scholarly journals Current Perceptions of Diversity Among Head Team Physicians and Head Athletic Trainers: Results Across US Professional Sports Leagues

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712110472
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Wiggins ◽  
Obiajulu Agha ◽  
Agustin Diaz ◽  
Kristofer J. Jones ◽  
Brian T. Feeley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgeons ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

Background: Discrepancies in race, ethnicity, and sex among health care providers and their patients have been shown to affect the patient-provider relationship as well as the quality of care. Currently, minority and female representation among orthopaedic surgeons remains low. Given the large proportion of minority athletes and their degree of public visibility, professional sports serves as an important arena within which to analyze the diversity of health care providers. Purpose: To describe and evaluate the current level of diversity of head team physicians (HTPs) and head athletic trainers (ATCs), primarily in terms of race and sex, within men’s professional sports leagues in the United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Five major US professional sports leagues were evaluated: National Basketball Association, National Football League, National Hockey League, Major League Soccer, and Major League Baseball. Publicly available data were collected to identify the HTPs and head ATCs for each team within these leagues. Two independent observers analyzed photographs and names of these individuals to determine his or her perceived race and sex, with disagreements being resolved by a third independent observer. Other physician data collected included graduate degree(s), specialty, and number of years in practice. Kappa coefficients (κ) were employed to evaluate interobserver reliability. Chi-square, Fisher exact, and t tests were used for statistical comparisons across leagues. Results: The κ values for perceived race were 0.85 for HTPs and 0.89 for head ATCs, representing near-perfect interobserver agreement. Minorities comprised 15.5% of HTPs and 20.7% of ATCs ( P = .24). Women comprised 3.9% of HTPs and 1.3% of head ATCs ( P = .017). The majority of HTPs were orthopaedic surgeons with medical doctorates. Female HTPs had significantly fewer years in practice compared with male HTPs (15.0 ± 4.9 vs 23.1 ± 9.6; P = .04). Conclusion: The lead physicians and athletic training providers for men’s professional sports teams demonstrated low rates of minority and female representation, denoting a highly visible area for discussing the role of increased diversity in health care.

scholarly journals Educating Educators: Perceptions of Preceptors and Clinical Education Coordinators Regarding Training at a Division II Athletic Training Program

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Renae Ellen Bomar ◽  
Thalia Mulvihill
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Ncaa Division Ii ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Preceptor Training ◽  
Division Ii

Context: Clinical experiences give the student athletic trainer the opportunity to relate and apply didactic information to a real-world setting. During these experiences student athletic trainers are supervised by certified, licensed health care providers working in a variety of settings (eg, hospital, physical therapy clinic, doctor's office). It is important to note the responsibilities these health care professionals (preceptors) take on when choosing to become a preceptor. Not only are they completing their normal, job-related tasks of patient care and administrative duties, but they are also responsible for the education and evaluation of student athletic trainers. Objective: This case study takes an in-depth look at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II athletic training program's (ATP) preceptor training model and provides an example of how 1 program is developing its preceptors under the new Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) policies. It is meant to lay the foundation for further research in preceptor development by providing a description of training and development practices. This case study can be used as a guide to other ATPs and compared to other institutions to identify the best practices for preceptor development. Because the policies are new and little research has been done on preceptor development, this is the first step in creating effective evidence-based practices. Design: Ethnographic case study. Setting: One-on-one, in-person, semistructured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. A review of relevant (eg, training manuals) preceptor training documents was completed. Member checks were done as necessary for accuracy. Participants: One male, veteran off-campus preceptor, 1 female, novice on-campus preceptor, and the ATP clinical education coordinator participated. Participants were part of an NCAA Division II ATP located in Indiana. Results and Conclusions: The findings suggested that this program's preceptor training used various pedagogical designs and provided strong support to those involved.

scholarly journals Sports Medicine Staffing Across National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Schools: Evidence for the Medical Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Baugh ◽  
Emily Kroshus ◽  
Bailey L. Lanser ◽  
Tory R. Lindley ◽  
William P. Meehan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Collegiate Sports ◽  
Financial Oversight

