scholarly journals THE RESPONSE OF EOSINOPHILS IN THE GUINEA PIG TO SENSITIZATION, ANAPHYLAXIS AND VARIOUS DRUGS

Blood ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAX SAMTER
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bone Marrow Blood ◽  
Antihistamine Drugs ◽  
Definite Correlation

Abstract 1. The eosinophilic response of the guinea pig sensitized and reinjected with the specific antigen varies with the nature of the antigen used, but also with the individual guinea pig in any groupsensitized and reinjected with the same antigen. 2. Certain antihistamine drugs which abolish anaphylactic symptoms, do not abolish the eosinophilic response. 3. The severity of anaphylactic "shock" symptoms has no influence on the eosinophilic response. 4. Histamine phosphate has no effect on the eosinophil count of nonsensitized guinea pigs protected by benadryl; it causes a distinct eosinophilic response in sensitized animals. 5. Heparin—in the dose injected—produced only an insignificant rise in the peripheral eosinophil count of sensitized guinea pigs; adenosine had no effect. 6. Attempts were made to correlate the eosinophilic response in bone marrow, blood and shock tissue of guinea pigs sensitized and reinjected with a specific antigen. The variation within a wide range of the number of eosinophils in the bone marrow of nonsensitized and of sensitized, reinjected guinea pigs is emphasized. A definite correlation seems to exist between the presence of a large number of eosinophils in blood and lungs; it is shown, however, that this observation permits only limited conclusions. 7. The factors which account for discrepancies in the interpretation of the eosinophilic response, e.g., nature of antigen, route of administration and characteristics of species, are analyzed. 8. The significance of the findings is reviewed in the light of previous work.

Glycogen in guinea pig neutrophils: Ultrastructural study of neutrophils at the intradermal site of BCG injection

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Corazon D. Bucana
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies

In the circulating blood of man and guinea pigs, glycogen occurs primarily in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelets. The amount of glycogen in neutrophils increases with time after the cells leave the bone marrow, and the distribution of glycogen in neutrophils changes from an apparently random distribution to large clumps when these cells move out of the circulation to the site of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The objective of this study was to further investigate changes in glycogen content and distribution in neutrophils. I chose an intradermal site because it allows study of neutrophils at various stages of extravasation.Initially, osmium ferrocyanide and osmium ferricyanide were used to fix glycogen in the neutrophils for ultrastructural studies. My findings confirmed previous reports that showed that glycogen is well preserved by both these fixatives and that osmium ferricyanide protects glycogen from solubilization by uranyl acetate.I found that osmium ferrocyanide similarly protected glycogen. My studies showed, however, that the electron density of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles was lower in samples fixed with osmium ferrocyanide than in samples fixed with osmium ferricyanide.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTHUS TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Type Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Determination ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Guinea pigs were injected in the footpads with either purified diphtheria toxoid or recrystallized egg albumin in Freund adjuvant without mycobacteria. Each guinea pig was then skin-tested only once with the specific antigen and bled for antibody determination. After injection of the sensitizing antigen, a latent period occurred during which neither sensitivity nor circulating antibody could be detected. A period of delayed sensitivity followed wherein circulating antibody could not be discerned and which could be transferred by lymph node cells. Ultimately, the Arthus type sensitivity developed, accompanied by circulating antibody. The duration and severity of reactions to homologous antigens during the last 2 phases varied with the antigen and with the dose. An increase in the sensitizing dose decreased the duration of the delayed type of allergy, a decrease in the dose prolonged the delayed type. Inclusion of mycobacterium in the sensitizing inoculum tended to introduce delayed sensitivity earlier and delay the onset of Arthus type sensitivity. When specific precipitate in antibody excess was included with the toxoid in the sensitizing dose, the onset of the Arthus phase was hastened. When lymph nodes from a large number of sensitized donors were removed during the latter part of the latent period, recipients of the cells showed a delayed type sensitivity.

Guinea pigs—The “Small Great” Therapist for Autistic Children, or: Do Guinea Pigs Have Positive Effects on Autistic Child Social Behavior?

