A Radioautographic Study of Hemopoietic Repopulation Using Irradiated Parabiotic Rats

Abstract These radioautographic studies using parabiotic rats and partial marrow shielding showed that cells responsible for recovery of irradiated bone marrow had their origin in the shielded marrow. Three morphologically distinct cell types appeared in the blood of these parabionts, mature granulocytes, small lymphocytes and monocytoid cells. The monocytoid was the major cell type which crossed from the shielded to nonshielded marrow, and the observations suggested that it is this cell which served as a stem cell for both the erythrocytic and granulocytic cell lines. Labeled erythroblasts and myeloblasts were observed in the recovering marrow, and the labeling intensity of these cells indicated that they were the second or third division products of labeled immigrant cells. The effect of marrow shielding upon the recovery of lymphopoiesis in spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow is also discussed.

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Continuous human bone marrow culture: Ia antigen characterization of probable pluripotential stem cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v55.4.682.682 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 682-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

MA Moore ◽

HE Broxmeyer ◽

AP Sheridan ◽

PA Meyers ◽

N Jacobsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Progenitor Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Human Bone ◽

Human Bone Marrow ◽

Cell Type ◽

Granulocytic Colony ◽

A Cell

Abstract The presence of Ia-like antigens on human CFU-C and BFU-e is confirmed and a cell type that lacked immediate capacity for granulocytic colony formation but generated CFU-c after brief incubation in simple suspension culture is identified. This pre-CFU-c, and its immediate progeny, was extremely sensitive to killing by anti-Ia serum with complement. In contrast, anti-Ia serum plus complement treatment of human bone marrow, while eliminating 93%-97% of all CFU-c and BFU-e, did not prevent the rapid regeneration of these progenitor cells and their production for some weeks under the conditions of continuous marrow culture. These studies suggest that the human equivalent of the pluripotential stem cell can replicate for some weeks in culture and generate committed progenitors, such as CFU-c and BFU-e. Furthermore, it would appear that Ia-like antigen is absent on the pluripotential stem cell, is rapidly gained as commitment to the various progenitor cell types occur, and is subsequently lost as these latter undergo differentiation within the marrow.

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Continuous human bone marrow culture: Ia antigen characterization of probable pluripotential stem cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v55.4.682.bloodjournal554682 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 682-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MA Moore ◽

HE Broxmeyer ◽

AP Sheridan ◽

PA Meyers ◽

N Jacobsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Progenitor Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Human Bone ◽

Human Bone Marrow ◽

Cell Type ◽

Granulocytic Colony ◽

A Cell

The presence of Ia-like antigens on human CFU-C and BFU-e is confirmed and a cell type that lacked immediate capacity for granulocytic colony formation but generated CFU-c after brief incubation in simple suspension culture is identified. This pre-CFU-c, and its immediate progeny, was extremely sensitive to killing by anti-Ia serum with complement. In contrast, anti-Ia serum plus complement treatment of human bone marrow, while eliminating 93%-97% of all CFU-c and BFU-e, did not prevent the rapid regeneration of these progenitor cells and their production for some weeks under the conditions of continuous marrow culture. These studies suggest that the human equivalent of the pluripotential stem cell can replicate for some weeks in culture and generate committed progenitors, such as CFU-c and BFU-e. Furthermore, it would appear that Ia-like antigen is absent on the pluripotential stem cell, is rapidly gained as commitment to the various progenitor cell types occur, and is subsequently lost as these latter undergo differentiation within the marrow.

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Acoel single-cell transcriptomics: cell type analysis of a deep branching bilaterian

Molecular Biology and Evolution ◽

10.1093/molbev/msaa333 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jules Duruz ◽

Cyrielle Kaltenrieder ◽

Peter Ladurner ◽

Rémy Bruggmann ◽

Pedro Martìnez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Whole Body ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Cell Type ◽

Distinct Cell ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Major Cell Type ◽

Different Cell Types

Abstract Bilaterian animals display a wide variety of cell types, organized into defined anatomical structures and organ systems, which are mostly absent in pre-bilaterian animals. Xenacoelomorpha are an early-branching bilaterian phylum displaying an apparently relatively simple anatomical organization that have greatly diverged from other bilaterian clades. In this study, we use whole-body single-cell transcriptomics on the acoel Isodiametra pulchra to identify and characterize different cell types. Our analysis identifies the existence of ten major cell type categories in acoels all contributing to main biological functions of the organism: metabolism, locomotion and movements, behavior, defense and development. Interestingly, while most cell clusters express core fate markers shared with other animal clades, we also describe a surprisingly large number of clade-specific marker genes, suggesting the emergence of clade-specific common molecular machineries functioning in distinct cell types. Together, these results provide novel insight into the evolution of bilaterian cell types and open the door to a better understanding of the origins of the bilaterian body plan and their constitutive cell types.

