From Food Gathering to Horticulture: The Food Getting Techniques of Shompen of Great Nicobar Island

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
M. Sasikumar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
Nicobar Island ◽  
Andaman Islands ◽  
Optimal Diet ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Independent Innovation ◽  
Evolutionary Progression ◽  
Mode Of Production

Classical social evolutionists generally assumed that the transformation of human societies from one particular mode of production to another is an evolutionary progression. It is a passage from hunting–gathering to herding and cultivation as alternative strategies to exploit a ‘given’ environment. This article portrays the strategies adopted by the Shompen to expand and ensure optimal diet throughout the year. The local environmental conditions and the state of technology the community has achieved had its bearing upon determining the nature of adaptive strategy evolved. The Shompen unlike their counterparts in the Andaman Islands have developed a multipronged strategy to survive at a distant, remote and inaccessible habitat in a largely isolated island that too through independent innovation of certain technologies. In this article, an attempt has been made to establish that the progression of societies was not always linear as assumed by the classical social evolutionists.

scholarly journals Territory, enclosure, and state territorial mode of production in the Russian imperial periphery

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Vera Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Politics ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Mode Of Production

Abstract. After the imperial land consolidation acts of 1906, the Russian land commune became a center of territorial struggle where complex alliances of actors, strategies, and representations of territory enacted land enclosure beyond the exclusive control of the state. Using original documentation of Russian imperial land deals obtained in the federal and municipal archives, this study explores how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, educational programs, and resettlement plans but also through political and public discourses. This paper examines how coalitions of landed nobility and land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used enclosure as conduits for property violence, accumulation of capital, or, in contrast, as a means of territorial autonomy. Through this example, I bring a territorial dimension into Russian agrarian scholarship by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of capitalist land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the reading of territory from the Russian historical perspective, I introduce complexity into the modern territory discourse often found in Western political geographic interpretations.

The Capitalist State and State Power

2018 ◽  
pp. 298-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jessop
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Paris Commune ◽  
Form Analysis ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Capitalist State ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
Mode Of Production

Marx planned a book on the state as part of his larger project to critique the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. Nonetheless Marx analyzed the state over some forty years of critical engagement with bourgeois society and provided at least seven types of analysis of the state and state power. Overall, he highlighted the significance of the institutional separation of the economic and political in capitalist social formations, explored the normal form of the capitalist type of state and some of its exceptional forms (notably Bonapartism), and related state power to specific state forms and the changing balance of forces. This article surveys the development of Marx’s work on the capitalist state, the range of approaches that he adopted in specific contexts, his form analysis of the state, his conjunctural analyses, and his eventual discovery of the adequate form of a democratic socialist state in the Paris Commune. It builds on this analysis of Marx’s work to comment on subsequent Marxist analyses of the state and state power, including capital-, class- and state-theoretical work and emphasizes the importance of a relational approach to the capitalist state.

Policing the Savage: Segregation, Labor and State Medicine in the Andamans

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satadru Sen
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
State Medicine ◽  
Andaman Islands ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Indian Penal Code ◽  
Free Settler

The penal colony that the british established in the Andaman Islands at the end of the 1850s was originally intended as a place of permanent exile for a particular class of Indian criminals. These offenders had, for the most part, been convicted by special tribunals in connection with the Indian rebellions of 1857–58. As the British vision of rehabilitation in the Andamans evolved, the former rebels were joined in the islands by men and women convicted under the Indian Penal Code. In the islands, transported criminals were subjected to various techniques of physical, spatial, occupational, and political discipline (Sen 1998). The slow transition from a convicted criminal to a prisoner in a chain gang, to employment as a Self-Supporter or a convict officer in the service of the prison regime, to life as a free settler in a penal colony was in effect a process by which the state sought to transform the criminal classes of colonial India—the disloyal, the idle, the elusive and the disorderly—into loyal, orderly, and governable subjects.

scholarly journals Morpho-anatomical features of underground systems in six Asteraceae species from the Brazilian Cerrado

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória ◽  
Graziela Cury
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Bud Bank ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Neotropical Savanna ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Vegetation Regeneration

In the Brazilian Cerrado (neotropical savanna), the development of bud-bearing underground systems as adaptive structures to fire and dry periods can comprise an important source of buds for this ecosystem, as already demonstrated in the Brazilian Campos grasslands and North American prairies. Asteraceae species from both woody and herbaceous strata have subterranean organs that accumulate carbohydrates, reinforcing the adaptive strategy of these plants to different environmental conditions. This study aims to analyse the morpho-anatomy of underground systems of six species of Asteraceae (Mikania cordifolia L.f. Willd., Mikania sessilifolia DC, Trixis nobilis (Vell.) Katinas, Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC., Vernonia elegans Gardner and Vernonia megapotamica Spreng.), to describe these structures and to verify the occurrence and origin of shoot buds, and to analyse the presence of reserve substances. Individuals sampled in Cerrado areas in São Paulo State showed thick underground bud-bearing organs, with adventitious or lateral roots and presence of fructans. Xylopodium was found in all studied species, except for Trixis nobilis, which had stem tuber. The presence of fructans as reserve, and the capacity of structures in the formation of buds indicate the potential of herbaceous species of Asteraceae in forming a viable bud bank for vegetation regeneration in the Brazilian Cerrado.

