scholarly journals Gender inequity and age-appropriate immunization coverage in India from 1992 to 2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Corsi ◽  
Diego G Bassani ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Shally Awasthi ◽  
Raju Jotkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Age Appropriate

Up-to-date and age appropriate immunization coverage of EPI vaccines among children in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Shafiq Ur Rehman ◽  
Ahmed Saud Dar ◽  
Ayesha Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Sareer ◽  
Nadia Aman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Age Appropriate

scholarly journals Immunization Milestones: A More Comprehensive Picture of Age-Appropriate Vaccination

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve G. Robison ◽  
Samantha K. Kurosky ◽  
Collette M. Young ◽  
Charles A. Gallia ◽  
Susan A. Arbor
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Immunization Registry ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Oregon Health ◽  
Oregon Health Plan ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Age Appropriate

A challenge facing immunization registries is developing measures of childhood immunization coverage that contain more information for setting policy than present vaccine series up-to-date (UTD) rates. This study combined milestone analysis with provider encounter data to determine when children either do not receive indicated immunizations during medical encounters or fail to visit providers. Milestone analysis measures immunization status at key times between birth and age 2, when recommended immunizations first become late. The immunization status of a large population of children in the Oregon ALERT immunization registry and in the Oregon Health Plan was tracked across milestone ages. Findings indicate that the majority of children went back and forth with regard to having complete age-appropriate immunizations over time. We also found that immunization UTD rates when used alone are biased towards relating non-UTD status to a lack of visits to providers, instead of to provider visits on which recommended immunizations are not given.

Evaluating mobile conditional cash transfers for improving immunization coverage in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chandir ◽  
D A Siddiqi ◽  
A A Khan ◽  
S Abdullah ◽  
V K Dharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Incentive Schemes ◽  
Incentive Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite progress in increasing immunization coverage, poor uptake of vaccines remains a challenge, particularly in LMICs. In part, this is due to the poor socio-economic status of caregivers, lack of motivation, and parental procrastination. While there is evidence that large (≥100 USD) incentives can overcome these problems, research on small incentives that are more appropriate for an LMIC setting is sparse. Our study addresses this gap by evaluating the impact of small (≤12 USD) CCTs in increasing immunization coverage for children under the age of two. Methods A 2-year program utilizing two small incentive schemes of different amounts (high: USD9; low: USD5) was implemented in Shikarpur District, Pakistan. Caregivers (with children 0-24 months) visiting any of the 33 study immunization centers were given the opportunity to enroll. All consenting parent-child pairs were randomized in one of the two incentive schemes and incentives were disbursed following each immunization visit, using mobile money. A baseline and end-line survey was conducted to evaluate changes in pre-post coverage. Results A total of 63,336 participants were enrolled between March 2016 - April 2018, of which 41,483 were randomized in the high or low incentive schemes (remaining caregivers were enrolled in the no-incentive group). Results show a 13% and 28% increase in age-appropriate coverage for Measles-1 (M1) and fully immunized children (FIC) compared to the baseline (FIC:16%, M1: 38%). There was no difference in M1 coverage between the high and low incentive schemes. Discussion Small CCTs have induced positive behavioral change and are a powerful tool for improving immunization coverage and compliance within LMICs. Key messages Small mobile conditional cash transfers (USD<12) can serve as nudges to parents and lead to behavioral shifts resulting in improved immunization outcomes for children. There was no significant difference in outcomes between high and low incentives, indicating that small mobile conditional cash transfers were equally effective in improving immunization coverage.

scholarly journals Not covered enough: inadequate age appropriate immunisation in urban slums of Delhi: a community based cross sectional survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Sonali Randhawa ◽  
Shomik Ray
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
The Difference

Background: The urban average of childhood immunization coverage rates are partial against children living in slums and mask the disparity within the urban poor. The objective of study was to measure the age appropriate immunization as per India’s Universal Immunization Program (UIP) schedule, explore determinants of coverage and reasons for incomplete immunization in urban slums of New Delhi.Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in selected urban slums of West and South East districts of New Delhi. WHO’s coverage cluster survey sampling methodology was used. Three hundred mothers of under five children were selected. Age appropriate immunization status of the children was recorded on physical examination of the vaccination card.Results: Fifty eight percent (56% West; 60% South East district) of sample population was age appropriately immunized. The odds of age appropriate immunization were higher for institutional delivery (OR 10.5, 95% CI 4.27-23.6) and among third born children (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.04-3.30). The odds were equal for people from Delhi or migrated from different state (OR: 1.015, 95% CI: 0.62-1.64). Most common reason for incomplete immunization were obstacles (72.8%) and lack of information (23.2%).Conclusions: There was a consistent drop in coverage among vaccines with more than one dose and by the subsequent dose of vaccine. The difference in coverage estimates among studies emphasise the need for identifying the key reasons of incomplete immunization and finding area specific solutions to improve coverage. 