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Acoel single-cell transcriptomics: cell-type analysis of a deep branching bilaterian

10.1101/2020.07.10.196782 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jules Duruz ◽

Cyrielle Kaltenrieder ◽

Peter Ladurner ◽

Rémy Bruggmann ◽

Pedro Martìnez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Whole Body ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Cell Type ◽

Distinct Cell ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Major Cell Type ◽

Different Cell Types

AbstractBilaterian animals display a wide variety of cell types, organized into defined anatomical structures and organ systems, which are mostly absent in pre-bilaterian animals. Xenacoelomorpha are an early-branching bilaterian phylum displaying an apparently relatively simple anatomical organization that have greatly diverged from other bilaterian clades. In this study, we use whole-body single-cell transcriptomics on the acoel Isodiametra pulchra to identify and characterize different cell types. Our analysis identifies the existence of ten major cell-type categories in acoels all contributing to main biological functions of the organism: metabolism, locomotion and movements, behavior, defense and development. Interestingly, while most cell clusters express core fate markers shared with other animal clades, we also describe a surprisingly large number of clade-specific marker genes, suggesting the emergence of clade-specific common molecular machineries functioning in distinct cell types. Together, these results provide novel insight into the evolution of bilaterian cell-types and open the door to a better understanding of the origins of the bilaterian body plan and their constitutive cell types.

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Abstract 17093: Human Neonatal Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Demonstrates Superior Cardiac Regenerative Abilities Compared to Other Stem Cells

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.17093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Muthukumar Gunasekaran ◽

Rachana Mishra ◽

Progyaparamita Saha ◽

Xuebin Fu ◽

Mohamed Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Cell Types ◽

Wild Type ◽

Cell Type ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Stem Cell Type

Stem cells transplantation is being explored as an effective therapy for heart diseases. However, majority of stem cell therapies for adult patients with myocardial infarction (MI) had mixed and inconsistent results implying chronological age may influence the effectiveness of regenerative therapies. Therefore, herein, we performed a head-to-head comparison between different, well-studied stem cell types to identify the superior regenerative cell type using rodent MI model.After our standard characterization for each stem cell type (FACS for cell surface markers), 1 million neonatal Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem cells (nMSCs), adult MSCs (aMSCs), adult derived cardiosphere derived cells (aCDCs), umbilical cord derived cells (UCBCs), Bone Marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem cells (BM-MSCs), or cell-free Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium (IMDM as placebo control) were injected into athymic rat myocardial infarct model. Although all the tested groups significantly improved ejection fraction, nMSCs outperformed other stem cells in cardiac functional recovery. Additionally, nMSCs also showed significant increased cardiac functional recovery compared to aMSCs in wild type rat MI model. Mason trichrome staining with heart sections revealed that decreased fibrosis was evident on nMSCs injection compared to aMSCs in both athymic and wild type rat MI model. Myocardial sections from rats received nMSCs showed significantly reduced M1 macrophages (inflammatory) and increased M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory) compared with sections from rats having received aMSCs and IMDM control. Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines analyzed on sera collected on day 2 and 7 revealed that anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10) was significantly increased and inflammatory cytokines (IL4 and IL12) reduced in nMSCs compared to aMSCs transplanted MI rat model.In conclusion, nMSCs demonstrated superior functional abilities, reduced fibrosis, inflammatory cells and cytokines compared to all the other cell types and with aMSCs demonstrating that nMSCs is an ideal stem cell type for therapeutic application in myocardial infarction.

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Comparison of the Proliferation and Differentiation Potential of Human Urine-, Placenta Decidua Basalis-, and Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2018/7131532 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chengguang Wu ◽

Long Chen ◽

Yi-zhou Huang ◽

Yongcan Huang ◽

Ornella Parolini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation ◽

Cell Types ◽

Stem Cell Marker ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Multipotent Stem Cells ◽

Decidua Basalis

Human multipotent stem cell-based therapies have shown remarkable potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple adult cell types under appropriate conditions. Presently, human multipotent stem cells can be isolated from different sources, but variation among their basic biology can result in suboptimal selection of seed cells in preclinical and clinical research. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the biological characteristics of multipotent stem cells isolated from human bone marrow, placental decidua basalis, and urine, respectively. First, we found that urine-derived stem cells (USCs) displayed different morphologies compared with other stem cell types. USCs and placenta decidua basalis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDB-MSCs) had superior proliferation ability in contrast to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs); these cells grew to have the highest colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. In phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry, similarity among all stem cell marker expression was found, excluding CD29 and CD105. Regarding stem cell differentiation capability, USCs were observed to have better adipogenic and endothelial abilities as well as vascularization potential compared to BMSCs and PDB-MSCs. As for osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, BMSCs were superior to all three stem cell types. Future therapeutic indications and clinical applications of BMSCs, PDB-MSCs, and USCs should be based on their characteristics, such as growth kinetics and differentiation capabilities.

