The Clay Mineralogy of the Haldon Gravels

Clay Minerals ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. O. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Crystallinity ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Crystallinity

AbstractThe less than 10 μm and less than 3 μm fractions of the heterogenous Haldon Gravels have been examined by X-ray diffractometry. Kaolinite of high to low crystallinity is the dominant clay mineral, with variable amounts of illite (clay mica) ; quartz, a little feldspar and anatase also occur. The kaolinite has been ranked using the crystallinity index of Hinckley and also by indices derived from the ratio of peak height to background height for the 10 and 11 peaks.Clay from the matrix of the psaphitic members of the Buller's Hill Gravel contains intermediate grade kaolinite with a little illite, but clay bodies included in this formation contain only low grade kaolinite with a high, but variable proportion of illite. The Tower Wood Gravel contains two distinct populations; one is identical to that of the Buller's Hill Gravel, the other consists of high crystallinity kaolinite with a little illite. Head Gravel formed from the Buller's Hill Gravel by solifluction contains intermediate to low crystallinity kaolinite.

scholarly journals Effect of Oxycations in Clay Mineral on Adsorption—Vanadyl Exchange Bentonites and Their Ability for Amiloride Removal

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1327
Author(s):  
Leandro Oliveira ◽  
Josy Osajima ◽  
Ramon Raudel Peña-Garcia ◽  
Edson Cavalcanti Silva-Filho ◽  
Maria Gardennia Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Lower Drug ◽  
Cationic Exchange

The presence of drugs in aquatic bodies is a prevailing issue, and their removal by adsorption is an effective treatment. Among the adsorbents, those based clay minerals have been proposed. Bentonite is a clay mineral that is widely studied as an adsorbent due to its unique physicochemical properties, such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), intercalation, and adsorption. The properties of bentonites can be improved through chemical modifications, such as the incorporation of organic and/or inorganic compounds. These modifications allow for the efficient removal of different contaminants, including pharmaceutical compounds. In this work, raw sodium bentonite (Na+-Bent) and vanadyl bentonites were prepared using 100 (BentV1), 300 (BentV3), and 500% (BentV5) of the cationic exchange capacity of the Na+-Bent and further used for amiloride removal from aqueous solution. Analysis of X-ray fluorescence and Na+ in solution after interaction indicated that the principal mechanism of interaction between bentonite and ions was the ion exchange between sodium of the matrix and vanadyl in solution. Infrared spectroscopy suggested the contribution of coordination of the interlayer water with the vanadyl ions and hydrogen bonding between vanadyl and structural OH. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that vanadyl ions were incorporated onto Na+-Bent. Amiloride adsorption was better at pH 5.8, using a solid dosage of 75 mg of Na+-Bent, 25 mg of BentV1 and BentV5, and 50 mg of BentV3. The adsorption occurred briefly until 20 min, and maximum removal values were 457.08, 374.64, 102.56, and 25.63 mg·g−1 for Na+-Bent, BentV1, BentV3, and BentV5, respectively. At lower drug concentrations (48.78 and 91.24 mg·g−1 for Na+-Bent and BentV3), the best performance was obtained for the BentV3 sample.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INORGANIC ALTERNATIVE SCOURING AGENTS ON STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE/POLYESTER BLEND FABRIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. U. Barambu ◽  
D. E. A. Boryo ◽  
H. M Adamu ◽  
K. M Yahuza ◽  
A. Abdulkadir
Keyword(s):  
Structural Modification ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crystalline Region ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scouring Process ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Blend Fabric

