scholarly journals Retinoic acid activates interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in myeloid cells

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Matikainen ◽  
T Ronni ◽  
M Hurme ◽  
R Pine ◽  
I Julkunen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Oligoadenylate Synthetase ◽  
Nb4 Cells ◽  
Drug Of Choice

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is the drug of choice in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ATRA induces both in vitro and in vivo differentiation of APL cells into mature granulocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in ATRA-dependent growth inhibition and cellular differentiation are not presently understood. The NB4 cell line, which is derived from the bone marrow of a patient with APL during relapse, can be used as a model system to study the growth and differentiation of APL cells. Because interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF-1 and IRF-2) and other IFN-inducible gene products regulate cell growth, we analyzed the effects of ATRA on the expression of these genes. We show that ATRA directly activates IRF-1 gene expression, followed by activation of IRF-2 and 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) gene expression with slower kinetics. In addition to NB4 cells, ATRA also activated IRF-1 gene expression in HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells, which all respond to ATRA by growth inhibition. A more than additive increase in IRF-1 gene expression was seen with ATRA and IFN-gamma in NB4 cells. ATRA did not activate nuclear factor kappa B or signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation pathways, suggesting that an alternate mechanism is involved in IRF-1 gene activation. The ATRA-induced expression of IRF-1, an activator of transcription and repressor of transformation, may be one of the molecular mechanisms of ATRA-induced growth inhibition, and the basis for the synergistic actions of ATRA and IFNs in myeloid leukemia cells.

scholarly journals Retinoic acid activates interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in myeloid cells

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Matikainen ◽  
T Ronni ◽  
M Hurme ◽  
R Pine ◽  
I Julkunen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Oligoadenylate Synthetase ◽  
Nb4 Cells ◽  
Drug Of Choice

Abstract All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is the drug of choice in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). ATRA induces both in vitro and in vivo differentiation of APL cells into mature granulocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in ATRA-dependent growth inhibition and cellular differentiation are not presently understood. The NB4 cell line, which is derived from the bone marrow of a patient with APL during relapse, can be used as a model system to study the growth and differentiation of APL cells. Because interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF-1 and IRF-2) and other IFN-inducible gene products regulate cell growth, we analyzed the effects of ATRA on the expression of these genes. We show that ATRA directly activates IRF-1 gene expression, followed by activation of IRF-2 and 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) gene expression with slower kinetics. In addition to NB4 cells, ATRA also activated IRF-1 gene expression in HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells, which all respond to ATRA by growth inhibition. A more than additive increase in IRF-1 gene expression was seen with ATRA and IFN-gamma in NB4 cells. ATRA did not activate nuclear factor kappa B or signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation pathways, suggesting that an alternate mechanism is involved in IRF-1 gene activation. The ATRA-induced expression of IRF-1, an activator of transcription and repressor of transformation, may be one of the molecular mechanisms of ATRA-induced growth inhibition, and the basis for the synergistic actions of ATRA and IFNs in myeloid leukemia cells.

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) during porcine embryo development

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Ann Blomberg ◽  
Kurt A. Zuelke
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Research Strategies

Functional genomics provides a powerful means for delving into the molecular mechanisms involved in pre-implantation development of porcine embryos. High rates of embryonic mortality (30%), following either natural mating or artificial insemination, emphasise the need to improve the efficiency of reproduction in the pig. The poor success rate of live offspring from in vitro-manipulated pig embryos also hampers efforts to generate transgenic animals for biotechnology applications. Previous analysis of differential gene expression has demonstrated stage-specific gene expression for in vivo-derived embryos and altered gene expression for in vitro-derived embryos. However, the methods used to date examine relatively few genes simultaneously and, thus, provide an incomplete glimpse of the physiological role of these genes during embryogenesis. The present review will focus on two aspects of applying functional genomics research strategies for analysing the expression of genes during elongation of pig embryos between gestational day (D) 11 and D12. First, we compare and contrast current methodologies that are being used for gene discovery and expression analysis during pig embryo development. Second, we establish a paradigm for applying serial analysis of gene expression as a functional genomics tool to obtain preliminary information essential for discovering the physiological mechanisms by which distinct embryonic phenotypes are derived.

scholarly journals Downregulation of CRABP2 Inhibit the Tumorigenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vivo and In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Qingmin Chen ◽  
Ludong Tan ◽  
Zhe Jin ◽  
Yahui Liu ◽  
Ze Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Hcc Cells

Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2) binds retinoic acid (RA) in the cytoplasm and transports it into the nucleus, allowing for the regulation of specific downstream signal pathway. Abnormal expression of CRABP2 has been detected in the development of several tumors. However, the role of CRABP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has never been revealed. The current study aimed to investigate the role of CRABP2 in HCC and illuminate the potential molecular mechanisms. The expression of CRABP2 in HCC tissues and cell lines was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of CRABP2 in HCC tissues were elevated with the tumor stage development, and it was also elevated in HCC cell lines. To evaluate the function of CRABP2, shRNA-knockdown strategy was used in HCC cells. Cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis were analyzed by CCK-8, EdU staining, transwell, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Based on our results, knockdown of CRABP2 by shRNA resulted in the inhibition of tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, followed by increased tumor apoptosis-related protein expression and decreased ERK/VEGF pathway-related proteins expression. CRABP2 silencing in HCC cells also resulted in the failure to develop tumors in vivo. These results provide important insights into the role of CRABP2 in the development and development of HCC. Based on our findings, CRABP2 may be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker, and regulation of CRABP2 in HCC may provide a potential molecular target for the therapy of HCC.

scholarly journals A Retinoid-Resistant Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Subclone Expresses a Dominant Negative PML-RARα Mutation

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 4282-4289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlin Shao ◽  
Laura Benedetti ◽  
William W. Lamph ◽  
Clara Nervi ◽  
Wilson H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Dominant Negative

Abstract The unique t(15; 17) of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) fuses the PML gene with the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene. Although retinoic acid (RA) inhibits cell growth and induces differentiation in human APL cells, resistance to RA develops both in vitro and in patients. We have developed RA-resistant subclones of the human APL cell line, NB4, whose nuclear extracts display altered RA binding. In the RA-resistant subclone, R4, we find an absence of ligand binding of PML-RARα associated with a point mutation changing a leucine to proline in the ligand-binding domain of the fusion PML-RARα protein. In contrast to mutations in RARα found in retinoid-resistant HL60 cells, in this NB4 subclone, the coexpressed RARα remains wild-type. In vitro expression of a cloned PML-RARα with the observed mutation in R4 confirms that this amino acid change causes the loss of ligand binding, but the mutant PML-RARα protein retains the ability to heterodimerize with RXRα and thus to bind to retinoid response elements (RAREs). This leads to a dominant negative block of transcription from RAREs that is dose-dependent and not relieved by RA. An unrearranged RARα engineered with this mutation also lost ligand binding and inhibited transcription in a dominant negative manner. We then found that the mutant PML-RARα selectively alters regulation of gene expression in the R4 cell line. R4 cells have lost retinoid-regulation of RXRα and RARβ and the RA-induced loss of PML-RARα protein seen in NB4 cells, but retain retinoid-induction of CD18 and CD38. Thus, the R4 cell line provides data supporting the presence of an RARα-mediated pathway that is independent from gene expression induced or repressed by PML-RARα. The high level of retinoid resistance in vitro and in vivo of cells from some relapsed APL patients suggests similar molecular changes may occur clinically.

Regulation of XFGF8 gene expression through SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 in developing Xenopus embryos

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Yong Hwan Kim ◽  
Jee Yoon Shin ◽  
Wonho Na ◽  
Jungho Kim ◽  
Bong-Gun Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Cis Element ◽  
Xenopus Embryos ◽  
Lens Placode

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function as mitogens and morphogens during vertebrate development. In the present study, to characterise the regulatory mechanism of FGF8 gene expression in developing Xenopus embryos the upstream region of the Xenopus FGF8 (XFGF8) gene was isolated. The upstream region of the XFGF8 gene contains two putative binding sites for the SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) transcription factor. A reporter assay with serially deleted constructs revealed that the putative SOX2-binding motif may be a critical cis-element for XFGF8 gene activation in developing Xenopus embryos. Furthermore, Xenopus SOX2 (XSOX2) physically interacted with the SOX2-binding motif within the upstream region of the XFGF8 gene in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of endogenous XSOX2 resulted in loss of XFGF8 gene expression in midbrain–hindbrain junction, auditory placode, lens placode and forebrain in developing Xenopus embryos. Collectively, our results suggest that XSOX2 directly upregulates XFGF8 gene expression in the early embryonic development of Xenopus.

