scholarly journals Activated but Not Quiescent Hematopoietic Stem Cells Rely Readily on Glycolysis As Their Main Source of Energy

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 271-271
Author(s):  
Tasleem Arif ◽  
Raymond Liang ◽  
Maio Lin ◽  
Svetlana Kalmikova ◽  
Artem Kasianov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Quiescent Hscs

Elucidating mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) quiescence is critical for improving bone marrow transplantation. It is postulated that quiescent HSCs rely mostly on glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their energy source. We have identified a population of HSCs with low mitochondrial activity (LSKCD150+CD48- within the 25% lowest mitochondrial membrane potential; MMP-low) that we show are highly enriched in quiescent HSCs (~95% ±2.65 in G0) as measured by pyronin Y/Hoechst staining in contrast to LSKCD150+CD48- within 25% highest MMP (MMP-high) that are in majority in G1/S/G2/M phase of cell cycle (55.4%±16; p<0.05; n=3). MMP-low HSCs exhibit greater in vivo competitive repopulation ability (3.7 fold; p=0.021; n=10 mice) at 16 weeks as compared to MMP-high fractions, show higher self renewal ability and are enriched in label-retaining H2B-GFP+ cells (~3 fold; p<0.01; n=3). Conversely, label-retaining GFP+HSCs maintain lower MMP than non-label-retaining cells. Altogether these results reinforce the notion that MMP-low HSCs are quiescent whereas MMP-high HSCs are primed/activated. Using single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to interrogate the transcriptome by a Fluidigm C1 platform within MMP-high versus MMP-low HSCs we found major metabolic pathways including OXPHOS, exhibit significantly greater expression within the MMP-high than in the MMP-low HSC fraction. Seahorse analysis confirmed that MMP-high but not -low hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) use OXPHOS as their source of energy (3.9 fold; n=16 mice). Unexpectedly, glycolytic gene expression was also enriched in the primed MMP-high HSCs and relatively low in quiescent MMP-low HSCs. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that the expression of glycolytic enzymes and other genes including glucose transporter 1 (Glut1, slc2a1) that is the main glucose transporter on HSCs is greater in MMP-high relative to -low HSCs. These unforeseen findings raised the potential that despite the current consensus in HSC biology, glycolysis may more readily support activated rather than quiescent HSCs. We thus measured the glucose uptake in MMP-low vs -high HSCs under metabolic (pyruvate, glucose and glutamine)-restricted conditions. Using 2NBDG, a fluorescently tagged glucose analog, we found that MMP-high HSCs uptake 3.3-fold more glucose and contained three times more 2NBDG+ cells as compared to MMP-low HSCs (p<0.001 for each; n=3). Pharmacological inhibition of Glut1 reduced glucose uptake in MMP-high but not -low HSCs suggesting the specific sensitivity of MMP-high HSCs to the glucose inhibition. In addition, activation of tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA cycle with combined methyl-pyruvate and dimethyl-alpha-ketoglutarate led to a greater glucose uptake (~3.5 fold) in MMP-high as compared to MMP low HSCs (~2.2 fold; p<0.0001). To address the degree to which glycolysis is necessary, FACS-purified MMP-low and -high HSCs were incubated with 2-Deoxy D-Glucose (2DG) - a glucose analog - that inhibits glycolysis via its action on hexokinase. While glucose deprivation with 50 mM dose of 2DG within 12 hours did not have much effect on MMP-low HSCs, over 60% of MMP-high HSCs died (p<0.001; n=3), suggesting that MMP-high but not -low HSCs rely readily on glycolysis for their survival. Also, the inhibition of mitochondrial transport of pyruvate that is the end product of glycolysis (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC)), decreased survival in MMP-high HSCs by 80% with negligible effect on MMP-low HSCs (p<0.01; n=3). Finally 50 FACS-purified HSCs (LSKCD150+CD48-MMP-low or -high) were transplanted in lethally irradiated mice along with 200,000 unfractionated bone marrow cells in a competitive repopulation assay and mice were subsequently treated with 2DG or control vehicle every other day for two weeks. Two months later, 2DG treatment led to significantly enhanced reconstitution levels in MMP-high HSCs with no or little effect on MMP low reconstitution levels (ongoing). These combined results suggest that primed MMP-high rather than quiescent MMP-low HSCs rely on glycolysis as their main source of energy. These findings are consistent with the concept that glycolysis is key in sustaining rapidly dividing cells such as embryonic stem cells and cancer cells. Disclosures Ghaffari: Rubius Therapeutics: Consultancy.

