Occurrence of chloritic intergrades in the Recent sediments of the Arno River (Italy)

Clay Minerals ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sartori ◽  
R. Riffaldi ◽  
R. Levi-Minzi
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Recent Sediments

AbstractClay mineral assemblages from a Quaternary sequence, sampled near the estuary of the Arno River, commonly contain some intergrade minerals, associated with other 14 Å phases and with illite and subordinate amounts of a kaolin mineral. The X-ray diffraction characteristics of such intergrade phases and their thermal modifications (100–600°C) are analysed and described.The effectiveness of some chemical treatments for removal of interlayer material is investigated and the results discussed on the basis of X-ray diffraction pattern and C.E.C. changes. Finally the properties of these intergrades are compared with those of the 14 Å phases present in the sediments carried by the Arno River and its tributary the Era River as well as with those of a soil from the Era watershed. Hypotheses are expressed about the probable relationships between degree of chloritization and characteristics of the depositional environments.

A hydrothermal clay mineral assemblage at the Late Proterozoic unconformity in the Buenos Aires Complex – La Tinta Formation, Barker area, Tandilia Ranges (Argentina)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Martínez ◽  
J. A. Dristas ◽  
H.-J. Massonne ◽  
T. Theye
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
White Mica ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aluminium Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Late Proterozoic ◽  
Eu Anomaly ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
First Time

AbstractA general alteration pattern of two transitional clay mineral assemblages was determined by petrography and X-ray diffractometry studies at the Tandilia Late Proterozoic unconformity zone, around the Barker locality: (1) K-white mica + chlorite + calcite ± anatase-rutile ± secondary quartz (farther from the unconformity) and (2) pyrophyllite + K-white mica + Ti-rich hematite ± aluminium phosphate-sulphate minerals ± tourmaline ± anatase-rutile (closer to the unconformity). The local occurrence of Na in K-white micas and K-Na in pyrophyllite is described for the first time. Possible interlayering with intermediate K-Na mica and paragonite is indicated by detailed X-ray diffraction analyses. A negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.24), strongly positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* =11.7) and positive Ce anomaly characterized rapid changes from an unaltered basement to the most altered basement and sedimentary rocks at the unconformity. Aluminium phosphate-sulphate minerals dominate patterns of LREE. A model of hydrothermal alteration comparable to that of unconformity-related uranium deposits is presented.

scholarly journals Clay mineral investigation of the Rhaetic - Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous sediments of the B0rglum 1 and Uglev 1 wells, Denmark

1985 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Birthe J. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Early Diagenesis ◽  
Burial Diagenesis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Geochemical Environment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Scanning Electron

The clay mineral assemblages of the Rhaetic -Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous sequences from the Borglum 1 and U glev 1 wells have been investigated to evaluate the diagenesis of the sediments. Besides grain size analyses, the methods include X-ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive analyses. The distribution of clay minerals essentially shows a rapid change from smectite to kaolinite dominance with increasing depth. Kaolinite dominates the older sediments below the lower part of the Haldager For­mation, including the Fjerritslev and Gassum Formations, while smectite dominates the younger sedi­ments above the upper part of the Haldager Formation, which includes Bream and Vedsted Formations. This change is primarily attributed to differences in the composition of the mineralogy and geochemical environment rather than to burial diagenesis. While some early diagenesis has taken place to form authi­genic kaolinite, thorough depth-dependent diagenesis can hardly be detected.

Caracteres generaux des tonsteins du bassin stephanien de Lons-le-Saunier (Jura); note preliminaire

1960 ◽  
Vol S7-II (5) ◽  
pp. 661-665
Author(s):  
Georges Lienhardt
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Study of different claystones in the Stephanian (Carboniferous) deposits of the Lons-le-Saunier coal basin, France, shows that they retain certain features over relatively long distances. The x-ray diffraction pattern, in particular, is often typical of a given claystone. Kaolinite is practically the only clay mineral present. The claystones must have been derived from the soil cover of a continental land area.

scholarly journals Application of the capillary method in micro X-ray diffractometry (µ-XRD): A useful technique for the characterization of small amounts of clay minerals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivett Kovács ◽  
Tibor Németh ◽  
Gabriella B. Kiss ◽  
Zsolt Benkó
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rapid Preparation ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Capillary Method ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Ph Conditions

