High Incidence of Hand Injuries From Blocking in Elite Taekwondo Despite the Use of Protective Gear: A 5-Year Descriptive Epidemiology Study

Background: Hand and wrist injuries are a common but underestimated issue in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury risk, patterns, and mechanism are missing. Purpose: To evaluate (1) the fight time exposure-adjusted injury incidence rate (IIR) and clinical incidence and (2) injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss in taekwondo. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were investigated prospectively for hand and wrist injuries during training and competition over 5 years. The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System Version 10 was used to classify injury type, and analysis of the anatomic injury site was performed. The mechanism of injury was classified as due to either striking or blocking techniques. Results: From a total of 107 athletes, 79 athletes (73.8%) with a total exposure time of 8495 hours were included in the final data set. During the study period, 75 injuries of the hand and wrist region were recorded despite the athletes using protective hand gear. The IIR was 13.9 (95% CI, 10.5-17.5) and was significantly higher during competition. The clinical incidence as an indicator for risk of injury was 60.7% (95% CI, 50.9-70.5). Finger rays were the most affected location (68%), and fractures (43%) and joint ligament injuries (35%) were the most common type of injury. Significantly more injuries were found on the dominant hand side ( P < .001). Comparison of injury mechanisms demonstrated significantly more injuries at the finger rays deriving from blocking techniques ( P = .0104). The mean time loss for all hand and wrist injuries was 15.7 ± 13.5 days (range, 3-45 days) and was highest for distal radial fractures, with a mean of 39.7 ± 4.8 days (range, 32-45 days). Conclusion: There was a significantly higher IIR for acute hand and wrist injuries in elite taekwondo athletes during competition, which resulted in considerable time loss, especially when fractures or dislocations occurred. Significantly more injuries to the finger rays were found during blocking despite the use of protective hand gear. Improvement of tactical skills and blocking techniques during training and improved protective gear appear to be essential for injury prevention.

Download Full-text

Injuries among Competitive Snowboarders at the National Elite Level

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546504268043 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 370-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Joern Torjussen ◽

Roald Bahr

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Injury Risk ◽

National Level ◽

Knee Injuries ◽

Injury Pattern ◽

Wrist Injuries ◽

Descriptive Epidemiology ◽

Epidemiology Study ◽

Time Loss ◽

Elite Level

Background Little is known about injury risk or the pattern of injuries among competitive snowboarders. Purpose To describe the incidence and pattern of injuries among female and male snowboard athletes at the highest national level. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study Methods This study consists of 2 parts: prospective registration of injuries at snowboarding national cup events and the national championships during the 2002 season, as well as a retrospective interview of the participants during the national championships in March 2002. All injuries that resulted in missed participation were recorded. Exposure was recorded as the number of runs in all disciplines. Results In the prospective study, the competition incidence was 4.0 ± 0.7 injuries per 1000 runs (n = 32 injuries). Back (22%), knee (16%), and hand/wrist injuries (9%) were the most common. The incidence for the different disciplines was 14.2 ± 5.3 per 1000 runs for big jump, 6.1 ± 1.8 for snowboardcross, 3.1 ± 0.9 for halfpipe, and 1.9 ± 1.9 for giant slalom. The retrospective interview (n = 163 athletes, 83% response) revealed 84 acute time-loss injuries during the season; knee (16%), back (13%), head (13%), and hand/wrist injuries (12%) were the 4 most common injury types. The overall competition incidence was 3.4 ± 0.6 injuries per 1000 runs (6.6 ± 3.0 for big jump, 5.8 ± 1.7 for snowboardcross, 2.1 ± 0.7 for halfpipe, and 6.6 ± 4.7 for giant slalom). No injury was recorded in parallel slalom in either study. Conclusion The incidence of injuries is high among competitive snowboarders at the elite national level. The injury pattern is different from the panorama seen among less experienced athletes, with fewer wrist injuries and more knee injuries.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211023431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 232596712110234

Author(s):

Therese M. Leahy ◽

Ian C. Kenny ◽

Mark J. Campbell ◽

Giles D. Warrington ◽

Roisin Cahalan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rates ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Descriptive Epidemiology ◽

