Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 3662-3662
Author(s):  
Nunziatina Parrinello ◽  
Piera La Cava ◽  
Daniele Tibullo ◽  
Cesarina Giallongo ◽  
Orazio Di Bartolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Hla Dr

Abstract Abstract 3662 Poster Board III-598 Background Immune suppression and angiogenesis are mechanisms key to tumour growth and progression. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of cells of myeloid origin and include immature macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and other myeloid cells. In mice are phenotypically characterized as CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, while in human they have an immature phenotype, including lineage negative (Lin-), CD14-, HLA-DR-, CD15+, CD34+, CD11b+, CD33+, and CD13+ cells. MDSC reduce activated T-cell number and inhibit their function through different mechanisms including: L-arginine metabolism, nitric oxide (NO), up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. MDSC also promote tumor-dependent angiogenesis as well as tumor metastasis. Their accumulation has been described in patients affected by some solid tumors but information on haematological neoplasms are lacking. Our study investigated by flow cytometry the presence of MSDC in the peripheral blood of patients affected by Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). Methods We studied 14 patients with HL at diagnosis and 10 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with the following monoclonal antibodies:CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD34, CD45, for 20 minutes at room temperature. After lysing red cells, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results we observed a increased number of MDSC (CD11b+,CD13+,CD34+,CD14-, CD45+) in the peripheral blood of patients with HL compared to HC (13,37 ± 17,77 ×109/l vs 1,45± 0,98 ×109/l, p=0,0007). We also found that patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin disease (III and IV) have higher number of MDSC, compared to patients stage I and II (p= 0,04). Conclusion These data suggest a role for myeloid-derived suppressor cells in promoting tumor cell proliferation in hodgkin lymphoma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Decreased Circulating Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells at First Follow-up Predict Favorable Response to Immunotherapy in a Randomized Trial of Nivolumab and Bevacizumab in Recurrent GBM

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Grabowski ◽  
Balint Otvos ◽  
Tyler J Alban ◽  
Marcella Diaz ◽  
Justin D Lathia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cell

Abstract INTRODUCTION A potential barrier to successful immunotherapy response in glioblastoma (GBM) is myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs): an immature immunosuppressive cell elevated in the circulation and tumor of GBM patients. Given a limited set of biomarkers predictive of response to immunotherapy in GBM, we explored the change in MDSC levels with immunotherapy to predict treatment response. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on patients in a randomized, phase 2 study of nivolumab and bevacizumab at GBM first recurrence. Clinical and radiographic data were analyzed for disease progression or treatment response via Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria. Blood was collected prior to treatment and at first imaging follow-up. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood samples and analyzed. Characterization of circulating immune cells was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS A total of 9 patients were identified as responders or nonresponders at a median time of 8.7 wk (range 6.9-10.0) after therapy initiation. MDSCs, as a percentage of total PBMCs, were elevated at baseline in responders compared to nonresponders (4.9% ± 0.7 vs 2.6% ± 0.2, P = .019), which reversed at follow up (1.8% ± 0.4 vs 5.8% ± 1.1, P = .032). There was a 6.4 fold decrease in MDSCs as a percentage of total PBMCs between baseline and first imaging follow-up in responders as compared to nonresponders (P = .001). When looking at subtypes of MDSCs, a 4.9 fold decrease in granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) was noted in responders over nonresponders (P = .010). Further investigation of this cohort by simultaneous single-cell analysis of transcriptome and surface epitopes is ongoing. CONCLUSION Differences in circulating MDSC levels that were specific to responders and nonresponders were seen both before and after therapy initialization, with decreases in MDSCs (specifically G-MDSCs) being correlated with treatment response. Characterization of MDSCs in the peripheral blood may be helpful in identifying GBM patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy.

Relationship of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and immune suppression, nutritional impairment, and inflammatory markers in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 675-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Shibata ◽  
Kenji Gonda ◽  
Izumi Nakamura ◽  
Shinji Ohki ◽  
Kenichi Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancer ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immune Suppressor Cells