Immunization Coverage and Its Relationship to Preventive Health Care Visits Among Inner-City Children in Baltimore

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Guyer ◽  
Nancy Hughart ◽  
Elizabeth Holt ◽  
Alan Ross ◽  
Bonita Stanton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Preventive Health Care ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Preventive Health Care Visits

Objective. To provide empirical data on immunization coverage and the receipt of preventive health care to inform policy makers' efforts to improve childhood immunization. Design and methods. We surveyed a random sample drawn from a birth cohort of 557 2-year-old children living in the inner-city of Baltimore. Complete information on all their preventive health care visits and immunization status was obtained from medical record audits of their health care providers. Main outcome measures. Age-appropriate immunizations and preventive health care visits. Results. By 3 months of age, nearly 80% made an age-appropriate preventive health visit, but by 7 months of age, less than 40% had a preventive visit that was age-appropriate. In the second year of life, 75% made a preventive health visit between their 12- and 17-month birthdays. The corresponding age-appropriate immunization levels were 71% for DTP1, 39% for DTP3, and 53% for measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Infants who received their DTP1 on-time were twice as likely to be up-to-date by 24 months of age. Conclusions. Our analyses focus attention on the performance of the primary health care system, especially during the first 6 months of life. Many young infants are underimmunized despite having age-appropriate preventive visits, health insurance coverage through Medicaid, and providers who receive free vaccine from public agencies. Measles vaccination coverage could be improved by initiating measles-mumps-rubella vaccine vaccination, routinely, at 12 months among high risk populations.

scholarly journals Immunization coverage and predictive factors for complete and age-appropriate vaccination among preschoolers in Athens, Greece: a cross- sectional study

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna D Pavlopoulou ◽  
Koralia A Michail ◽  
Evangelia Samoli ◽  
George Tsiftis ◽  
Konstantinos Tsoumakas
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Appropriate

scholarly journals Evaluation of primary immunization coverage among children in a rural block of district Rohtak, Haryana, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahil Goyal ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Ritika Garg
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
The Right

Background: Vaccination is the most important preventive and cost-effective intervention to decrease morbidity and mortality rates in children. Every year, vaccination averts an estimated 2-3 million deaths from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. These are all life threatening diseases that disproportionately affect children. An estimated 1.5 million children die annually from diseases that can be prevented by immunization. In the past 50 years, vaccination has saved more lives worldwide than any other medical products or procedures. The objectives of the study were to evaluate primary immunization coverage along with 1st dose of Vitamin-A supplementation coverage, age-appropriate immunization and also to know the reasons for partial or non-immunization among children.Methods: Community-based cross sectional study was conducted among 540 children in the rural area of Rohtak, Haryana during June 2015-May 2016. Information was collected from the mothers regarding immunization status of their children aged 12-23 months old and socio-demographic variables using a semi-structured interview schedule.Results: 395 (73.15%) of 12-23 months old children were fully immunized and the rest 145 (26.85%) were partially immunized. The major reason for drop-out rate was found to be unawareness regarding need for immunization. Immunization coverage was found to be significantly associated with the presence of immunization card and literacy level of mothers.Conclusions: Though the immunization coverage showed improvement through intensive immunization campaigns in recent years, still a lot needs to be done to increase awareness regarding importance of full immunization at the right time as mentioned in the National Immunization schedule (NIS).

Reliability of Clinician Judgments of Severity of Phonological Impairment

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Rafaat ◽  
Susan Rvachew ◽  
Rebecca S. C. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Citation Form ◽  
Phonological Abilities ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Pairs of speech-language pathologists independently rated severity of phonological impairment for 45 preschoolers, aged 30 to 65 months. Children were rated along a continuum from normal to profound. In addition to judging overall severity of impairment, the clinicians provided separate ratings based on citation form and conversational samples. A judgment of intelligibility of conversational speech was also required. Results indicated that interclinician reliability was adequate (80% agreement) for older preschool-aged children (4-1/2 years and above) but that judgments by speechlanguage pathologists were not sufficiently reliable for children under 3-1/2 years of age 40% agreement). Children judged to have age appropriate phonological abilities were not clearly distinguishable from children judged to have a mild delay. Educating speech-language pathologists regarding the normative phonological data that are available with respect to young preschoolers, and ensuring that such data are readily accessible for assessment purposes, is required.

Effects of Fundamental Frequency Contours on Sentence Recognition in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 3855-3864
Author(s):  
Wanting Huang ◽  
Lena L. N. Wong ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Haihong Liu ◽  
Wei Liang
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
F0 Contour ◽  
Appropriate Sentences

Purpose Fundamental frequency (F0) is the primary acoustic cue for lexical tone perception in tonal languages but is processed in a limited way in cochlear implant (CI) systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of F0 contours in sentence recognition in Mandarin-speaking children with CIs and find out whether it is similar to/different from that in age-matched normal-hearing (NH) peers. Method Age-appropriate sentences, with F0 contours manipulated to be either natural or flattened, were randomly presented to preschool children with CIs and their age-matched peers with NH under three test conditions: in quiet, in white noise, and with competing sentences at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Results The neutralization of F0 contours resulted in a significant reduction in sentence recognition. While this was seen only in noise conditions among NH children, it was observed throughout all test conditions among children with CIs. Moreover, the F0 contour-induced accuracy reduction ratios (i.e., the reduction in sentence recognition resulting from the neutralization of F0 contours compared to the normal F0 condition) were significantly greater in children with CIs than in NH children in all test conditions. Conclusions F0 contours play a major role in sentence recognition in both quiet and noise among pediatric implantees, and the contribution of the F0 contour is even more salient than that in age-matched NH children. These results also suggest that there may be differences between children with CIs and NH children in how F0 contours are processed.

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