Determinants of Households Vulnerability to Food Insecurity: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-61
Author(s):  
Fassil Eshetu ◽  
Adem Guye
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government ◽  
Semi Arid

This study examines the level and determinants of households’ vulnerability to food insecurity using feasible generalised least square method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from a random sample of 574 households. Descriptive results indicated that the incidence, depth and severity of food insecurity were 68, 31 and 18 per cent, respectively, while mean vulnerability to food insecurity was 73.34 per cent. The mean level of vulnerability to food insecurity at Chencha (humid), Demba Gofa (semi-arid) and Kamba (arid) districts were 77, 55 and 84 per cent, respectively. In addition, the mean kilocalorie deficiency gap in the study areas was 682 Kcal per adult equivalent per day, while the mean kilocalorie deficiency gaps which would be needed to lift households out of food insecurity were 462, 440 and 506 Kcal per adult equivalent per day at Chencha (humid), Demba Gofa (semi-arid) and Kamba (arid) districts, respectively. Regression results revealed that the age of household head, family size, safety net programmes, distance from healthcare and death of household members significantly increase households’ vulnerability to food insecurity. But farm income, irrigation use and credit use significantly decrease households’ vulnerability to food insecurity. The government needs to provide credit, viable off-farm employment, small-scale irrigation services and road infrastructure to rural poor to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity. Population control and family planning would also increase resource and consumption per capita and will lead to lower vulnerability.

scholarly journals Determinants of Rural Households’ Vulnerability to Food Insecurity in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fassil Eshetu
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Access To Credit

Abstract The aim of this study was to measure the level and determinants of rural households’ vulnerability to food insecurity using a sample of 574 households and feasible generalized least square method. Results showed that the mean level of food insecurity at high land, low land and middle land areas are 73.12, 77.11 and 52.24 percent respectively. But mean level of vulnerability to food insecurity at high land, low land and middle land areas are 76.87, 84.32 and 55.62 percent respectively. The overall level of food insecurity and vulnerability to food insecurity in the study area are 68.31 and 73.34 perecent respectively. Thus, vulnerability to food insecurity is more wide spread in the study areas particularly in moisture stress low land area. Logistic regression showed that age of household, family size, off farm income, safety net programs, distance from health, death of household members and death of animals significantly increase rural households’ vulnerability to food insecurity. But, farm income, irrigation use and credit uses significantly decrease rural households’ vulnerability to food insecurity. Hence, government may help rural households to gather more resources and reduce vulnerability to food insecurity via better access to credit, infrastructure, irrigation uses and population control.

scholarly journals Determinants of Rural Households Food Insecurity in Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Fassil Eshetu
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Least Square Estimation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Related Factors

Aim: This study aimed at examining the level and determinants of food insecurity of rural households in Southern Ethiopia using a sample of 574 households and two-stage least square estimation. Materials and Methods: A total sample of 574 rural households was selected from the three Districts proportionately: 160, 262 and 178 sample households from Demba Gofa, Kamba and Chencha District respectively. Samples of 11 kebeles or Peasant Associations were selected from the three Districts proportionately depending on the number of kebeles in each District. Results: The mean level of household food insecurity access score is 7.1847 or about 79.83 per cent of households in the study areas are food insecure. The study found that rural households at moisture stress low lands are more food insecure compared to households at middle lands and high lands. The two-stage least square estimation also revealed that food availability theory related factors such as family size and land size significantly affect food insecurity in the study areas. Moreover, food entitlement theory related factors like market access, education, livestock ownership, off-farm participation and productive safety net participation also significantly influenced food insecurity in Southern Ethiopia. Thus, both the demand and supply side factors are the main causes of food insecurity in Southern Ethiopia. Conclusion: Government has to invest in infrastructure so as to link production centres with consumption centres. Transforming the highly vulnerable rain-fed agriculture to more resilient irrigation-based agriculture is crucial so as to boost agricultural productivity and set an end to food insecurity in the country. Provision financial services and off-farm job opportunities for rural unbanked people, population control via family planning or adult education and ensuring political stability can reduce the vulnerability of the population to food insecurity in the study areas.

scholarly journals Household food insecurity and hunger among households in Sidama district, southern Ethiopia

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigatu Regassa ◽  
Barbara J Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Household Food

AbstractObjectiveTo examine household food insecurity and hunger in Sidama Zone, one of the most populous zones in southern Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional survey administered individually by trained interviewers. Food insecurity was calculated with both the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project.SettingRural households from ten kebeles (the smallest administrative district) selected from two agro-climatic zones in Sidama, southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to January 2011.SubjectsMen and women respondents from 1094 rural households were selected using multistage sampling techniques.ResultsUsing the HFIAS, 17·7 % of households were food secure. The percentage of households that were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure was 6·8 %, 27·7 % and 47·8 %, respectively. Using the HHS, 29·0 % and 5·6 % of households fell into the moderate and severe household hunger categories. Using multivariate statistical techniques, five variables were significant predictors of both food insecurity and hunger. These variables were migration of a household member, agro-climatic zone, and younger age, less education and lower radio access for the woman. Being eligible for safety-net credit programmes also was a predictor of hunger, while limited animal ownership and household wealth as well as alcohol use by the household head added to the prediction of food insecurity.ConclusionsThe study documented that food insecurity is a major concern of smallholder farming households in the study area. A substantial majority of the households were facing mild to severe food insecurity and hunger for an extended period of time.

scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Felix Akinrinde ◽  
Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho ◽  
Israel Ogulande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Government

The rising incidences of poverty among rural farming families are the reason behind renewed interest in income diversification. This study determined the level of income diversification; identified alternative income sources; examined the reasons for diversification; and identified the constraints to diversification. A three-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 160 households on which a structured interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, a Likert-type scale, and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings reveal that 1.3% of the households had no additional sources of income while 40.6% had at least four. Trading (55%) and livestock keeping (40.7%) were the most popular alternative income sources. The declining farm income (mean = 2.96) was the primary reason for diversification, while poor rural infrastructure (mean = 3.04) was the most severe constraint to income diversification. Farm size, access to extension services, household size, age and educational level of the household head were significantly related to the level of income diversification at p < 0.05. The study concluded that the level of income diversification was high and influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of the households. It recommends that the government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities in rural areas. Farmer associations should also ensure better prices for agricultural produce through joint marketing.

scholarly journals The effect of sustainable land management technologies on farming household food security in Kwara state, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Shehu Salau ◽  
Robiu Aliu ◽  
Nofiu Nofiu
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
Security Index ◽  
Farming Households

Nigeria is among countries of the world confronted with the food insecurity problem. The agricultural production systems that produce food for the teeming population are not sustainable. Consequently, the use of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) technologies becomes a viable option. This study assessed the effect of SLM technologies on farming households? food security in Kwara State, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was used to pick 200 farming households for this study. The analytical tools included descriptive statistics, Shriar index, Likert scale, food security index and logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that the average age of the respondents was 51.8 years. The food security index showed that the proportions of food secure and insecure households were 35% and 65% respectively. The binary logistic regression revealed that SLM technologies were one of the critical determinants of food security. An increase in the usage of SLM technologies by 0.106% raised food security by 1%. Other important factors that were estimated included farm income, family size, gender and age of the household head. To reduce the effects of food insecurity, the effective coping strategies adopted by the respondents were reduction in quantity and quality of food consumed, engaging in off-farm jobs to increase household income and using of money proposed for other purposes to buy foods. Governments at all levels should encourage the adoption and use of SLM technologies through both print and electronic media. Policies and strategies towards reducing the household size should be vigorously pursued to reduce food insecurity.

scholarly journals An empirical nexus between poverty and unemployment on economic growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
KEJI Sunday Anderu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Lm Test ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government

The study examines the empirical nexus between poverty and unemployment on economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 and 2016. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Bound cointegration testing, and Error Correction Methods (ECM) were used to investigate the link between unemployment, poverty rate, and economic growth in Nigeria. Post estimation tests such as the Jarque-Bera test, Breusch-Pagan, ARCH test, and Ramsey reset test were also adopted in order to validate the research finding. The diagnostic tests further disclosed that the estimated model follows the Ordinary Least Square technique assumptions to attain efficiency and consistency of the model employed. The Jarque-Bera test suggests that residuals for both models are normally distributed, and the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation (LM) test indicates that the hypothesis of no autocorrelation cannot be rejected. Interestingly, the ARDL and ECM results show that unemployment and poverty significantly impact economic growth both in the short and long run. Hence, the study recommended that the Nigeria government should ensure that adequate measures are put in place: Such as investment in education, agricultural sector reform, expansionary fiscal policy, intervention in micro-lending for small scale businesses by the government should be implemented to reduce the level of unemployment and poverty rate both in the short run and long run.

scholarly journals Determinants of Food Security Among Small-Scale Soybean Households in Butere Sub-County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Robert Ouko Gwada ◽  
Kevin Okoth Ouko ◽  
Zephaniah Ongaga Mayaka ◽  
Bandiougou Dembele
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Food

SummaryFood and nutritional (in)security remain an important matter of concern, especially in developing countries. Despite the efforts to enhance food security among smallholder soybean households, the proportion of the undernourished population in Butere Sub-County still remains high for unknown reasons. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of food security among smallholder soybean households in Butere Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted the exploratory research design. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 201 respondents. Cross-sectional data were gathered through face-to-face interviews using pretested semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using ordered logistic regression model. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to measure and categorize the soybean household food (in)security status. The results revealed that the household food (in)security status differed across soybean households and was greatly influenced by an interplay of socio-economic, market, and institutional factors. Age of the household head negatively influenced food security, whereas the level of soybean commercialization, education, livestock units, network density, extension visits, and credit access were positively associated with household food security. The study recommends policy interventions that seek to ensure intensive literacy development, frequent extension and training, improved access to credit, and reinvestment in productive assets or inputs for increased production, commercialization and food security. Strengthening of social ties and increased allocation to safety net programs for the aged, vulnerable, and resource-poor households are also recommended.