Epidemiology Study ◽

Time Loss ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Rugby Players ◽

And Training

Background: The shoulder has been reported as a frequent location of injury in adult professional and amateur rugby, with match injury incidence rates ranging from 1.8 to 3 per 1000 player-hours (h). An increased understanding of the incidence and mechanism of shoulder injuries in school rugby players is vital to establish effective injury preventive strategies and advise on appropriate rehabilitation. Purpose: To describe the incidence, nature, and severity of shoulder injuries in schoolboy rugby in Ireland. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury surveillance was carried out for Senior Cup teams across two seasons (N = 665 players aged 17-19 years) in Ireland from 2018 to 2020. Match and training injury data were recorded using an online system by trained nominated injury recorders. Match exposure was also recorded. Results: Shoulder match injury incidence was 12.2 per 1000 h (95% CI, 9.1-16.2), with a mean severity of 47 days’ time loss and an overall burden of 573 days per 1000 h. In total, 47 match and 5 training shoulder injuries were recorded. The most common injuries were shoulder dislocations/subluxations (34%), followed by acromioclavicular joint sprains (30%). Shoulder dislocations/subluxations represented the most burdensome injury (280 days per 1000 h). The tackle accounted for the majority (81%) of shoulder injuries. Forwards sustained a significantly higher incidence of shoulder injuries (8.3/1000 h) in comparison with backs (3.9/1000 h), with a rate ratio of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.15-3.94; P = .015). Conclusion: We found a notably higher injury incidence rate in schoolboy rugby as compared with the adult amateur and professional game. Shoulder injuries were responsible for more days lost than any other injury, and shoulder dislocations were the most severe. This is of particular concern so early in a player’s career and warrants further investigation into potential risk factors and mechanisms associated with shoulder injuries in school-age players.

Download Full-text

Injury incidence and characteristics for elite, male, artistic USA gymnastics competitions from 2008 to 2018

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2019-101297 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjsports-2019-101297

Author(s):

David William Kruse ◽

Andrew Seiji Nobe ◽

John Billimek

Keyword(s):

Athletic Trainers ◽

Common Type ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Muscle Strain ◽

Time Loss ◽

Certified Athletic Trainers ◽

Injury Site ◽

The Usa ◽

Location Type ◽

Type Of Injury

ObjectivesTo determine the injury incidence and characteristics for elite, male, artistic USA gymnasts during gymnastics competitions, held in the USA, from 2008 to 2018.MethodsInjury documentation performed by lead physician and certified athletic trainers at elite junior and senior USA Gymnastics competitions from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed and compiled into an excel database. Injury incidence was computed per 1000 registered gymnasts by competition setting as well as injury location, type, cause, severity, and setting.ResultsFrom 2008 to 2018, 180 injuries were reported in a total of 2102 gymnasts with injury incidence of 85.6 per 1000 gymnasts (95% CI 73.4 to 97.8). The most common injury site was at the ankle (16.7 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 10.9 to 22.4), and muscle strain/rupture/tear was the most common type of injury (28.5 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 21.2 to 35.9). The most common cause was contact with surface (56.1 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 46.1 to 66.2), and the event where most injuries were sustained was the vault (21.9 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 15.4 to 28.4). Incidence of time loss injuries was 38.5 per 1000 gymnasts (95% CI 30.1 to 47.0). Injury incidence was higher during competition (58.5 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 48.2 to 68.8) than during training (27.1 per 1000 RG, 95% CI 19.9 to 34.3; RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.94, p<0.001); injury incidence was greater at Olympic Trials (RR 3.23, 95% CI 1.24 to 8.47, p=0.017) than at National Qualifier meets. We report concussion incidence in gymnastics (5.7 per 1000 gymnasts, 95% CI 2.3 to 9.2).ConclusionsThis is the largest injury study to date for male artistic gymnasts (180 injuries, 2102 gymnasts, 11 years).