TIMP-3 Inhibition of Angiopoietin-1 Signaling Recruits Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Bone Marrow Niche.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1255-1255
Author(s):  
Hideaki Nakajima ◽  
Miyuki Ito ◽  
David Smookler ◽  
Fumi Shibata ◽  
Yumi Fukuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Bm Niche ◽  
Quiescent Hscs ◽  
Angiopoietin 1

Abstract Regulating transition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) between quiescent and cycling states is critical for maintaining homeostasis of blood cell production in the adult bone marrow. Quiescent HSCs are rapidly recruited into the cell cycle when they face hematopoietic demands such as myelosuppression, returning to quiescence once they produce enough progenitors. It was previously shown that quiescent HSCs express Tie2 and that Tie2/angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) signaling plays a critical role for maintaining HSC quiescence. However, molecular cues for recruiting HSCs from a quiescent state into cycle remain poorly understood. Extracellular signals are often regulated by the extracellular matrix environment, which is modulated by metalloproteinase (MMP) activities. TIMP-3 is an endogenous inhibitor of MMPs, and we have previously proposed that TIMP-3 may play a critical role in HSC physiology. In addition, TIMP-3 has been reported to suppress angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. By analogy with VEGF inhibition, we reasoned that TIMP-3 might suppress Ang-1 signaling in HSC and act as a molecular cue for HSC recruitment. In order to investigate a role of TIMP-3 in the HSC recruitment, we first examined whether TIMP-3 is regulated in the BM upon myelosuppression. Analyses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunostaining revealed that the injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or irradiation induced TIMP-3 at the endosteal surface of the BM after 3-days of treatment. We next tested the hypothesis that TIMP-3 might be regulating Ang-1 signals by using cell line models. This revealed that the pre-treatment of cells with TIMP-3 suppressed autophosphorylation of Tie-2 in response to Ang-1. BIAcore and in vitro binding assay revealed that TIMP-3 directly interacted with Ang-1 and Tie-2, indicating that TIMP-3 suppressed Ang-1 signaling through interfering ligand-receptor interaction. Next we examined the effect of TIMP-3 on HSC physiology. TIMP-3 promoted the proliferation of CD34-KSL cells in vitro by approximately 2–3 fold. This was mainly due to the enhanced production of multipotential progenitors from CD34-KSL cells, which was accomplished by an enhanced symmetrical cell division of multipotential progenitors as revealed by paired-daughter cell analysis. Bone marrow transplantation study of TIMP-3-treated CD34-KSL cells showed that they sustained long-term repopulating potential comparable to the control-treated cells. Furthermore, in vivo administration of TIMP-3 into mice accelerated recovery and protected mice from myelosuppression, and in turn, the bone marrow recovery after myelosuppression was delayed in TIMP-3-deficient animals. In summary, TIMP-3 is induced by myelosuppression in the BM niche, stimulates HSC proliferation by inhibiting Ang-1 signaling, and thereby promotes production of multipotential progenitors from HSCs. These results demonstrate that TIMP-3 acts as a molecular cue for recruiting quiescent HSCs from the BM niche.