675 Background: A suppression of cell mediated immunity and malnutrition are commonly seen in patients with advanced cancer and it has been reported that chronic inflammation plays a key role in induction of these conditions. MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, found as a new type of immune suppressor cells that is closely related to chronic inflammation, have reported to be present in blood circulation in patients with cancer. MDSC have been reported to suppress immune function through several pathways. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 18 normal healthy volunteers, and 53 patients with gastrointestinal cancer including 5 patients with esophageal, 16 with gastric, 26 with colorectal, 3 with bile duct, 1 with pancreatic and 1 with hepatocellular carcinomas, and these cells were used for the detection of MDSC (CD11b+CD14-CD33+) by flow cytometry. PBMC was also used for the PHA-blastogenesis of lymphocytes which is a marker of cell mediated immunity (stimulation indices: SI). Results: MDSC(%PBMC) of whole patients with gastrointestinal cancer, those with gastric cancer and those with colorectal cancer were higher than those of healthy volunteer (3.76+4.90%, 5.18+1.86%, 4.21+1.43% vs 1.59+1.08%, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.10, respectively). MDSC of patients with gastrointestinal cancer were also inversely correlated to the SI (r=−0.271, p<0.05) and to the serum concentrations of total protein (r=−0.490, p<0.005). It also tended to correlate to neutrophil counts (r=0.287, p<0.10) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (NLR, r=0.623, p=0.10), and inversely did to lymphocyte counts (r=−0.251, p<0.10).Thus MDSC was successfully detected in peripheral blood and was significantly higher in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. It was related to the inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, hypoaproteinemia and inflammatory markers such as NLR. Conclusions: MDSC seemed to work in the mechanisms of suppression of immune reaction and malnutrition, typically seen in cancer cachexia, in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and may be important as a marker of advancement of malignant diseases.

scholarly journals 686 Characterization of a novel compound that inhibits peroxynitrite generation by myeloid derived suppressor cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A714-A714
Author(s):  
Gabriella Lapurga ◽  
Steven Sun ◽  
Erick Carlson ◽  
Himanshu Savardekar ◽  
Kari Kendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells

BackgroundMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are immature immune cells that suppress immunity and mediate resistance to immune–based cancer therapies. MDSC exert their immunosuppressive effects partly through the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which combine to form peroxynitrite (PNT). PNT reacts with the tyrosine residues of key immune cell signaling proteins and inactivates them via nitration. Targeting MDSC via PNT inhibitors is an attractive avenue to improve the response to immunotherapy. The Peterson and Carson Labs have collaborated to develop a novel inhibitor of PNT and have explored its use in murine tumor models and human patients with cancer.MethodsSplenocytes (comprised of 12% MDSC) were isolated from mice bearing tumors derived from the EMT6 breast cancer cell line and cultured with 10 µm beads labelled with polyclonal antibodies (immunoglobulin-G or IgG). Fluorescence emitted upon MDSC recognition and reaction with IgG was detected with a previously reported fluorescent sensor compound termed PS3. Cells were mixed with PS3 and IgG beads (or controls: IgG without beads and beads without IgG) and treated for 4 hours with the following agents: (1) BRP0112233, a novel biaryl furan discovered via high-throughput screening using PNT depletion as the readout (6 or 12 µM); (2) Ibrutinib, an FDA-approved Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor shown by the Carson Lab to inhibit the activity of nitric oxide synthase in MDSC, (2, 10 µM); and (3) PBS control. Fluorescence produced by reaction of PS3 with PNT was measured in triplicate wells using a Clariostar plate reader.ResultsSplenocytes from tumor-bearing mice produced significantly greater levels of PNT than normal splenocytes (24-fold vs 8-fold increase over plain beads, p<0.0001). Differences in fluorescence were confirmed via confocal microscopy. BRP0112233 inhibited PNT levels by 40% and 85% for the 6 and 12 µM doses, respectively. Ibrutinib inhibited PNT output by 90% and 100% at 2 and 10 µM. Cell viability was >90% except for the higher BRP dose (60% viability). In humans, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients with cancer produced more PNT than healthy donor PBMC.ConclusionsPNT output could be reproducibly quantified via this assay and BRP0112233 and ibrutinib greatly inhibited MDSC PNT production. Using the EMT6 model, these compounds are being tested in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies approved for patients with cancer. This assay has shown similar results in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with cancer.AcknowledgementsWe thank the NIH (NCI UM1 CA186712, R01CA211720), a OSUCCC Translational Therapeutics Seed Grant, and the Pelotonia Fellowship Program for financial support.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effects of Long-term Cryopreservation on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells using Flow Cytometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Chunmei Yang ◽  
Gui Ja ◽  
Yansheng Liu ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Important Evidence