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Hand and Wrist Injuries in NCAA Men’s Football: 2009–2010 to 2013–2014

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119835375 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 232596711983537 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Douglas W. Bartels ◽

Mario Hevesi ◽

Cody Wyles ◽

Jeffrey Macalena ◽

Sanjeev Kakar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Study ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Wrist Injuries ◽

Time Loss ◽

Expected Time ◽

Common Activity ◽

Injury Burden

Background: Participation in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football is at an all-time high. This population of athletes experiences a substantial injury burden, with many injuries affecting the upper extremities. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries in college football players from the academic years 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. We hypothesized that variables such as event type (practice vs game), mechanism of injury, and player position would have an effect on the injury incidence. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: An epidemiological study utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program was performed to investigate rates and patterns of hand and wrist injuries in participating varsity football teams from 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. Results: A total of 725 hand and wrist injuries were captured in 899,225 athlete-exposures. The observed practice injury rate was 0.51 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures, compared with a game injury rate of 3.60 ( P < .01). Player-on-player contact was the most common injury mechanism reported, with blocking being the most common activity at the time of injury. Offensive linemen were most likely to experience an injury. Of all injuries sustained, 71.4% resulted in no time loss from competition, whereas 9.8% of injuries resulted in longer than 7 days of time loss. A fracture resulted in the greatest time loss from competition (mean ± SD, 8.3 ± 24.0 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-148 days] for injuries sustained in a practice setting) (mean ± SD, 7.7 ± 15.8 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-87 days] for injuries sustained in a game setting). Conclusion: Hand and wrist injuries were found to be significantly more common in games when compared with practices. This study provides valuable prognostic data regarding expected time loss on a per-injury pattern basis. Further investigation on specific injury subtypes and expected time loss as a result of these injures would provide trainers, players, and coaches with useful information on an expected postinjury recovery and rehabilitation timeline.

Download Full-text

Subsequent Injury Risk Is Elevated Above Baseline After Return to Play: A 5-Year Prospective Study in Elite Australian Football

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546519852622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (9) ◽

pp. 2225-2231 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jordan J. Stares ◽

Brian Dawson ◽

Peter Peeling ◽

Jarryd Heasman ◽

Brent Rogalski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

The Body ◽

Return To Play ◽

Time Loss ◽

Data Set ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Australian Football ◽

Subsequent Injury

Background: The risk of sustaining a subsequent injury is elevated in the weeks after return to play (RTP) from an index injury. However, little is known about the magnitude, duration, and nature by which subsequent injury risk is increased. Purpose: To quantify and describe the risk of injury in a 12-week period after RTP from an index injury in Australian football players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Injury data were collected from 79 players over 5 years at 1 Australian Football League club. Injuries were classified with the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System and by side of the body. Furthermore, injury severity was classified as time loss (resulting in ≥1 matches being missed) or non–time loss (no matches missed). Subsequent injury was categorized with the SIC-2.0 model and applied to the data set via an automated script. The probability of a time loss subsequent injury was calculated for in-season index injuries for each week of a 12-week period after RTP via a mixed effect logistic regression model. Results: Subsequent injury risk was found to be highest in the week of RTP for both time loss injuries (9.4%) and non–time loss injuries (6.9%). Risk decreased with each week survived after RTP; however, it did not return to baseline risk of participation (3.6%). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that athletes returning to play are at an increased risk of injury for a number of weeks, thus indicating the requirement for tertiary prevention strategies to ensure that they survive this period.

Download Full-text

Injuries in Professional Male Soccer Players in the Netherlands: A Prospective Cohort Study

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.64 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 211-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Janine H. Stubbe ◽

Anne-Marie M. C. van Beijsterveldt ◽

Sissi van der Knaap ◽

Jasper Stege ◽

Evert A. Verhagen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Knee Injuries ◽

Lower Extremities ◽

Body Part ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Time Loss ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Common Diagnosis

Context: Injuries are a major adverse event in a soccer player's career. Reducing injury incidence requires a thorough knowledge of the epidemiology of soccer injuries. Objective: To investigate the incidence and characteristics of injuries in the Dutch premier soccer league. Design: Cohort study. Setting: The Dutch premier soccer league. Patients or Other Participants: During the 2009–2010 soccer season, a total of 217 professional soccer players from 8 teams were prospectively followed. Main Outcome Measure(s): The medical staff recorded time-loss injuries, including information on injuries (ie, type, body part, duration) and exposure data for training sessions and matches. Results: A total of 286 injuries were recorded, affecting 62.7% of the players. The overall injury incidence was 6.2 injuries per 1000 player-hours, 2.8 in training sessions and 32.8 in matches. Most of the recorded injuries were acute (68.5%). Eight percent of the injuries were classified as recurrent. Injuries were most likely to be located in the lower extremities (82.9%). Injury time loss ranged from 1 to 752 days, with a median of 8 days. Knee injuries had the greatest consequences in terms of days of absence from soccer play (on average, 45 days). The most common diagnosis was muscle/tendon injury of the lower extremities (32.9%). Conclusions: Injury risk in the Dutch premier soccer league is high, especially during matches. Preventive measures should focus on the most common diagnoses, namely, muscle/tendon injuries of the lower extremities.