scholarly journals The Impact of urbanization on Food in Security in Amhara Regional State Metropolitan cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Besfat Dejen Engdaw ◽  
Melaku Debas Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Regional State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The process of urbanization in developing nations is attended without fast industrialization processes. As a result of this, the urbanization and urban process are accompanied by diverse problems. Hence this paper is aimed at identifying the effect of urbanization on citizens’ food insecurity by monitoring agricultural foodstuff production as a mediating variable.  A quantitative research methodology or approach has been used to depict out urban problems associated with unmanaged urbanization in the Ethiopian, particularly in Amhara regional state.   Structural Equation Modeling was employed to run a mediation analysis by decomposing the direct and indirect effects of one variable on the other. Correlation and regression analyses were executed to measure the direction and magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent. Regression analysis results indicated the existence of a significant direct effect of urbanization on food insecurity of citizens. The mediation analysis result shows agricultural foodstuff production doesn’t play a mediating role between urbanization and food insecurity. The paper, having traced out the effect of the urbanization on food insecurity, provides possible recommendations. The regional government should be very considerate about the pace of unmanaged, unindustrialized and unemployment induced urbanization. The regional government should address all pushing factors that are dragging farmers into the urban areas. So, it is important to find ways to make farmers beneficial from their farm activities. In this regard, the problem raised by farmers is the inability to settle the debt from fertilizers and improved seeds or at least what they get from selling what they have produced is used to settle their farm debt. Some policy measures such as subsidizing the farmer or extending the repayment period of their debt are then essential to help farmers lead a stable life and lead their families. The government/concerned body need to make a cost-benefit analysis by weighing the pressure from the migration of the farmers and the cost of subsidizing the farmers: compare prevention with curative. Moreover, as a short-term solution, the regional government should identify food unsecured urban households and embrace them in food security packages like urban safety-net programs.  And enhancing the limited income generation capacity of food insecured households.  Key words: Urbanization, Food in Security, Agricultural Foodstuff Production, Amhara Region

Socio-economic and environmental barriers to increased agricultural production: New evidence from central Thailand

2020 ◽  
pp. 003072702096736
Author(s):  
Chidchanok Apipoonyanon ◽  
Sylvia Szabo ◽  
Takuji W Tsusaka ◽  
Kevin Leeson ◽  
Endro Gunawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Female Headed Households

Thailand’s agricultural production has played a major role in enhancing the sustainability of domestic food supplies and successful international exports. However, agricultural production and farm productivity remain relatively low, especially in rapidly ageing high out-migration areas and among small-scale farmers. In this study, we use new household survey data from Prachinburi Province to examine the probability of facing six specific barriers to agricultural production. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a series of logistic regressions to identify the determinants. The results show that age of household head, off-farm income, farm size, and farm type were all associated with the likelihood of different productivity barriers. Gender of household heads was found to be associated with the probability of farm labour shortage, with female-headed households being at a disadvantage. We recommend that policies should be formulated to address these significant factors in order to overcome or circumvent the different barriers and enhance the livelihoods of the local population.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay for Rainfall based Insurance by Smallholder Farmers in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia: The Case of Dugda and Mieso Woredas

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-152
Author(s):  
Hiwot Teshome Abebe ◽  
Ayalneh Bogale
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Income Variability ◽  
Risk Insurance ◽  
Small Holder

Current climate variability is already imposing significant challenge to Ethiopia. Therefore,  farmers  have  faced  income  variability  in  almost  every  production  season. Problems associated with dependence on rain fed agriculture are common in Ethiopia. Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability from such income variability is also common. Over the years, a range of risk management strategies have been used to reduce, or to assist farmers to absorb, some of these risks. Since insurance is potentially an important instrument to transfer part of the risk, this study try to describe the nature of weather related risks faced by smallholder farmers, assess small holder farmers willingness to pay for the rainfall risk insurance and examine factors that affect the maximum farmers are willing to pay for the rainfall risk insurance. The data was collected from 161 sample households from the two woredas of the study area using closed ended value elicitation format followed by open ended follow up questions. The study uses Logit model to estimate the mean willingness to pay in the close ended format in addition with Tobit model to examine factors that affecting small holder farmer willingness to pay as well as intensity of payment. The mean willingness to pay values are found to be 129.98 and 183.41 birr per hectare for the open and close ended formats respectively. The total willingness to pay for the study area was found to be birr 5,740,244 per year. The tobit model shows six potential explanatory variables affect the willingness to pay value. Income of household and ownership of radio have positive and significant effect on the value of willingness to pay, whereas off-farm income, age of household head, number of livestock owning and availability of public and private gifts have negative and significant effect on willingness to pay value. If the rainfall risk insurance premium is affordable and households have enough information about the service they are willing to pay for the service. Eventually policy makers need to be aware that socio-economic and institutional characteristics of households influence the willingness to pay for rainfall risk insurance services.

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