Implication of AML1/RUNX1 Function in the Homeostasis and Leukemic Transformation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4117-4117
Author(s):  
Motoshi Ichikawa ◽  
Masataka Takeshita ◽  
Susumu Goyama ◽  
Takashi Asai ◽  
Eriko Nitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Chimeric Protein ◽  
Chromosomal Translocation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Quiescent Hscs ◽  
Marrow Cells

Abstract Transcription factor AML1/RUNX1, initially isolated from the t(8;21) chromosomal translocation in human leukemia, is essential for the development of multilineage hematopoiesis in mouse embryos. AML1 negatively regulates the number of immature hematopoietic cells in adult hematopoiesis, while it is required for megakaryocytic maturation and lymphocytic development. However, it remains yet to be determined how AML1 contributes to homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To address this issue, we analyzed in detail HSC function in the absence of AML1. Notably, cells in the Hoechst 33342 side population fraction and c-Kit-positive cells in the G0 cell cycle status were increased in number in AML1-deficient bone marrow, which suggests enrichment of quiescent HSCs. We also found an increase in HSC number within the AML1-deficient bone marrow using limiting dilution bone marrow transplantation assays. Thus, the number of quiescent HSCs is negatively regulated by AML1, loss of which may result in accumulation of leukemic stem cell pool in AML1-related leukemia. To identify mechanisms through which functional loss of AML1 exerts leukemogenic potential, we focused on the AML1-Evi-1 chimeric protein, which is generated by the t(3;21) chromosomal translocation and disturbs the normal function of AML1. We introduced AML1-Evi-1 and its mutants into murine bone marrow cells, and evaluated hematopoietic cell transformation by colony replating assays. The transforming activity of AML1-Evi-1 was impaired when any of the major functional domains of AML1-Evi-1 was lost. Moreover, overexpression of Evi-1 could not transform AML1-deleted bone marrow cells, suggesting that fusion of AML1 and Evi-1, rather than AML1 suppression and Evi-1 overexpression, is essential for AML1-Evi-1 leukemogenesis. Intriguingly, among the hematopoietic progenitor cell fractions, AML1-Evi-1 could transform only the uncommitted, immature hematopoietic cells, which contrasts with MLL-ENL, a chimeric protein generated in t(11;19) leukemia. AML1-Evi-1 transformed cells show a surface marker profile different from that of the cells transformed by AML1-MTG8/ETO, another leukemic gene product that also perturbs AML1 function. These results provide a valuable clue to a distinct mechanism determined by the Evi-1 moiety in the AML1-Evi-1 leukemogenesis and to a role of AML1 loss in the self-renewal of leukemic stem cells.

TIMP-3 recruits quiescent hematopoietic stem cells into active cell cycle and expands multipotent progenitor pool

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (22) ◽  
pp. 4474-4482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Nakajima ◽  
Miyuki Ito ◽  
David S. Smookler ◽  
Fumi Shibata ◽  
Yumi Fukuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Active Cell ◽  
Tissue Inhibitor Of Metalloproteinase ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Hematopoietic Recovery ◽  
Quiescent Hscs

Regulating transition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) between quiescent and cycling states is critical for maintaining homeostasis of blood cell production. The cycling states of HSCs are regulated by the extracellular factors such as cytokines and extracellular matrix; however, the molecular circuitry for such regulation remains elusive. Here we show that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), an endogenous regulator of metalloproteinases, stimulates HSC proliferation by recruiting quiescent HSCs into the cell cycle. Myelosuppression induced TIMP-3 in the bone marrow before hematopoietic recovery. Interestingly, TIMP-3 enhanced proliferation of HSCs and promoted expansion of multipotent progenitors, which was achieved by stimulating cell-cycle entry of quiescent HSCs without compensating their long-term repopulating activity. Surprisingly, this effect did not require metalloproteinase inhibitory activity of TIMP-3 and was possibly mediated through a direct inhibition of angiopoietin-1 signaling, a critical mediator for HSC quiescence. Furthermore, bone marrow recovery from myelosuppression was accelerated by over-expression of TIMP-3, and in turn, impaired in TIMP-3–deficient animals. These results suggest that TIMP-3 may act as a molecular cue in response to myelosuppression for recruiting dormant HSCs into active cell cycle and may be clinically useful for facilitating hematopoietic recovery after chemotherapy or ex vivo expansion of HSCs.