Abstract Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow, which mainly includes lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and natural killer [NK] cells) and monocytes. Cryopreserved PBMCs providing biobank resources are crucial for clinical application or scientific research. Here, we used flow cytometry to explore the influence of long-term cryopreservation on the quality of PBMCs with the aim of providing important evidence for the effective utilization of biobank resources. The PBMCs were isolated from the peripheral blood, which was collected from volunteers in the hospital. After long-term cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, we analyzed the changes in cell numbers, viability, and multiple subtypes of PBMCs and studied the apoptosis, proliferation, activation, function, and status of T cells in comparison with freshly isolated PBMCs by flow cytometry, and then further tracked the effects of long-term cryopreservation on the same sample. Although the different cell types in the PBMCs dynamically changed compared with those in the freshly isolated samples, PBMC recovery and viability remained stable after long-term cryopreservation, and the number of most innate immune cells (e.g., monocytes and B cells) was significantly reduced compared to that of the freshly isolated PBMCs or long-term cryopreserved PBMCs; more importantly, the proportion of T cell subtypes, apoptosis, proliferation, and functional T cells, except for Tregs, were not affected by long-term cryopreservation. However, the proportions of activated T, naïve T, central memory T, effector T, and effector memory T cells dynamically changed after long-term cryopreservation. This article provides important evidence for the effective utilization of biobank resources. Long-term cryopreserved PBMCs can be partly used as biological resources for clinical research or basic studies, but the effect of cryopreservation on PBMCs should be considered when selecting cell samples, especially in research relating to activating or inhibiting function.

scholarly journals Large granular lymphocytes have a promoting activity on human peripheral blood erythroid burst-forming units

Blood ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Pistoia ◽  
R Ghio ◽  
A Nocera ◽  
A Leprini ◽  
A Perata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Accessory Cell ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Large Granular Lymphocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Granular Lymphocytes

Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were fractionated according to the expression of a variety of surface markers, and the fractions obtained were tested for erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) colony formation. BFU-Es were detected in the HLA-DR+ non-T cell fraction, but gave rise to optimum colony numbers only in the presence of a nonadherent, relatively radioresistant cell. This accessory cell was found among the HLA-DR- non-T, non-B cells, a fraction that was particularly enriched in large granular lymphocytes (LGLs). Experiments carried out to assess directly the surface markers of the accessory cell revealed an FcR+, OKM1+, Leu 7+, Leu 11+, OKT4-, OKT8- surface phenotype, which is consistent with that of the majority of LGLs. Peripheral blood LGLs, purified by Percoll density gradient, proved very efficient in promoting optimal BFU-E colony formation. All of these results indicate that LGLs have a potent erythroid burst-promoting activity. Such activity is probably mediated through the release of soluble factors, as shown by the observation that LGL culture supernatants were as effective as LGLs in sustaining colony formation.

scholarly journals Optimizing recovery of frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for flow cytometry

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. e0187440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Langhoff Hønge ◽  
Mikkel Steen Petersen ◽  
Rikke Olesen ◽  
Bjarne Kuno Møller ◽  
Christian Erikstrup
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells

Significant Expansion of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with High- Risk Breast Cancer Treated with Dose Dense Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4653-4653
Author(s):  
James E Talmadge ◽  
Elizabeth Reed ◽  
Kenneth Cowan ◽  
Dmitry Gabrilovich ◽  
Phyllis Warkentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Dose Dense ◽  
And Function

Abstract Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been reported to be expanded in cancer patients, following growth factor administration and after chemotherapy. These cells have been associated with a loss of T-cell number and function and provide one mechanism of immune evasion. We examined the effect of dose dense chemotherapy on immune phenotypes and function in patients with breast cancers 4 cms or larger and/or four or more involved nodes. The adjuvant therapy was dose-dense doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by paclitaxel (P), then 33 doses of radiation (R). Blood samples were obtained and studied prior to therapy, 1 week post AC and 1, 15 and 21 weeks post P and then 3, 6 and 12 months later. Flow cytometric analyses of cellular phenotypes were done on these blood specimens and compared to the levels prior to therapeutic intervention and to normal age and sex matched donors. Twenty-three pts have been followed a median of 29 months (range 5.5–50.5 months) from study entry. Two patients relapsed 8 and 23 months after diagnosis. T-cell CD-4 numbers declined following AC from an average of 4.9±0.5 ×106/ml to 1.7±0.3×106/ml, but increased to an average of 2.7± 0.3 × 106/ml, 21 weeks after P or 12 weeks after R. In this study the MDSCs were defined as Lin- (CD3, CD19, CD14 and CD13), HLA-DR- and CD33+. The numbers of MDSCs, which in normal donors were 0.62±0.16×106/ml and in the cancer patients at diagnosis were 11.8±9.6×106/ml increased to 58.4±25.9×106/ml 15 weeks after R. They remained significantly elevated through one year after diagnosis when they were 27.3±12.3×106/ml. The majority of the MDSCs had a high side scatter and forward scatter by flow analysis suggesting a granulocytic commitment rather than a monocytic commitment. The increase in MDSC numbers was apparently associated with R as the numbers of MDSCs were not significantly increased by AC (15.7±13.5×106/ml) or P (10.9±6×106/ml) one week following completion of each cycle of dose dense therapy. In association with the increase in MDSCs there was a significant decrease in PHA proliferation by the peripherial blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and suppressive activity by irradiated MNC for allergenic lymphocytes.