Context The ratio of clinicians to patients has been associated with health outcomes in many medical contexts but has not been explored in collegiate sports medicine. The relationship between administrative and financial oversight models and staffing is also unknown. Objective To (1) evaluate staffing patterns in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports medicine programs and (2) investigate whether staffing was associated with the division of competition, Power 5 conference status, administrative reporting structure (medical or athletic department), or financial structure (medical or athletic department). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Collegiate sports medicine programs. Patients or Other Participants Representatives of 325 universities. Main Outcome Measure(s) A telephone survey was conducted during June and July 2015. Participants were asked questions regarding the presence and full-time equivalence of the health care providers on their sports medicine staff. The number of athletes per athletic trainer was determined. Results Responding sports medicine programs had 0.5 to 20 full-time equivalent staff athletic trainers (median = 4). Staff athletic trainers at participating schools cared for 21 to 525 athletes per clinician (median = 100). Both administrative and financial oversight from a medical department versus the athletics department was associated with improved staffing across multiple metrics. Staffing levels were associated with the division of competition; athletic trainers at Division I schools cared for fewer athletes than athletic trainers at Division II or III schools, on average. The support of graduate assistant and certified intern athletic trainers varied across the sample as did the contributions of nonphysician, nonathletic trainer health care providers. Conclusions In many health care settings, clinician : patient ratios are associated with patient health outcomes. We found systematic variations in clinician : patient ratios across National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions of competition and across medical versus athletics organizational models, raising the possibility that athletes' health outcomes vary across these contexts. Future researchers should evaluate the relationships between clinician : patient ratios and athletes' access to care, care provision, health care costs, health outcomes, and clinician job satisfaction.

scholarly journals Revenue Sharing in Major League Baseball: The Moments That Meant so Much

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane Rockerbie ◽  
Stephen Easton
Keyword(s):  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

Revenue sharing is a common league policy in professional sports leagues. Several motivations for revenue sharing have been explored in the literature, including supporting small market teams, affecting league parity, suppressing player salaries, and improving team profitability. We investigate a different motivation. Risk-averse team owners, through their commissioner, are able to increase their utility by using revenue sharing to affect higher order moments of the revenue distribution. In particular, it may reduce the variance and kurtosis, as well as affecting the skewness of the league distribution of team local revenues. We first determine the extent to which revenue sharing affects these moments in theory, then we quantify the effects on utility for Major League Baseball over the period 2002–2013. Our results suggest that revenue sharing produced significant utility gains at little cost, which enhanced the positive effects noted by other studies.

Clinical Perceptions on the Physiological, Psychological, and Clinical Influence of Kinesio Tex Tape (KTT) in Health Care Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Kayla E. Boehm ◽  
Blaine C. Long ◽  
Mitchell T. Millar ◽  
Kevin C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Practice ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Effectiveness of Kinesiology Tex Tape (KTT) is conflicting, with some clinicians supporting and others refuting its effects. There is limited information on the psychological effects of KTT or whether its increased use has been influenced by professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological, psychological, and use of KTT. A descriptive survey on the use of KTT was performed with athletic trainers and other health care providers. Many reported that KTT benefited patients physiologically and psychologically. Those who thought KTT provided a physiological benefit indicated that they use it. Many indicated KTT benefited patients psychologically, without impacting them physiologically. In addition, clinicians indicated KTT use has been influenced by professional athletes.

scholarly journals Athletic Trainer Compassion but Lack of Preparedness to Provide Transgender Patient Care

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Eberman ◽  
Zachary Winkelmann ◽  
Emma Nye ◽  
Daniel Walen ◽  
Kelcey Granger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Potential Cost

