homily on August 1, 2019 about the threat of a “rainbow plague”. The court found that the statement did not infringe the personal rights of the petitioner. However, it had an objectively insulting and defamatory nature towards LGBT people. It violated their dignity. The court found that the defendant did not act illegally. He referred to the provisions of the Concordat of July 29, 1993. The action of the Archbishop. M. Jędraszewski exceeded the limits of religious freedom. The statement violated the principles of social coexistence. However, the court did not pay heed to his, nor did it keep an equal distance between the parties in the dispute. It expressed the traditional axiology and vision of social life. The only valid argument for dismissing the claim was that the defendant’s statement was not addressed specifically to the claimant.

Preserving the Nauruan Language and Pidgin English in Nauru

First of all, this chapter surveys sociolinguistic features with a special emphasis on Japanese on Nauru Island. Second, it considers factors affecting the stability of the Nauruan language and Pidgin English. The cline theory helps to explain the degree of language decline. Both geographical and socio-political factors may account for them. In particular, the living environment is the most influential factor in a decline. This chapter concludes that the cline showing language decline is a valid argument. In Nauru, the Nauruan language on the island is one of the most stable languages today. Pidgin English is positioned in the middle of a continuum. Due to the linguistic dissimilarities between the indigenous language and Pidgin English, both languages can be maintained. The hierarchy of languages in Nauru today should be sustained in order to ensure the maintenance of the indigenous language and Pidgin English.

“Trust” In Divine Promises as an Epistemological Verse in the Qur'an

The degrees of human perfection depend on the extent of his knowledge, and the extent of his knowledge depends on his existence capacity. Man's ascent to the highest levels of existence is the basic plan of Islam for human education, and the role of the religious lifestyle geometry in the realization of this plan is more effective than any other factor. Practice based on trust in divine promises is one of the sides of this geometry. The present study, in a descriptive-analytic way tries to examine the functions of trustworthy action based on trust in divine promises - as one of the important aspects of lifestyle in a meaningful relationship with the category of human cognition and desires - based on Qur’anic verses. The findings are as follow: 1) Achieving evidence is a valid argument for accepting religion and entering the realm of religiosity. 2) Observing the fulfillment of one of the divine promises is one of the examples of evidence. 3) The fulfillment of divine promises as a verse in the path of religious life occurs regularly, completes the religious faith and gradually brings the believer to the levels of certain knowledge. 4) Achieving religious Fiqh is one of the unique functions of trustworthy practice. 5) Continuation of action based on divine promises leads to the overcoming of the deep innate desire for patience in human beings, and the Tafaqquh of some religious truths flows from this context.