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alžbeta Talarovičová ◽  
Lucia Olexová ◽  
Lucia Kršková
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Descriptive Method

AbstractThe aim of our study was to investigate the effects of a small therapeutic animal (TA, guinea pig) on the social behavior of nine autistic children. The social contacts of the autistic children were evaluated by a descriptive method of direct observation that was performed without (in period one) and with (in period two) the presence of a TA. In period one, contacts with an unfamiliar person (UP) and acquaintances (A) were registered; in period two, contacts with the acquaintances and the TA were registered. The frequency of contacts of autistic children with their acquaintances significantly increased in the presence of the TA (P < 0.001). The frequency of contacts with the TA was significantly higher than the frequency of contacts with the UP (P < 0.001). The form of the autistic children’s contacts with A, with the UP, and with the TA was individually dependent, and the presence of the TA changed the characteristics of contacts with A. Our results indicate that the presence of a small TA can positively influence the quantity and quality of the social behavior of autistic children and that the characteristics of social contacts were dependent on the individual.

scholarly journals Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Responses to ESAT-6 and MPT64 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Guinea Pig

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3454-3456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Elhay ◽  
Thomas Oettinger ◽  
Peter Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Skin Responses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Skin

ABSTRACT Two antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ESAT-6 and MPT64, elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin responses in outbred guinea pigs infected with M. tuberculosis by the aerosol and intravenous routes but not those sensitized with M. bovis BCG or M. avium. The DTH epitope of ESAT-6 was mapped to the C terminus. Nonresponders to the individual antigens were found, but all animals responded to a combination of ESAT-6 and MPT64 or their respective minimal target peptides. Correspondingly, these molecules could form the basis of a new skin test for tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Buoyant density separation of cells. I. The buoyant distribution of guinea pig bone marrow cells.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Leif ◽  
S B Smith ◽  
L A Dunlap ◽  
S B Leif
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Marrow Cells

Guinea pig bone marrow cells were separated by buoyant density utilizing linear gradients of bovine serum albumin (BSA). It has finally become possible to characterize the cells present in the density fractions in terms of classical morphology. The development of the Cell Type computer program which calculates the percentages of the individual types of cells present in the fractions and their buoyant density distributions and plots the data has greatly facilitated and improved the accuracy of these studies. Approximately 40 cell types were observed in guinea pig bone marrow. Cells with definitive morphologies such as erythrocytes, the neutrophilic series, the binucleate blast megakaryocyte precursor and cells in mitosis band as virtually single peaks. Cells which are parts of continua or can easily be wrongly classified are found in multiple peaks. The small lymphocytes which are known to be polydisperse are found as five peaks. Because of the very strong benzidine staining by the glutaraldehyde-fixed hemoglobin, some of the erythroblasts were wrongly staged, resulting in a multimodal distribution. The presence of macrocytes further complicated these distributions. The rule that the younger cells are always less dense than the mature cells was adhered to in those cases where the cells could be definitively characterized, such as the neutrophilic series and the blasts. These results indicate that morphology is a good first approximation of reality.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF SERUM FIBRINOLYSIN BY SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PEPTONE, AND CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Ungar ◽  
Shirley H. Mist
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Anaphylactoid Reactions ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharides ◽  
Pig Serum

Formation of fibrinolysin from its inactive precursor in serum was observed under the following conditions: (a) by adding the specific antigen to serum from sensitized guinea pigs; (b) by mixing normal guinea pig serum with peptone, agar, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfuric acid, glycogen, pneumococcal polysaccharides, and heparin. Activation of profibrinolysin by these agents differs from chloroform or streptokinase activation in that it requires the presence of some serum constituent non-precipitable with the euglobulin fraction and destroyed by heating at 56°C. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions is discussed. The findings reported support the concept that proteolysis is part of the process determining the release of histamine and other toxic products. It is suggested that the presence of fibrinokinase may be responsible for the toxicity of serum induced in vitro by a number of agents.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte Production and Life-span in the Bone Marrow of the Guinea Pig