AML1/Runx1 Negatively Regulates the Number of Quiescent Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Adult Hematopoiesis.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 4204-4204
Author(s):  
Motoshi Ichikawa ◽  
Takashi Asai ◽  
Masahiro Nakagawa ◽  
Masahito Kawazu ◽  
Susumu Goyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Side Population ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Human Leukemia ◽  
Myeloproliferative Disease ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Quiescent Hscs

Abstract Transcription factor AML1 (also called Runx1), which was initially isolated from the t(8;21) chromosomal translocation frequently found in the acute myelogenous leukemia FAB M2 subtype, is essential for the development of multilineage hematopoiesis in mouse embryos. By analyzing conditional AML1 knockout mice, we have previously shown that AML1 negatively regulates the number of immature hematopoietic cells defined as lineage-negative, CD34− Sca-1+ c-Kit+ (34KSL) cells in adult hematopoiesis, while it is required for megakaryocytic maturation and lymphocytic development. The former is a significant observation because an increase in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells due to defective AML1 function may be closely related to the development of human leukemia. In support of this is the fact that mice in which leukemic chimeric protein AML1/ETO is expressed in hematopoietic cells are subject to myeloproliferative disease and develop leukemia after additional mutation. However, it has remained yet to be determined how AML1 contributes to homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To address this issue, we analyzed in detail HSC function in the absence of AML1. Notably, cells in the Hoechst 33342 side population (SP) fraction are increased in number in AML1-deficient bone marrow, which suggests enrichment of quiescent HSCs. We quantitatively evaluated HSCs by bone marrow transplantation assays using limiting dilution and found a significant increase in HSC number within the AML1-deficient bone marrow. These results indicate that the number of quiescent HSCs is negatively regulated by AML1, loss of which may result in accumulation of leukemic stem cell pool in AML1-related leukemia.

Cited2 Is Required For The Maintenance Of Glycolytic Metabolism In Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 794-794
Author(s):  
Jinwei Du ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Fangqiang Tang ◽  
Michelle Puchowitz ◽  
Hasashi Fujioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Glycolytic Metabolism ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
In Vitro Treatment