In this research, a structural modification for a cellulose/polyester blend has been carried out using NH4OH, (NH4)2C2O4 and liquid NH3 which are environmentally friendly alternative scouring agents with NaOH as control. The scouring process was carried out on the samples with these alternative agents. Investigation into structural modification of cellulose/polyester blend fabric using NH4OH, (NH4)2C2O4 and liquid NH3 and its structural characterization with X-ray diffraction was carried. The results showed the inferences variation in the crystallinity index of scoured samples from (3.21-65.30%), the crystallite size of scoured samples (1.9-15 nm) in the crystalline region and (7-20 nm) in the amorphous region, inter-planar spacing of the scoured samples (0.340-0.350 nm) of the crystalline region and (0.350-0.340 nm) of the amorphous region and number of crystalline planes of the scoured samples is (3-11) of the cellulose/polyester blend fabric samples via X-ray diffraction studies. Among these alternative agents (NH4)2C2O4 and NH4OH showed better interaction with both amorphous and crystalline regions of the cellulose/polyester blend fabric samples without loss in crystallinity when used as scouring agents, and the possibilities of being a superior alternative with significant effect on the structures of the cellulose/polyester blend, while the other samples showed possibilities of being highly competitive with the conventional agent.

A method to eliminate the background in X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented clay mineral samples

Clay Minerals ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Van Der Gaast ◽  
A. J. Vaars
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Estimate ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Mineral Mixtures

AbstractA method is described for calculating, and then subtracting, the background from X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented clay mineral samples. Ti-Kα radiation is used and, to minimize the absorption of this radiation by air, a vacuum and helium-flushed device has been developed. This device can be used with other X-ray sources, offering a considerable increase of intensity—e.g. Co-Kα radiation is increased by 125%. With the background-eliminated patterns a better semi-quantitative estimate of the composition of clay mineral mixtures is possible. Small differences in composition of two samples can be identified by subtracting one of the background-eliminated patterns from the other. Using this method, peak maxima of smectite-group minerals can also be accurately determined.

Study on the X-Ray Radiation Pre-Sorting of Liaoning Chaoyang Low Grade Molybdenum Ore

2012 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
pp. 333-336
Author(s):  
Wan Zhong Yin ◽  
Ming Bao Liu ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Li Yi Duan ◽  
Ying Qiang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Size Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Separation Threshold ◽  
Better Than

The test of low grade Mo ore preconcentration index according to different separation threshold value was studied in this article. The results indicated that preconcentration index varies with the block of feeded material. Under the same test conditions ,the beneficiation index of -100+60mm size class particle was better than the other grain-sized particles and too large or too small particles all can affect the preconcentration index adversely.

Osteoconductive TiO2 Coating on Titanium Using Anodizing in High Content Phosphoric Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 538-542
Author(s):  
Kensuke Kuroda ◽  
Ryoichi Ichino ◽  
Masazumi Okido
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Crystallinity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Low Crystallinity

In this study, anodizing of Ti in the various concentration of H3PO4 aqueous solutions gave TiO2 films, and the osteoconductivity was examined using in vivo testing. In the anodizing treatment, anodizing potential of < 200 V was applied to the Ti substrate in H3PO4 aqueous solutions with the concentration of 0.1 to 14 M at 298 K. The coatings were evaluated using SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. In in vivo testing, the coated samples were implanted in the rats’ tibia for 14 d to evaluate the osteoconductivity. In H3PO4 aqueous solutions with any concentration, anatase-type TiO2 films were obtained on the Ti substrate by anodizing. The crystallinity of anodized TiO2 films depended on the concentration of H3PO4 and sparking. In less than 2 M H3PO4, anatase with high crystallinity was formed. On the other hand, anodizing with sparking in more than 4 M H3PO4, gave low crystallinity anatase film. In in vivo testing, osteoconductivity of the coatings with low crystallinity anatase was much higher than that with high crystallinity.

Thermal models and clay diagenesis in the Tertiary-Cretaceous sediments of the Alava block (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arostegui ◽  
F. J. Sangüesa ◽  
F. Nieto ◽  
J. A. Uriarte
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Source Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Thermal Flow ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Basque Cantabrian Basin