Blood ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
CORNELIUS ROSSE
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Transitional Cells ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Guinea pigs were given 14 daily injections of 3H-thymidine to label a proportion of cells with a slow rate of turnover in addition to rapidly proliferating cells. In the bone marrow the only unlabeled cells were some reticular, endothelial, and plasma cells, damaged cells, and 14.1% of small lymphocytes. Six weeks after discontinuation of 3H-thymidine 7% of the marrow lymphocytes remained labeled. In guinea pigs injected every 4 hr with 3H-thymidine for 4 days to label all cells entering DNA synthesis, 14.4% of small lymphocytes remained unlabeled along with some reticular, endothelial, phagocytic, monocytoid, damaged, and plasma cells. The pattern of appearance of labeled lymphocytes was consistent with the kinetics of transitional cells that function as their precursors. Thus, in the bone marrow of the guinea pig the majority of lymphocytes have a short lifespan and a rapid turnover, whereas about 14% turn over more slowly and 7% have a life-span exceeding 4 wk. In this respect the kinetics of marrow lymphocyte production differs from that of the rat.

Zidovudine Antagonizes the Antiviral Effects of Ganciclovir against Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cultured Cells and in Guinea Pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Feng ◽  
J. Y. Crouch ◽  
P. Y. Tian ◽  
H. L. Lucia ◽  
G. D. Hsiung
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Human Lung Fibroblast ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Synergistic Cytotoxicity

The antiviral effects of ganciclovir (DHPG) combined with zidovudine (AZT) at several dosages against cytomegalovirus infection were evaluated in cultured cells and in Hartley guinea pigs. Combinations of DHPG and AZT at fixed ratios ranging from 1:0.1 to 1:1 showed reduced antiviral effects of DHPG in cultured human lung fibroblast (HEL) cells and guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells infected with human cytomegalovirus and guinea pig cytomegalovirus, respectively. Synergistic cytotoxicity (CI values < 1) was noted in HEL and GPE cell cultures at all DHPG/AZT combinations tested. In vivo experiments using a fixed ratio at three dosage levels for treatment of GPCMV infected guinea pigs for 5 days did not show significant antagonistic antiviral nor synergistic toxic effects at lower dosages. When GPCMV infected guinea pigs were treated with DHPG and AZT in combinations at 40/20, 40/40 and 40/80 mg kg−1 day 1 for 7 days, a significant increase of GPCMV infectivity titres in the salivary gland, lung and spleen were noted when compared with those animals treated with DHPG 40mg kg−1 day−1 alone. In addition, histopathological findings showed more cytotoxicity in the bone marrow of infected and non-infected animals treated wth DHPG/AZT combinations than animals treated with each drug alone. These results suggest that AZT antagonizes the antiviral effects of DHPG against HCMV and GPCMV replication in cultured cells and GPCMV infection in guinea pigs with increased cytotoxicity in cultured cells and in bone marrow of animals receiving the drug combinations.

scholarly journals A study of whole-body isotope dilution of [14C]ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs with graded ascorbate intakes

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bates ◽  
Harumi Tsuchiya ◽  
P. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of the present study was first to assess the extent to which unlabelled ascorbate in the diet of guinea-pigs can exchange with labelled ascorbate within their organs when the dietary intake is varied over a wide range, and second to determine whether the retention of label might be used to assess either the amount of ascorbate intake or its biological availability where these are not known. The retention of [14C]ascorbate in the body and in various organs of guinea-pigs were, therefore, measured following a 13 d period of graded dietary intakes of ascorbate. It was found first, that the amount of label retained in each of the organs, 13 d after the initial dose of labelled ascorbate, was much more closely related to the amount of ascorbate intake after labelling than to the intake (and tissue ascorbate levels) before and at the time of labelling. Second, most of the individual internal organs exhibited a constant relationship between the specific activity at 13 d and the dietary intake, except for brain which was flushed to a smaller extent. Third, in agreement with several previous studies a high proportion of the radioactive label in the tissues was found to be still present in ascorbate. The specific activity of column-purified ascorbate was very similar to the estimated specific activity in the crude extract, which implies that it may be possible to estimate specific activities (or stable isotope enrichments) at certain sites without rigorous isolation procedures. Fourth, the amount of radioactivity appearing in the urine 2 d before killing the animals was correlated with the amount of ascorbate intake and with tissue specific activities, suggesting that intakes (or bioavailability) might be predicted from the patterns of label-appearance in the urine

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document