Efficiency of Leukemic Stem Cell Separation From Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4997-4997
Author(s):  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Susanne Hofmann ◽  
Lars Bullinger ◽  
Marlies Goetz ◽  
Markus Wiesneth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Abstract Abstract 4997 Leukemic stem cells (LSC) are the source for leukemic disease self-renewal and account for disease relapse after treatment. Therefore LSCs probably represent a critical target for therapeutic options. Xenograft models confirmed repeatedly that LSCs from AML patients reside mainly in CD34+CD38- compartment of leukemic blasts which makes the pure and efficient separation of this population mandatory to identify new therapeutic drugs to target LSC in different AML subtypes. We separated this subpopulation out of primary AML peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and compared the efficiency of both methods. In order to profile gene expression of LSCs and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) MicroArrays were performed using GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 from Affymetrix. The CD34+CD38- subpopulation was separated from PBMCs of 12 AML patients and 5 healthy volunteers using FACS. Concerning the 12 primary AML samples, the ratio of CD34+CD38- cells ranges between 0.79% and 86.2% using 1–5×107 PBMC for separation. After sorting, the purity of those AML samples increased to 88.4–98.4% while 2×104-3.6×106 cells were obtained. MACS was used to separate 2 representative samples, in which the CD34+CD38- subpopulation was rather small (sample1: 0.78%) or large (sample2: 86.1%). Those sorted subpopulations were compared to the samples sorted via FACS. In order to evaluate separation efficiency in a standardized manner, we defined the recovery rate: (CD34+CD38- cell number obtained /total CD34+CD38- cell number) × 100%. The total CD34+CD38- cell number was calculated through a pre-sorting FACS analysis. For sample 1, MACS resulted in a recovery rate of 4.2–6.4% with a purity of 86.6–90.3%, which is inferior to the recovery rate of 17% and the purity of 92.1% using FACS. For Sample 2, MACS resulted in a recovery rate of 0.4% with a purity of 98.8%, compared to the recovery rate of 11.6% with a purity of 98.1% by FACS. Comparing both methods it is obvious that the purity doesn't differ a lot, but the yield is much higher using FACS. This could represent a powerful tool, when managing rare samples. Finally, by comparing purity and yield, we showed that FACS is the adequate separation method. At the moment MicroArrays are being performed in order to investigate the gene expression profile for 12–15 AML patients and 5 HVs. Taken together, we showed a widely efficient method to routinely separate LSCs from patients with different subtypes of AML. Microarrays, that have been performed, represent a method that allows the comparison of the characteristics of LSCs in different AML subtypes and also of LSCs from bone-marrow with LSCs from peripheral blood and with HVs. These array data analyses are ongoing and will be presented. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Effect of pazopanib on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T-cell function in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 455-455
Author(s):  
Kiranpreet K. Khurana ◽  
Pat A. Rayman ◽  
Paul Elson ◽  
Brian I. Rini ◽  
James Finke
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
T Cell Function ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Over Time

455 Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to have an effect on T cell function. Sunitinib decreases immunosuppression in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) as seen by a reduction in myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit T cell function. The effect of pazopanib on immune function is unknown. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21 patients with mRCC treated with pazopanib were thawed for cycle 1 day 1, cycle 1 day 28, cycle 2 day 28, and cycle 4 day 28. Total MDSC and neutrophilic, monocytic, and lineage-negative MDSC subsets were measured by flow cytometry. T cell response was measured by interferon-gamma production after in vitro stimulation by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads. Pre-treatment cycle 1 day 1 levels were compared to cycle 4 day 28. Results: In mRCC patients, MDSCs comprise 4.7 % (median, range 1.7-32.9 %) of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells pre-treatment. Neutrophilic MDSC subset is the most prevalent at 2.0 % (median, range 0.3-30.4 %). Monocytic MDSCs comprise 1.5 % (median, range 0.4-5.3 %), and lineage-negative MDSCs comprise only 0.15 % (median, range 0.01-1.03 %). We found that pazopanib does not significantly decrease the percentage of MDSCs (total or subpopulations) over time with the exception of a modest decrease in the lineage-negative MDSC subset (p = 0.08). In terms of T cell function, pre-treatment level of CD3+ interferon-gamma was found to be 10.6 % (median, range 1.3-22.3 %). In contrast, pazopanib significantly increased CD3+ interferon-gamma level over time to 18.1 % (median, range 3.0-25.0 %), p = 0.03. Conclusions: Our study shows that pazopanib does not significantly reduce MDSC levels in patients with mRCC. However, pazopanib improves T cell function over time, as seen by a significant increase in CD3+ interferon-gamma production.

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