scholarly journals The genetic impact of an Ebola outbreak on a wild gorilla population

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Fontsere ◽  
Peter Frandsen ◽  
Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez ◽  
Jonas Niemann ◽  
Camilla Hjorth Scharff-Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Western Lowland Gorilla ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Target Capture ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Genetic Impact

Abstract Background Numerous Ebola virus outbreaks have occurred in Equatorial Africa over the past decades. Besides human fatalities, gorillas and chimpanzees have also succumbed to the fatal virus. The 2004 outbreak at the Odzala-Kokoua National Park (Republic of Congo) alone caused a severe decline in the resident western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population, with a 95% mortality rate. Here, we explore the immediate genetic impact of the Ebola outbreak in the western lowland gorilla population. Results Associations with survivorship were evaluated by utilizing DNA obtained from fecal samples from 16 gorilla individuals declared missing after the outbreak (non-survivors) and 15 individuals observed before and after the epidemic (survivors). We used a target enrichment approach to capture the sequences of 123 genes previously associated with immunology and Ebola virus resistance and additionally analyzed the gut microbiome which could influence the survival after an infection. Our results indicate no changes in the population genetic diversity before and after the Ebola outbreak, and no significant differences in microbial community composition between survivors and non-survivors. However, and despite the low power for an association analysis, we do detect six nominally significant missense mutations in four genes that might be candidate variants associated with an increased chance of survival. Conclusion This study offers the first insight to the genetics of a wild great ape population before and after an Ebola outbreak using target capture experiments from fecal samples, and presents a list of candidate loci that may have facilitated their survival.

scholarly journals The genetic impact of an Ebola outbreak on a wild gorilla population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Fontsere ◽  
Peter Frandsen ◽  
Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez ◽  
Jonas Niemann ◽  
Camilla Hjorth Scharff-Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Western Lowland Gorilla ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Genetic Impact

Background: Numerous Ebola virus outbreaks have occurred in Equatorial Africa over the past decades. Besides human fatalities, gorillas and chimpanzees have also succumbed to the fatal virus. The 2004 outbreak at the Odzala-Kokoua National Park (Republic of Congo) alone caused a severe decline in the resident western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population, with a 95% mortality rate. Here, we explore the immediate genetic impact of the Ebola outbreak in the western lowland gorilla population. Results: Associations with survivorship were evaluated by utilizing DNA obtained from fecal samples from 16 gorilla individuals declared missing after the outbreak (non-survivors) and 15 individuals observed before and after the epidemic (survivors). We used a target enrichment approach to capture the sequences of 123 genes previously associated with immunology and Ebola virus resistance and additionally analyzed the gut microbiome which could influence the survival after an infection. Our results indicate no changes in the population genetic diversity before and after the Ebola outbreak, and no significant differences in microbial community composition between survivors and non-survivors. However, and despite the low power for an association analysis, we do detect six nominally significant missense mutations in four genes that might be candidate variants associated with an increased chance of survival. Conclusion: This study offers the first insight to the genetics of a wild great ape population before and after an Ebola outbreak using target capture experiments from fecal samples, and presents a list of candidate loci that may have facilitated their survival.

Multiplex Quantitative PCR Assays for the Detection and Quantification of the Six Major Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups in Cattle Feces†

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. SHRIDHAR ◽  
L. W. NOLL ◽  
X. SHI ◽  
B. AN ◽  
N. CERNICCHIARO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, called non-O157 STEC, are important foodborne pathogens. Cattle, a major reservoir, harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed them in the feces. Although limited data exist on fecal shedding, concentrations of non-O157 STEC in feces have not been reported. The objectives of our study were (i) to develop and validate two multiplex quantitative PCR (mqPCR) assays, targeting O-antigen genes of O26, O103, and O111 (mqPCR-1) and O45, O121, and O145 (mqPCR-2); (ii) to utilize the two assays, together with a previously developed four-plex qPCR assay (mqPCR-3) targeting the O157 antigen and three virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae), to quantify seven serogroups and three virulence genes in cattle feces; and (iii) to compare the three mqPCR assays to a 10-plex conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting seven serogroups and three virulence genes and culture methods to detect seven E. coli serogroups in cattle feces. The two mqPCR assays (1 and 2) were shown to be specific to the target genes, and the detection limits were 4 and 2 log CFU/g of pure culture–spiked fecal samples, before and after enrichment, respectively. A total of 576 fecal samples collected from a feedlot were enriched in E. coli broth and were subjected to quantification (before enrichment) and detection (after enrichment). Of the 576 fecal samples subjected, before enrichment, to three mqPCR assays for quantification, 175 (30.4%) were quantifiable (≥4 log CFU/g) for at least one of the seven serogroups, with O157 being the most common serogroup. The three mqPCR assays detected higher proportions of postenriched fecal samples (P < 0.01) as positive for one or more serogroups compared with cPCR and culture methods. This is the first study to assess the applicability of qPCR assays to detect and quantify six non-O157 serogroups in cattle feces and to generate data on fecal concentration of the six serogroups.