Context: Previous research indicates athletic trainers have a favorable view of treating transgender patients, yet do not feel competent in their patient care knowledge or abilities. Objective: To gain more depth of information about athletic trainers' knowledge and experiences regarding the health care needs of transgender student-athletes. Design: Sequential, explanatory mixed methods. Setting: Individual, semi-structured follow-up interviews. Participants: Fifteen athletic trainers who previously took part in a cross-sectional survey in April 2018 (male=8, female=7, age=24±2, years of experience=3±3). Main Outcome Measure(s): The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Member checking was completed to ensure trustworthiness of the data. Next, the data were analyzed using a multi-phased process and a 3-member coding team following the consensual qualitative research tradition. The coding team analyzed the transcripts for domains and categories. The final consensus codebook and coded transcripts were audited by a member of the research team for credibility. Results: Four main domains were identified: 1) perceived deficiencies, 2) misconceptions, 3) concerns, and 4) creating safety. Participants described knowledge deficiencies in themselves, health care providers within their unit, and providers able to provide safe transition care. Participants demonstrated misconceptions when characterizing the definitions of transgender and transitioning and when describing how the body responds to hormone replacement therapy. Participants expressed concern for the mental health and wellness, self-image of transgender student-athletes, and potential cost of transgender health care. However, participants also described efforts to create safety within their unit by validation, instilling trust, adjusting the physical environment, and by engaging in professional development to improve their knowledge. Conclusions: Athletic trainers want to create a safe space for transgender student-athletes but lack the necessary knowledge to treat transgender patients. Professional resources to improve athletic trainer knowledge, skills, and abilities in caring for transgender patients are a continued need. Key Points

Damn Yankees and Relocations 1964 and 1965

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David George Surdam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

This chapter examines the issue of franchise relocation. Legislators had two main concerns throughout the series of hearings: to procure teams for their constituents while avoiding losing teams via relocation. The legislators' concerns were imbued with an element of reality, at least. Cities with multiple Major League Baseball (MLB) teams usually had one team that was struggling, and legislators held a different attitude to such teams relocating than they would with regard to later relocations of prosperous teams. This chapter first considers three options for acquiring a big-league team: purchase an existing team, hope for an expansion team in an established league, or enter a team into a new league. It then discusses the economics of franchise relocations, along with the early histories of franchise turnovers in professional sports leagues, including the National Football League (NFL) and its predecessor, the American Professional Football Association. It also looks at Columbia Broadcasting System's (CBS) purchase of the New York Yankees during the 1964 season that sparked fears of an unfair alliance.

scholarly journals Transition to Practice for Graduate Assistant Athletic Trainers Providing Medical Care in the Secondary School Setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Kirby ◽  
Stacy E. Walker ◽  
Stephanie M. Mazerolle
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Transition To Practice ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Team Physician ◽  
Graduate Assistant

Context:  Transition to clinical practice can be challenging for newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs), who are expected to immediately step into their roles as autonomous clinicians. For those providing care in the secondary school setting, this transition may be complicated by the fact that many practice in isolation from other health care providers. Objective:  To explore the transition to practice of newly credentialed graduate assistant ATs providing medical care in the secondary school. Design:  Phenomenologic qualitative study. Setting:  Secondary school. Patients or Other Participants:  The 14 participants (2 men, 12 women; age = 23.3 ± 2.0 years) were employed in the secondary school setting through graduate assistantships, had been credentialed for less than 1 year, and had completed professional bachelor's degree programs. Data Collection and Analysis:  We completed 14 semistructured phone interviews. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A general inductive approach was used for data analysis. Trustworthiness was established through multiple-analyst triangulation, peer review, and member checks. Results:  A period of uncertainty referred to a time during which participants were anxious as they began practicing independently. Legitimation through role engagement signified that as the period of uncertainty passed, participants developed more confidence in themselves and legitimation by engaging in their role. Acclimation through physician communication and professional relationships highlighted the importance of developing a relationship with the team physician, which provided a source of feedback and support for continued growth and confidence. Conclusions:  To prepare for this period of uncertainty, educators and preceptors should encourage students to interact with members of the health care team and communicate with parents and coaches. Employers should implement initiatives to orient newly credentialed ATs to their roles, provide clear job expectations, and assign or assist with identifying mentors. Newly credentialed ATs should seek support from many different individuals, including the team physician, who can provide support, feedback, and encouragement.