Abstract Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) primarily reside in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment, and preferentially utilize anaerobic glycolysis to obtain energy. Cited2 is a cytokine-inducible gene, which plays various roles during mouse development. Our previous studies showed that deletion of Cited2 in adult mouse results in loss of HSC quiescence, increased apoptosis, and impaired HSC reconstitution capacity (Blood 2012, 119:2789-2798). In this study, we conditionally deleted Cited2 in Cited2fl/fl;Mx1-Cre mice and investigated the role of Cited2 in the metabolic regulation of HSCs. First, we examined mitochondrial alterations in Cited2 knockout (KO) long-term (LT-) and short-term (ST-) HSCs defined as “Flt3-CD34- LSK” and “Flt3-CD34+ LSK”, respectively. Staining with MitoTracker Green revealed that deletion of Cited2 resulted in a significant increase in mitochondrial mass in both LT- and ST-HSCs but not in the whole bone marrow cells. To explore the morphological changes of mitochondria in Cited2 KO HSCs, we sorted Flt3-LSK cells (containing LT- and ST- HSCs) and performed electron microscopy ultrastructural analysis. The mitochondria in wild type (WT) HSCs were mostly small, round or oval, and dark (Figure 1). However, Cited2 KO HSCs displayed markedly elongated and brighter mitochondria, similar to those observed in aged WT HSCs (20–24 months old mice) by others. The frequency of Cited2 KO LT-HSCs with high mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased (8.5% in WT versus 15.1% in KO). Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Cited2 KO HSCs were significantly higher than those in WT controls. To further understand the metabolic changes in Cited2 KO HSCs, we measured glucose uptake using fluorescent indicator 2-NBDG. Glucose uptake was unchanged in the Cited2 KO LT- and ST- HSCs. Also, intracellular ATP content was maintained at the normal levels in Cited2 KO LT-HSCs, although slightly increased in ST-HSCs compared with WT controls. To assess the utilization of glycolysis in Cited2 KO HSCs, glycolytic flux was determined by glucose-derived 13C-lactate production using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). We found that the rate of 13C-lactate production was significantly lower in both LT- and ST-HSCs lacking Cited2 than in WT controls. To further confirm this finding, we treated HSCs with antimycin A (AMA), a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain. We found that Cited2 KO HSCs displayed increased NADH after AMA treatment, compared with the WT control, indicating that mitochondrial respiration was increased in KO HSCs and produced more NADH. At the molecular level, deletion of Cited2 significantly reduced the expression of metabolism related genes in HSCs, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) B and LDHD, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (Pdk) 2 and Pdk4, PYGL (phosphorylase, glycogen, liver), and GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1). Notably, Pdk2 and Pdk4 were recently shown to be critical controllers of glycolysis and checkpoint for cell cycle in HSCs. Consistent with reduced expression of Pdk, the phosphorylation of PDH-E1α was significantly decreased in Cited2 KO HSCs. Akt, mTOR, and FoxOs are known regulators of mitochondrial functions in HSCs. We found that Akt-mTOR signaling activity was increased in Cited2 KO HSCs, as indicated by increased phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. However, in vitro treatment of LT-HSCs with mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin did not resume decreased expression of LDHB, LDHD, Pdk2, and Pdk4, suggesting that elevated mTORC1 activity may not be the major contributor to the downregulation of glycolysis related genes. Meanwhile, we also found that in Cited2 KO LT-HSCs, phosphorylation of FoxO1 and FoxO3 was increased, both of which are known regulators of Pdk4 expression. Interestingly, in vitro treatment of LT-HSCs with PI3/Akt inhibitor LY294002, partially rescued the expression of Pdk4. Together, these findings suggest that the downregulation of Pdk4 in Cited2 KO HSCs is likely mediated by the inactivation of FoxOs caused by the elevated Akt activity. In summary, these results show that loss of Cited2 attenuates HSCs' glycolytic metabolism while simultaneously enhancing their overall mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, thus suggesting a critical role of Cited2 in the maintenance of adult HSC glycolytic metabolism likely through regulating LDH, Pdk, and Akt activity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The Impact of Age and Gender on Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Immune Contexture of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rebar N. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare population of cells that reside mainly in the bone marrow and are capable of generating and fulfilling the entire hematopoietic system upon differentiation. Thirty-six healthy donors, attending the HSCT center to donate their bone marrow, were categorized according to their age into child (0–12 years), adolescence (13–18 years), and adult (19–59 years) groups, and gender into male and female groups. Then, the absolute number of HSCs and mature immune cells in their harvested bone marrow was investigated. Here, we report that the absolute cell number can vary considerably based on the age of the healthy donor, and the number of both HSCs and immune cells declines with advancing age. The gender of the donor (male or female) did not have any impact on the number of the HSCs and immune cells in the bone marrow. In conclusion, since the number of HSCs plays a pivotal role in the clinical outcome of allogeneic HSC transplantations, identifying a younger donor regardless the gender is critical.

scholarly journals Influence of height on endothelial maintenance activity: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Shimizu ◽  
Takahiro Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Maintenance Activity ◽  
Marrow Activity

AbstractRecent studies have revealed an inverse association between height and cardiovascular disease. However, the background mechanism of this association has not yet been clarified. Height has also been reported to be positively associated with cancer. Therefore, well-known cardiovascular risk factors, such as increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, are not the best explanations for this inverse association because these risk factors are also related to cancer. However, impaired blood flow is the main pathological problem in cardiovascular disease, while glowing feeding vessels (angiogenesis) are the main characteristic of cancer pathologies. Therefore, endothelial maintenance activity, especially for the productivity of hematopoietic stem cells such as CD34-positive cells, could be associated with the height of an individual because this cell contributes not only to the progression of atherosclerosis but also to the development of angiogenesis. In addition, recent studies have also revealed a close connection between bone marrow activity and endothelial maintenance; bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells contribute towards endothelial maintenance. Since the absolute volume of bone marrow is positively associated with height, height could influence endothelial maintenance activity. Based on these hypotheses, we performed several studies. The aim of this review is not only to discuss the association between height and bone marrow activity, but also to describe the potential mechanism underlying endothelial maintenance. In addition, this review also aims to explain some of the reasons that implicate hypertension as a major risk factor for stroke among the Japanese population. The review also aims to clarify the anthropological reasons behind the high risk of atherosclerosis progression in Japanese individuals with acquired genetic characteristics.

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