Glucocorticoids promote the proliferation and antagonize the retinoic acid–mediated growth suppression of Epstein-Barr virus–immortalized B lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Quaia ◽  
Paola Zancai ◽  
Roberta Cariati ◽  
Silvana Rizzo ◽  
Mauro Boiocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Epstein Barr

Abstract Glucocorticoids are able to release Epstein-Barr virus–immortalized (EBV-immortalized) lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) from the persistent growth arrest induced in these cells by retinoic acid (RA). Moreover, physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoids efficiently antagonized LCL growth inhibition induced by 13-cis-RA; 9-cis-RA; all-trans-RA; and Ro 40-6055, an RA  receptor (RAR) selective agonist. RAR expression levels, however, were not affected by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids, but not other steroid hormones, directly promote LCL proliferation, a phenomenon that was mainly mediated by down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip-1. Moreover, glucocorticoids contrasted the up-regulation of p27Kip-1, which was underlying the RA-induced LCL growth arrest, thereby indicating that glucocorticoids and RA signalings probably converge on p27Kip-1. Both antagonism of RA-mediated growth inhibition and promotion of LCL proliferation were efficiently reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486, indicating that all of these effects were mediated by GR. Of note, RU486 also proved to be effective in vivo and, in mice, was able to significantly inhibit the growth of untreated LCLs as well as LCLs growth-arrested by RA in vitro. These findings provide a rational background to further evaluate the possible role of glucocorticoids in the pathogenesis of EBV-related lymphoproliferations of immunosuppressed patients. Moreover, GR antagonists deserve further consideration for their possible efficacy in the management of these disorders, and the use of schedules, including both RA and a GR antagonist, may allow a more thorough evaluation of the therapeutic potential of RA in this setting.

Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Conlon ◽  
J. Rossant
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Maternal Administration

Exogenous retinoic acid (RA) has teratogenic effects on vertebrate embryos and alters Hox-C gene expression in vivo and in vitro. We wish to examine whether RA has a role in the normal regulation of Hox-C genes, and whether altered Hox-C gene expression in response to RA leads to abnormal morphology. The expression of 3′ Hox-2 genes (Hox-2.9, Hox-2.8, Hox-2.6 and Hox-2.1) and a 5′ gene (Hox-2.5) were examined by whole-mount in situ hybridization on embryos 4 hours after maternal administration of teratogenic doses of RA on embryonic day 7 to 9. The expression of the 3′ Hox-2 genes was found to be ectopically induced in anterior regions in a stage-specific manner. The Hox-2.9 and Hox-2.8 genes were induced anteriorly in the neurectoderm in response to RA on day 7 but not at later stages. Expression of Hox-2.6 and Hox-2.1 was ectopically induced anteriorly in neurectoderm in response to RA on day 8. Hox-2.1 remained responsive on day 9, whereas Hox-2.6 was no longer responsive at this stage. The expression of the 5′ gene Hox-2.5 was not detectably altered at any of these stages by RA treatments. We also examined the response of other genes whose expression is spatially regulated in early embryos. The expression of En-2 and Wnt-7b was not detectably altered by RA, whereas RAR beta expression was induced anteriorly by RA on day 7 and 8. Krox-20 expression was reduced in a stage- and region-specific manner by RA. The ectopic anterior expression of Hox-2.8 and Hox-2.9 induced by RA on day 7 was persistent to day 8, as was the altered expression of Krox-20. The altered pattern of expression of these genes in response to RA treatment on day 7 may be indicative of a transformation of anterior hindbrain to posterior hindbrain, specifically, a transformation of rhombomeres 1 to 3 towards rhombomere 4 identity with an anterior expansion of rhombomere 5. The ectopic expression of the 3′ Hox-2 genes in response to RA is consistent with a role for these genes in mediating the teratogenic effects of RA; the rapid response of the Hox-C genes to RA is consistent with a role for endogenous RA in refining 3′ Hox-C gene expression boundaries early in development.

Abstract 141: Histone Methyltransferase Setdb2 is important for miRNA mediated cardiac reprogramming

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Kirste ◽  
Tilanthi M Jayawardena ◽  
J. A Payne ◽  
Victor J Dzau ◽  
Maria Mirotsou
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Jak Inhibitor ◽  
Daunting Challenge