Survey of Medical Services at Major League Baseball Stadiums

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. John Ma ◽  
Ronald G. Pirrallo ◽  
Jonathan M. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Missing Responses ◽  
Major League

AbstractObjective:To analyze the availability and level of medical services for fans at major league baseball games in the United States.Methods:A 10-item questionnaire was sent to the operations managers of each of 28 major league baseball stadiums. The survey was distributed in cooperation with a major league baseball club. Telephone follow-up was used to complete missing responses. The survey addressed five areas of fan medical services: 1) health-care provider availability and compensation; 2) advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) capabilities, including equipment; 3) presence of on-site ambulance(s); 4) fan fatalities; and 5) alcohol consumption limitations.Results:Survey response was 100%. Healthcare providers are on-site at all stadiums: nurses (86%), physicians (75%), emergency medical technicians (EMTs, [68%]), and paramedics (50%). Ninety-six percent use a combination of health-care providers. The most common medical teams are nurse + EMT + physician (25 %) and nurse + EMT + paramedic + physician (18%). All health-care providers receive some form of compensation. All stadiums have at least one ACLS-certified provider; 96% have ACLS equipment. Ambulances are on-site 75% of the time. Sixty-eight percent of the clubs reported at least one fan fatality through the 1992 and 1993 seasons (mean 1.1, range 0–4). All clubs limit alcohol consumption; 96% use multiple approaches. The various approaches include: 1) specific inning discontinuation (86%); 2) maximum purchase (68%); 3) restricted sale locations (64%); and 4) crowd conduct (57%). Advertisement for responsible alcohol consumption is displayed at 75% of the stadiums; designateddriver programs exist at 46%.Conclusions:All major league baseball clubs provide medical services for fans. Furthermore, almost all stadiums have ACLS capabilities. Responsible alcohol consumption also is a recognized priority for fan safety.

scholarly journals National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Management of Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 820-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A. Bolgla ◽  
Michelle C. Boling ◽  
Kimberly L. Mace ◽  
Michael J. DiStefano ◽  
Donald C. Fithian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
National Athletic Trainers Association

Objective:  To present recommendations for athletic trainers and other health care providers regarding the identification of risk factors for and management of individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Background:  Patellofemoral pain is one of the most common knee diagnoses; however, this condition continues to be one of the most challenging to manage. Recent evidence has suggested that certain risk factors may contribute to the development of PFP. Early identification of risk factors may allow clinicians to develop and implement programs aimed at reducing the incidence of this condition. To date, clinicians have used various treatment strategies that have not necessarily benefitted all patients. Suboptimal outcomes may reflect the need to integrate clinical practice with scientific evidence to facilitate clinical decision making. Recommendations:  The recommendations are based on the best available evidence. They are intended to give athletic trainers and other health care professionals a framework for identifying risk factors for and managing patients with PFP.

An Overview of the Hearings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David George Surdam
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
World War ◽  
Congressional Hearings ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

This chapter provides an overview of the hearings conducted by Congress in the wake of player unrest after World War II and growing demand for new baseball franchises. The Congressional hearings began in 1951, when Emanuel Celler (N.Y.), chair of the House Subcommittee on Anti-trust and Monopoly, initiated an inquiry into Major League Baseball (MLB). For the first hearings, Celler told reporters that the committee's purpose was to “help baseball against itself.” During the hearings, few of the legislators impressed with their savvy. Some did not appear to understand the testimony. On occasion a few made dubious comments. The hearings occasionally lapsed into farce. The chapter considers sports owners' reluctance to release their financial records as well as professional sports leagues' search for antitrust exemptions.

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