scholarly journals Diversity, distribution and status of bats on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bandana Aul ◽  
P.J.J. Bates ◽  
D.L. Harrison ◽  
G. Marimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Nicobar Island ◽  
Andaman Islands ◽  
Andaman And Nicobar Islands ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Community Initiative ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Cynopterus Brachyotis ◽  
Flying Fox

AbstractInformation on the bat fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was limited previously to the results of sporadic surveys, with no specific focus on the habitats or distribution of the species. We carried out the first extensive survey of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2003–2006, covering 40 islands. Our objective was to map the bat species, their habitats and distribution. This resulted in identification of 25 bat species representing 13 genera, location of > 300 roosts and validation of previously recorded species. Notable findings included the rediscovery of the endemic Nicobar flying fox Pteropus faunulus after a century and its extinction from the type locality on Car Nicobar Island, the sighting of an albino Hipposideros diadema nicobarensis from Katchal Island, and the first records of Rhinolophus yunanensis, Murina cyclotis and Hipposideros larvatus from the Andaman Islands, and Taphozous melanopogon, Murina cyclotis, Pipistrellus spp., Myotis horsfieldii dryas and Cynopterus brachyotis from the Nicobar Islands. Threats to the bat fauna appear to be primarily roost disturbance and hunting for sport. Anthropogenic pressure on species of Pteropus is high as hunting occurs throughout the year. Secondary sources and our field observations confirmed the decline of Pteropus in several islands as a result of hunting and alteration to habitats. We introduced a community initiative to monitor and protect roosts and foraging sites close to settlements in the Nicobar Islands. Priorities identified for conservation of the bat fauna of the archipelagos are mitigation of threats to flying foxes and cave dwelling bats, initiation of research on endemic bat species such as P. faunulus, and a voluntary ban by local communities on hunting in specific areas and seasons.

Shaping the Ship Yaw Response by the State-Space Feedback Gain

2012 ◽  
Vol 566 ◽  
pp. 515-524
Author(s):  
Ramzi Fraga ◽  
Sheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
The State ◽  
Feedback Controller ◽  
Feedback Gain ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Linear State

Ship autopilots are usually designed based on PID controller because of the simplicity and the ease of construct. However its performance in various environmental conditions is not as good as desired. This disadvantage can be decreased by designing a linear state space feedback controller. This paper presents the utility of the state-space feedback controller to stabilize the system and shaping its response as desired. The simulation results for a 4DOF ship with real parameters show the effectiveness of the feedback controller in comparison with ordinary PID ship autopilots.

The Problems of Comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Mode Of Production

AbstractThis essay replies to the various criticisms made of Framing the Early Middle Ages (2005). It concedes a number of points relating to the importance of ideologies, the distinction between élites and aristocracies, the issue of money, and the question of the importance of the productive forces. It defends the comparative method and defends the discussions of coloni and of the spatial limitations of the peasant-mode of production in Framing. It also explores the nature of the state and aristocracy in this period.

scholarly journals A decision-making framework for safe operations of unmanned aerial vehicles in urban scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Marcos Quiñones ◽  
Timothy Darrah ◽  
Gautam Biswas ◽  
Chetan Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Trajectory Optimization ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Number Of Factors

This paper presents a decision-making scheme at the level of individual unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with the goal of maintaining safe operations for urban mobility. The decision-making approach for a single UAV will consider the risks associated with the current trajectory given the existing environmental conditions and the state of the vehicle. The proposed scheme combines the analysis of system performance, environmental conditions, and mission level parameters for contingency management, i.e., make a determination on: (1) to abort mission and land safely; (2) re-plan current mission in full or abbreviated form; and (3) change mission.  A path planning and trajectory optimization algorithm with the goal of minimizing the overall risk of mission failure by considering a number of factors such as the uncertainties in the environment and operating state of the vehicle is proposed. We will consider the mission failure as the loss of control of the vehicle resulting in a collision with other objects or a crash into the ground. An offline part of the framework generates an initial mission plan by considering the state of the vehicle, the environmental, conditions, and the static features of a map of the environment. Once the vehicle takes off, the risk of mission’ failure associated with the remaining trajectory is re-computed in an online framework to assess whether re-planning is required or not. A key challenge that we consider in this paper is to study the effects of multiple interacting subsystems of the UAV on system performance, especially under degraded conditions.

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