Download Full-text

Injury Trends in Irish Amateur Rugby: An Epidemiological Comparison of Men and Women

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738121997145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812199714

Author(s):

Caithriona Yeomans ◽

Ian C. Kenny ◽

Roisin Cahalan ◽

Giles D. Warrington ◽

Andrew J. Harrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Rugby Union ◽

High Rate ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Ligament Injuries ◽

Time Loss ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Male And Female ◽

Ankle Ligament

Background: Rugby union is a physically demanding sport that carries an inherent risk of injury. Despite being a popular and widely played team sport, little is known about injuries occurring across the male and female amateur game. Purpose: To establish and compare injury incidence, nature, and severity in male and female Irish amateur rugby union. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 25 male teams (959 players) and 8 female teams (234 players) over 2 full seasons. Both time-loss (24-hour time-loss injury definition) and non-time-loss match injury reports were collected, alongside match exposure data. Results: Time-loss match injury incidence rates were 49.1/1000 and 35.6/1000 player-hours for male and female players, respectively. Concussion and ankle ligament sprains were the most common diagnoses for male (5.6/1000 and 4.4/1000 player-hours, respectively) and female players (5.5/1000 and 3.9/1000 player-hours, respectively). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries presented the highest injury burden for male and female players with 200.3 and 307.2 days of absence per 1000 player-hours, respectively. In female players, 83% of noncontact injuries occurred in the fourth quarter of match play. Conclusion: While female players had a lower overall injury incidence rate compared with male players, concussion and ankle ligament injuries were the most common injuries in both cohorts. In female players, a high rate of noncontact injuries in the second half points to the need for strength and conditioning training programs to reduce fatigue-related injuries. Clinical Relevance: Establishing the incidence and burden of rugby-related injuries is an essential step in minimizing injury risk. This epidemiological information will aid the development of future reduction strategies, including education and coaching strategies and strength and conditioning programs, informed by the most common injuries observed and the mechanism of injury.

Download Full-text

Temporal Trends and Severity in Injury and Illness Incidence in the National Basketball Association Over 11 Seasons

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211004094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 232596712110040

Author(s):

Garrett S. Bullock ◽

Tyler Ferguson ◽

Jake Vaughan ◽

Desiree Gillespie ◽

Gary Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injury Severity ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Body Part ◽

Current Data ◽

National Basketball Association ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Descriptive Epidemiology ◽

Time Loss ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Professional Basketball

Background: There is a paucity of current data describing injuries in professional basketball players. Utilizing publicly available injury data will allow for greater transparency for stakeholders to use the data as a shared resource to create future basketball injury prevention programs. Purpose: To describe injury and illness incidence, severity, and temporal trends in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Among those who develop time-loss injury or illness, we estimated severity based on games missed because of injury or illness. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Publicly available NBA data were extracted through a reproducible computer-programmed process from the 2008 to 2019 seasons. Data were externally validated by 2 independent reviewers through other publicly available data sources. Injury and illness were calculated per 1000 athlete game-exposures (AGEs). Injury severity was calculated as games missed because of injury or illness. Injury and illness data were stratified by body part, position, severity (slight, minor, moderate, or severe), month, and year. Results: A total of 1369 players played a total of 302,018 player-games, with a total of 5375 injuries and illnesses. The overall injury and illness incidence was 17.80 per 1000 AGEs. The median injury severity was 3 games (interquartile range, 0-6 games) missed per injury. Overall, 33% of injuries were classified as slight; 26%, as minor; 26%, as moderate; and 15%, as severe. The ankle (2.57 injuries/1000 AGEs), knee (2.44 injuries/1000 AGEs), groin/hip/thigh (1.99 injuries/1000 AGEs), and illness (1.85 illnesses/1000 AGEs) had the greatest incidence of injury and illness. Neither injury or illness incidence nor severity was different among basketball playing positions. Injury incidence demonstrated increasing incremental trends with season progression. Injuries were similar throughout the 11-year reporting period, except for a substantial increase in the lockout-shortened 2012 season. Conclusion: The ankle and knee had the greatest injury incidence. Injury incidence was similar among basketball positions. Injury incidence increased throughout the season, demonstrating the potential relationship between player load and injury incidence.