AbstractDiagenesis in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Alava Block (Basque- Cantabrian basin) has been studied using the clay mineralogy (X-ray diffraction) of cuttings from three representative wells of a N—S cross-section. More than 5500 m of various lithologies (marls, mudstones and sandstones) have been drilled in the northern part of the domain, and 2100 m in the southern zone. The illitization of smectite and the disappearance of kaolinite, due to diagenesis, are the most characteristic features in the northern well. Evolution of smectite to illite has been differentiated into four zones, from top to bottom of the series, each showing specific I-S interstratified clay assemblages. The disappearance of smectite and the distribution of kaolinite in the other two wells are explained based on source-area considerations. Burial and thermal history have been reconstructed, revealing a northward increase in thermal flow until the Oligocene (Alpine orogeny paroxysm). In the northern well, the thermal model suggests temperatures of 160 and 270°C for the disappearance of smectite (R0) and illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer R1 clay minerals, respectively. The disappearance of kaolinite is related to a temperature of 230°C, a temperature never attained in the other two wells. Retardation of these processes, in relation to temperature values in the literature, is a consequence of the poor reactivity of marly lithologies, due to the low availability of cations. In this regard, the scarcity of reactants (K-bearing phases) and the absence of pathways (low permeability) for their access and circulation imply that illitization could have taken place in a closed system, by diffusion, on a very small scale, i.e. that of the original smectite grains.

The Intermetallic Compounds GdRe2Al10 and TbRe2Al10, Crystallizing with a Stacking Variant of the YbFe2Al10 Type Structure

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Fehrmann ◽  
Wolfgang Jeitschko
Keyword(s):  
Structure Type ◽  
Type Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hexagonal Close Packed ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Full Occupancy

The new compounds GdRe2Al10 and TbRe2Al10 were obtained in well-crystallized form by reaction of the elemental components with an excess of aluminum after dissolving the matrix in hydrochloric acid. They crystallize with a new structure type which has been determined for TbRe2Al10 from single-crystal X-ray data: Cmcm, a = 932.2(1), b = 1030.4(1 ), c = 1803.2(3)pm, Z = 8, R = 0.031 for 1159 structure factors and 77 variable parameters. Of the two terbium sites, one does not have full occupancy with terbium, however, it may have mixed Tb/Al occupancy. The resulting compositions are Tb0.948(5)Re2Al10 or Tb0.936(3)Re2Al10.064(3), respectively. The terbium atoms are coordinated by 4 Re and 16 Al atoms. The rhenium atoms are situated in distorted icosahedra formed by 2 Tb and 10 Al atoms. The nine different aluminum atoms have between 12 and 14 neighbors (1 or 2 Tb, 2 Re, and between 8 and 11 Al atoms). The structure may be viewed as consisting of two kinds of alternating layers. One of these is puckered, hexagonal close packed, with a mesh content of 4ReAl3; the other is planar and less densely packed. It has the mesh content 2TbAl4. The same kinds of atomic layers have been found in the structures of YbFe2Al10 and LuRe2Al10. Thus, the three structure types may be considered as stacking variants of each other. The tetragonal CaCr2Al10 (ordered ThMn12) type structure also belongs to this structural family, although the CaAl4 layers somewhat differ from the layers TbAl4, YbAl4, and LuAl4.

A new collection of clay mineral ‘Crystallinity’ Index Standards and revised guidelines for the calibration of Kübler and Árkai indices

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence N. Warr
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Peak Width ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Kübler Index ◽  
Boundary Limits ◽  
Mineral Crystallinity

ABSTRACTA new set of clay mineral ‘Crystallinity’ Index Standards (CIS) is available for improved calibration of the half-peak-width values of the X-ray diffraction 001 illite reflection (the Kübler index) and the 002 chlorite reflection (the Árkai index), two widely used indices for determining the state of prograde diagenesis and low-temperature metamorphism. Calibration using mudrock standards removes the numerical differences between laboratories caused by variations in sample preparation, machine settings and measurement methods, thus avoiding erroneous grade determinations. The number of standards available has been increased to nine. These can be used to obtain Kübler index values for each CIS sample and Árkai index values for upper anchizonal and epizonal samples. The diagenetic and lower anchizonal mudrocks are not suitable for Árkai index measurements due to the absence of chlorite or overlap by the 001 kaolinite reflection. Applying the new Kübler-equivalent upper and lower boundary limits of the anchizone placed at 0.32°2θ and 0.52°2θ, respectively (Warr & Ferreiro Mählmann, 2015), the nine standards from the Palaeozoic mudrocks of southwest England now comprise two diagenetic, two lower anchizonal, three upper anchizonal and two epizonal grade samples. These range from weakly cleaved mudstones to strongly foliated slates.