Rationale: Regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue after injury presents a daunting challenge in cardiovascular medicine. Recent developments in reprogramming of somatic cells directly to cells of other lineages have raised the possibility of using this approach for cardiac regenerative therapy. Our group recently demonstrated successful miRNA mediated cardiac reprogramming in vitro and in vivo using a combination of miRNAs 1, 133, 206 and 499. Although, the molecular mechanisms underlying miRNA mediated fibroblast reprogramming to cardiomyocytes are yet unknown, accumulating evidence suggest that reprogramming acts through distinct phases and that histone modifications play an important role in these processes. Objective: Identify key genes involved in initiating miRNA mediated reprogramming via histone modifications. Methods and Results: For this, we analyzed the expression levels of 81 different genes involved in chromatin modification 4 days after miRNA transfection using PCR arrays. This analysis revealed that 6 of the 81 tested genes showed differential gene expression (≤-1.5-fold and p <0.02). JAK inhibitor-1 treatment, known for increasing reprogramming efficiency, further enhanced gene expression changes in 5 of these 6 genes. Setdb2, an H3K9 methyltransferase, was one of the most down-regulated targets 4 days after miRNA transfection (-1.4 fold, p<0.001). This effect was enhanced further when miRNAs were combined with the JAK inhibitor-1 (-2.6 fold, p<0.001). Silencing of Setdb2 using siRNAs further accentuated miRNA cardiac reprogramming as measured by cardiac transcription factor expression at 3 days and 6 days post treatment. Similar trends were observed by FACS analysis detecting increased percentage of αMHC-positive cells in siRNA treated fibroblasts compared to control treated only with the miRNA combination. Interestingly, our data showed that Setdb2 silencing alone was sufficient to initiate cardiac reprogramming, suggesting that Setdb2 might play a crucial role in defining cardiac cell fate. Conclusion: In conclusion our results indicate that Setdb2 down-regulation plays an important role in the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells.

Glucocorticoids promote the proliferation and antagonize the retinoic acid–mediated growth suppression of Epstein-Barr virus–immortalized B lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Quaia ◽  
Paola Zancai ◽  
Roberta Cariati ◽  
Silvana Rizzo ◽  
Mauro Boiocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Epstein Barr

Glucocorticoids are able to release Epstein-Barr virus–immortalized (EBV-immortalized) lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) from the persistent growth arrest induced in these cells by retinoic acid (RA). Moreover, physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoids efficiently antagonized LCL growth inhibition induced by 13-cis-RA; 9-cis-RA; all-trans-RA; and Ro 40-6055, an RA  receptor (RAR) selective agonist. RAR expression levels, however, were not affected by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids, but not other steroid hormones, directly promote LCL proliferation, a phenomenon that was mainly mediated by down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip-1. Moreover, glucocorticoids contrasted the up-regulation of p27Kip-1, which was underlying the RA-induced LCL growth arrest, thereby indicating that glucocorticoids and RA signalings probably converge on p27Kip-1. Both antagonism of RA-mediated growth inhibition and promotion of LCL proliferation were efficiently reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486, indicating that all of these effects were mediated by GR. Of note, RU486 also proved to be effective in vivo and, in mice, was able to significantly inhibit the growth of untreated LCLs as well as LCLs growth-arrested by RA in vitro. These findings provide a rational background to further evaluate the possible role of glucocorticoids in the pathogenesis of EBV-related lymphoproliferations of immunosuppressed patients. Moreover, GR antagonists deserve further consideration for their possible efficacy in the management of these disorders, and the use of schedules, including both RA and a GR antagonist, may allow a more thorough evaluation of the therapeutic potential of RA in this setting.

scholarly journals Elevated expression of NEU1 sialidase in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis provokes pulmonary collagen deposition, lymphocytosis, and fibrosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (10) ◽  
pp. L940-L954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina G. Luzina ◽  
Virginia Lockatell ◽  
Sang W. Hyun ◽  
Pavel Kopach ◽  
Phillip H. Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Global Gene Expression

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) poses challenges to understanding its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the development of better therapies. Previous studies suggest a pathophysiological role for neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), an enzyme that removes terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins. We observed increased NEU1 expression in epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as fibroblasts, in the lungs of patients with IPF compared with healthy control lungs. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of NEU1 to cultured primary human cells elicited profound changes in cellular phenotypes. Small airway epithelial cell migration was impaired in wounding assays, whereas, in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, NEU1 overexpression strongly impacted global gene expression, increased T cell adhesion to endothelial monolayers, and disrupted endothelial capillary-like tube formation. NEU1 overexpression in fibroblasts provoked increased levels of collagen types I and III, substantial changes in global gene expression, and accelerated degradation of matrix metalloproteinase-14. Intratracheal instillation of NEU1 encoding, but not control adenovirus, induced lymphocyte accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and lung tissues and elevations of pulmonary transforming growth factor-β and collagen. The lymphocytes were predominantly T cells, with CD8+ cells exceeding CD4+ cells by nearly twofold. These combined data indicate that elevated NEU1 expression alters functional activities of distinct lung cell types in vitro and recapitulates lymphocytic infiltration and collagen accumulation in vivo, consistent with mechanisms implicated in lung fibrosis.

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