Download Full-text

Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Taekwondo Athletes: A 4-Year Descriptive Analysis

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211061112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 232596712110611

Author(s):

Maximilian Willauschus ◽

Johannes Rüther ◽

Michael Millrose ◽

Matthias Walcher ◽

Christophe Lambert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Injury Mechanism ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Time Loss ◽

Data Set ◽

Injury Type

Background: Foot and ankle injuries are a common but underestimated problem in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury incidence rates (IIRs), patterns, and injury mechanism are missing. Purpose: The primary aims were to evaluate the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries and the exposure-adjusted IIR of elite taekwondo athletes during matches while training (ie, sparring) and in competitions. The secondary aims were to evaluate injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were assessed prospectively for foot and ankle injuries over 4 years (between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019). Data were collected regarding number and type of injuries, anatomic location, and total exposure time during training and competition for each athlete. Injury mechanism and dominant foot were assessed via personal interview. Time loss from sport was analyzed retrospectively. The injury prevalence and IIR were calculated. Correlation between mechanism and injury type, location, and dominant foot was evaluated. Time loss according to location and injury type was assessed. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to test for differences in sex, age, and taekwondo experience and for comparison of injury location and type, injury mechanism, and side dominance, respectively. Training and competition IIRs and prevalence were calculated with 95% CIs (for Poisson rates). Results: From an initial 107 athletes, 79 (73.8%) were included in the final data set. Of these athletes, 38 were injured (n = 112 injuries) for a prevalence of 48.1% (95% CI, 43%-52%). The overall IIR of the ankle joint was 13.14 injuries per 1000 athletes (95% CI, 1.5-25.9) and was significantly higher during competition versus training ( P < .001). Ankle joint injuries were most common (n = 71; 63%). Significantly more noncontact versus contact ankle ligament injuries (n = 46; 83%) occurred ( P < .001). The forefoot (n = 18; 66%) was mainly affected by contact injuries ( P < .001). Time loss was the highest for midfoot fractures (mean ± SD, 23.0 ± 0.6 days; range, 23-24 days). Conclusion: Noncontact ligamentous ankle injuries were most common, with a higher incidence during competition. Improvement of strength, endurance, and postural stability under strain is recommended for prevention.

Download Full-text

Generalized Joint Hypermobility and Injuries: A Prospective Cohort Study of 185 Pre-Professional Contemporary Dancers

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10051007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1007

Author(s):

Rogier M. van Rijn ◽

Janine H. Stubbe

Keyword(s):

Potential Risk ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Joint Hypermobility ◽

Research Centre ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Time Loss ◽

Beighton Score ◽

Generalized Joint Hypermobility ◽

Professional Dancers ◽

Academic Year

Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) has been mentioned as one of the factors associated with dance injuries, but the findings are inconclusive. This study aims to investigate whether GJH, based on different Beighton score cut-off points, is a potential risk factor for injuries in pre-professional dancers. Four cohorts of first-year pre-professional dancers (N = 185), mean age 19.1 ± 1.3 years, were screened on musculoskeletal functioning at the start of their academic year. The Beighton score was used to measure GJH. During the academic year, the dancers completed monthly questionnaires about their physical and mental health. Based on the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC), three injury definitions were used (i.e., all complaints, substantial injury, and time-loss injury). To examine potential risk factors for injuries, univariate and multivariate regression models were applied. The response rate of monthly completed questionnaires was 90%. The overall mean (SD) Beighton score was 2.8. The 1-year injury incidence proportion was 67.6% (n = 125), 43.2% (n = 80), and 54.6% (n = 101) for all complaint injuries, substantial injuries, and time-loss injuries, respectively. The multivariate analyses showed a significant association between a previous long lasting injury in the past year and the three injury definitions (p < 0.05). Pre-professional contemporary dancers are at high risk for injuries and hypermobility. However, these two variables are not associated with each other. Health professionals should take injury history into account when assessing dance students, because this variable is associated with increased injury risk.

Download Full-text