scholarly journals Kristalinitas Abu Vulkanik Gunung Soputan dan Implikasinya Terhadap Perilaku Eksplosif pada Erupsi Tahun 2016 dan 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Maria D. Bobanto ◽  
Ferdy Ferdy ◽  
Guntur Pasau ◽  
D.D Tampemawas ◽  
A. Saefuloh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Explosive Eruption ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Crystallinity ◽  
Block Form ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Solid Form ◽  
Brittle Fragmentation

Gunung Soputan adalah gunung basaltik dengan tipe erupsi eksplosif. Tipikal eksplosif berkaitan dengan karakter magma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kristalinitas abu vulkanik Gunung Soputan tahun 2016 dan 2018 dan implikasinya terhadap perilaku eksplosifnya. Kristalinitas abu vulkanik dikarakterisasi menggunakan peralatan difraktometer sinar X. Indeks kristalinitas dikalkulasi menggunakan persamaan Soltys dan ukuran kristal dikomputasi dengan persamaan Debye-Scherrer. Morfologi partikel abu dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa abu Soputan tahun 2016 dan 2018 memiliki indeks kristalinitas yang tinggi dan mengandung sejumlah kristal berukuran kecil serta memiliki dua bentuk morfologi yaitu bentuk padat dan blok bervesikular untuk abu hasil erupsi 4 Januari 2016, dan bentuk padat dan blok untuk abu hasil erupsi 6 Februari 2016 dan 3 Oktober 2018. Kristalinitas yang tinggi menyebabkan magma Soputan memiliki viskositas yang memadai untuk terjadinya  erupsi yang eksplosif. Karakter eksplosif Gunung Soputan terekam dalam morfologi abu vulkaniknya.Kata kunci: Abu vulkanik; erupsi eksplosif; fragmentasi getas; indeks kristalinitasCristallinity of Volcanic Ash of Mount Soputan and Its Implication to Explosive Behaviour on Eruption of 2016 and 2018ABSTRACTMount Soputan is a basaltic mountain with an explosive eruption type. Typical explosives relate to the character of the magma. This study aims to examine the crystallinity of Mount Soputan's volcanic ash in 2016 and 2018 and its implications for its explosive behavior. The crystallinity of volcanic ash was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer. The crystallinity index was calculated using the Soltys equation and the crystal size computed using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The morphology of the ash particles was characterized using SEM. The characterization results show that the 2016 and 2018 Soputan ash has a high crystallinity index and contains a number of small crystals and has two morphological forms, namely solid form and vesicular block for ash from the eruption on January 4, 2016, and solid and block form for eruption ash 6 February 2016 and October 3 2018. High crystallinity causes the Soputan magma to have sufficient viscosity for explosive eruptions. The explosive character of Mount Soputan is recorded in the morphology of its volcanic ash.Keywords: Brittle fragmentation; crystallinity index; explosive eruption; volcanic ash

Direct Observation of Crystalline Ordering In Naturally Graphitized Carbon Produced by Low Grade Metamorphism

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
Thomas R. McKee ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Metamorphic Zone

Sediments commonly contain organic material which appears as refractory carbonaceous material in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Grew and others have shown that relative carbon content, crystallite size, X-ray crystallinity and development of well-ordered graphite crystal structure of the carbonaceous material increases with increasing metamorphic grade. The graphitization process is irreversible and appears to be continous from the amorphous to the completely graphitized stage. The most dramatic chemical and crystallographic changes take place within the chlorite metamorphic zone.The detailed X-ray investigation of crystallite size and crystalline ordering is complex and can best be investigated by other means such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The natural graphitization series is similar to that for heat-treated commercial carbon blacks, which have been successfully studied by HRTEM (Ban and others).

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