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Mapping single-cell atlases throughout Metazoa unravels cell type evolution

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.66747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander J Tarashansky ◽

Jacob M Musser ◽

Margarita Khariton ◽

Pengyang Li ◽

Detlev Arendt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Single Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Self ◽

Cell Type ◽

Germ Layers ◽

Animal Evolution ◽

Self Assembling ◽

Animal Phyla ◽

Cell Data

Comparing single-cell transcriptomic atlases from diverse organisms can elucidate the origins of cellular diversity and assist the annotation of new cell atlases. Yet, comparison between distant relatives is hindered by complex gene histories and diversifications in expression programs. Previously, we introduced the self-assembling manifold (SAM) algorithm to robustly reconstruct manifolds from single-cell data (Tarashansky et al., 2019). Here, we build on SAM to map cell atlas manifolds across species. This new method, SAMap, identifies homologous cell types with shared expression programs across distant species within phyla, even in complex examples where homologous tissues emerge from distinct germ layers. SAMap also finds many genes with more similar expression to their paralogs than their orthologs, suggesting paralog substitution may be more common in evolution than previously appreciated. Lastly, comparing species across animal phyla, spanning mouse to sponge, reveals ancient contractile and stem cell families, which may have arisen early in animal evolution.

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Regulatory network characterization in development: challenges and opportunities

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.15271.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 1477

Author(s):

Guangdun Peng ◽

Jing-Dong J. Han

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Fate ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Stem Cell Differentiation ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mammalian Development ◽

Distinct Cell ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Cell Processes ◽

Early Mammalian Development

Embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, during which coordinated cell fate specification takes place in a spatial and temporal context, serve as a paradigm for studying the orderly assembly of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and the fundamental mechanism of GRNs in driving lineage determination. However, knowledge of reliable GRN annotation for dynamic development regulation, particularly for unveiling the complex temporal and spatial architecture of tissue stem cells, remains inadequate. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing technology, elucidating GRNs in development and stem cell processes poses both new challenges and unprecedented opportunities. This review takes a snapshot of some of this work and its implication in the regulative nature of early mammalian development and specification of the distinct cell types during embryogenesis.

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Stem-cell-ubiquitous genes spatiotemporally coordinate division through regulation of stem-cell-specific gene networks

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-019-13132-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Natalie M. Clark ◽

Eli Buckner ◽

Adam P. Fisher ◽

Emily C. Nelson ◽

Thomas T. Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Gene Networks ◽

Cell Types ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Cell Renewal ◽

Cell Type ◽

Stem Cell Maintenance ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Cell Type Specific ◽

Stem Cell Type

AbstractStem cells are responsible for generating all of the differentiated cells, tissues, and organs in a multicellular organism and, thus, play a crucial role in cell renewal, regeneration, and organization. A number of stem cell type-specific genes have a known role in stem cell maintenance, identity, and/or division. Yet, how genes expressed across different stem cell types, referred to here as stem-cell-ubiquitous genes, contribute to stem cell regulation is less understood. Here, we find that, in the Arabidopsis root, a stem-cell-ubiquitous gene, TESMIN-LIKE CXC2 (TCX2), controls stem cell division by regulating stem cell-type specific networks. Development of a mathematical model of TCX2 expression allows us to show that TCX2 orchestrates the coordinated division of different stem cell types. Our results highlight that genes expressed across different stem cell types ensure cross-communication among cells, allowing them to divide and develop harmonically together.

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Independent glial subtypes delay development and extend healthy lifespan upon reduced insulin-PI3K signalling

BMC Biology ◽

10.1186/s12915-020-00854-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nathaniel S. Woodling ◽

Arjunan Rajasingam ◽

Lucy J. Minkley ◽

Alberto Rizzo ◽

Linda Partridge

Keyword(s):

Glial Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Developmental Timing ◽

Cell Type ◽

Specific Effects ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Distinct Cell ◽

Pi3k Signalling ◽

Cell Type Specific

Abstract Background The increasing age of global populations highlights the urgent need to understand the biological underpinnings of ageing. To this end, inhibition of the insulin/insulin-like signalling (IIS) pathway can extend healthy lifespan in diverse animal species, but with trade-offs including delayed development. It is possible that distinct cell types underlie effects on development and ageing; cell-type-specific strategies could therefore potentially avoid negative trade-offs when targeting diseases of ageing, including prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. The highly conserved diversity of neuronal and non-neuronal (glial) cell types in the Drosophila nervous system makes it an attractive system to address this possibility. We have thus investigated whether IIS in distinct glial cell populations differentially modulates development and lifespan in Drosophila. Results We report here that glia-specific IIS inhibition, using several genetic means, delays development while extending healthy lifespan. The effects on lifespan can be recapitulated by adult-onset IIS inhibition, whereas developmental IIS inhibition is dispensable for modulation of lifespan. Notably, the effects we observe on both lifespan and development act through the PI3K branch of the IIS pathway and are dependent on the transcription factor FOXO. Finally, IIS inhibition in several glial subtypes can delay development without extending lifespan, whereas the same manipulations in astrocyte-like glia alone are sufficient to extend lifespan without altering developmental timing. Conclusions These findings reveal a role for distinct glial subpopulations in the organism-wide modulation of development and lifespan, with IIS in astrocyte-like glia contributing to lifespan modulation but not to developmental timing. Our results enable a more complete picture of the cell-type-specific effects of the IIS network, a pathway whose evolutionary conservation in humans make it tractable for therapeutic interventions. Our findings therefore underscore the necessity for cell-type-specific strategies to optimise interventions for the diseases of ageing.

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