AbstractThe laboratory micro X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) technique is a suitable method to study minerals in-situ in whole-rock specimens without any sample preparation or in polished thin sections, and even in small amounts in powdered form. The micro X-ray diffraction method uses the conventional, closed-tube X-ray generator, but modifications were needed in the diffraction column, sample holder and detector in order to achieve μ-XRD capability.In this paper, we present a case study of the capillary method used in µ-XRD on hydrothermal clay mineral assemblages that formed in the Velence Mts (Hungary). The capillary method in µ-XRD has many advantages in the investigation of small amounts of clay minerals: (1) easy and rapid preparation of randomly oriented, powdered samples; (2) rapid measurements; (3) accurate diffraction patterns. By using the capillary method, the formation of preferred orientation can be eliminated; thus the (hkl) reflection of the clay minerals can be precisely measured. Illite polytype quantification and the investigation of (060) reflection of clay minerals can be used satisfactorily in µ-XRD.Hydrothermal clay mineral assemblages are indicative of temperature and pH. Their examination can determine the physicochemical parameters of the hydrothermal fluids that interacted with the host granite in the Velence Mts. The analyzed hydrothermal clay minerals from the western part of the mountains suggest lower temperatures (150–200 °C) and intermediate pH conditions. In contrast, the clay mineral assemblages' characteristics for the eastern part of the mountains indicate more intense argillization and higher temperatures (∼220 °C) and intermediate pH conditions.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Electron Microscopy of Shock Loaded Polycrystalline Beryllium

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 506-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Galbraith ◽  
L. E. Murr ◽  
A. L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Slip Systems ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Uniaxial compression tests and hydrostatic tests at pressures up to 27 kbars have been performed to determine operating slip systems in single crystal and polycrystal1ine beryllium. A recent study has been made of wave propagation in single crystal beryllium by shock loading to selectively activate various slip systems, and this has been followed by a study of wave propagation and spallation in textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. An alteration in the X-ray diffraction pattern has been noted after shock loading, but this alteration has not yet been correlated with any structural change occurring during shock loading of polycrystal1ine beryllium.This study is being conducted in an effort to characterize the effects of shock loading on textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. Samples were fabricated from a billet of Kawecki-Berylco hot pressed HP-10 beryllium.

Cytomembrane Preservation in Tissue Dehydrated Only With Glutaraldehyde and Epon 812 Resin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Pease
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Unpublished Study ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sectioned Material

A previous study demonstrated that tissue could be successfully infiltrated with 50% glutaraldehyde, and then subsequently polymerized with urea to create an embedment which retained cytomembrane lipids in sectioned material. As a result, the 180-190 Å periodicity characteristic of fresh, mammalian myelin was preserved in sections, as was a brilliant birefringence, and the capacity to bind OsO4 vapor in the hydrophobic bilayers. An associated (unpublished) study, carried out in co-operation with Drs. C.K. Akers and D.F. Parsons, demonstrated that the high concentration of glutaraldehyde (and urea) did not significantly alter the X-ray diffraction pattern of aldehyde-fixed, myelin. Thus, by itself, 50% glutaraldehyde has little effect upon cytomembrane systems and can be used with confidence for the first stages of dehydration.

scholarly journals Efficient methods of X-ray diffraction pattern inversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 102605
Author(s):  
Ian Gregory Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction analysis of matter taking into account the second harmonic in the scattering of powerful ultrashort pulses of an electromagnetic field

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Eseev ◽  
A. A. Goshev ◽  
K. A. Makarova ◽  
D. N. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Ultrashort Pulses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Spectra ◽  
Technical Possibility ◽  
2D And 3D

AbstractIt is well known that the scattering of ultrashort pulses (USPs) of an electromagnetic field in the X-ray frequency range can be used in diffraction analysis. When such USPs are scattered by various polyatomic objects, a diffraction pattern appears from which the structure of the object can be determined. Today, there is a technical possibility of creating powerful USP sources and the analysis of the scattering spectra of such pulses is a high-precision instrument for studying the structure of matter. As a rule, such scattering occurs at a frequency close to the carrier frequency of the incident USP. In this work, it is shown that for high-power USPs, where the magnetic component of USPs cannot be neglected, scattering at the second harmonic appears. The scattering of USPs by the second harmonic has a characteristic diffraction pattern which can be used to judge the structure of the scattering object; combining the scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics therefore greatly enhances the diffraction analysis of matter. Scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics are shown for various polyatomic objects: examples considered are 2D and 3D materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and hybrid structures consisting of nanotubes. The theory developed in this work can be applied to various multivolume objects and is quite simple for X-ray structural analysis, because it is based on analytical expressions.

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