Leydig Cell Tumor in a Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Karesh ◽  
Michael S. Burton ◽  
Robert G. Russell ◽  
Mark W. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Leydig Cell Tumor ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Western Lowland Gorilla

The microbial characteristics of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma before and after immunotherapy.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16016-e16016
Author(s):  
Jing Zuo ◽  
Wenjing Lv ◽  
Yudong Wang ◽  
Zhisong Fan ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Ideas

e16016 Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignancy without effective therapy. Immune checkpoint–oriented immunotherapies have shown considerable promise and the advent of esophageal microbiome provides researchers with new ideas. Methods: DNA was extracted from blood, oral mucosal, saliva, urine, fecal samples from 20 ESCC patients before and after immunotherapy. Total microbial genomic DNA samples were extracted using an OMEGA Soil DNA Kit (D5625-01). The V3–V4 regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using the forward primer and the reverse primer and were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq platform. In order to comprehensively evaluate the α diversity of microbial communities, we used Chao1 and Observed Species indices to characterize the richness, Shannon and Simpson indices to characterize the diversity. PCoA were used to analyze differences in β diversity. Functions of 16S rRNA sequences were predicted using the PICRUSt2 and KEGG databases. Results: A comparison of blood, oral mucosal, saliva, urine, fecal samples of ESCC patients before and after immunotherapy showed that α diversity was not statistically significant. In terms of β diversity, no statistically significant differences were detected within blood, oral mucosal, saliva, urine, fecal samples of ESCC patients before and after immunotherapy. In ESCC patients treated before immunotherapy, the α diversity and β diversity of blood, oral mucosal, saliva, urine, fecal samples were different, and in ESCC patients treated after immunotherapy had the same rule. At the phylum level, the top 5 microbes in ESCC patients before and after immunotherapy were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria. At the genus level, the top 5 microbes in ESCC patients before immunotherapy were Aquabacterium, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Bacteroides, and in ESCC patients after immunotherapy were Aquabacterium, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Veillonella. In terms of the microbial functions in ESCC patients before and after immunotherapy, the metabolic pathways accounted for the most. Conclusions: This study is conducive to exploring new mechanisms for tumor cells to evade host immune surveillance, providing new ideas and new strategies for the microecology-based immunotherapy of ESCC.

scholarly journals Status of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Hiranmoy Biswas ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Resistant Parasite ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

Anthelmintic resistance has become a global problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. The present study was investigated the status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants in two organized sheep and goat farms in two different areas of Bangladesh by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. In each farms, naturally infected animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals. Fecal samples from each group were collected on day 0 and day 14 of post treatment to measure the eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The fecal samples of each group before and after treatment were also considered for culture to identify resistant parasite. In case of organized sheep farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 90.17, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 97.82 and 55.68, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 98.25 and 96.77, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.79, 85.12 and 99.11, 88.31, respectively. In case of organized goat farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 0 and 0, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 97.99 and 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.59, 90.28 and 0, 0 respectively. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes were found to be resistant to albendazole in organized sheep farm and suspected to be resistant to levamisole and ivermectin. In organized goat farms, the GI nematodes found to be susceptible to all anthelmintics used for this study. Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. were resistant parasite in sheep farm. This seems to be the first documentation of anthelmintic resistance against GI nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. Appropriate measures need to be taken to overcome the situation. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 378-382

Understanding the Predictors that Contribute to Liberian Health Care Workers Feeling Protected From Ebola While at Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kayla Enriquez ◽  
Kanagasabai Udhayashankar ◽  
Michelle Niescierenko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Returning To Work ◽  
Care Worker ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess Liberian health care workers’ feelings around safety in returning to work in the setting of the Ebola virus disease outbreak of 2014–2015 after receiving infection prevention and control (IPC) training. Methods: Academic Consortium Combating Ebola in Liberia (ACCEL) training surveys were done at 21 public, Liberian hospitals to understand health care workers’ attitudes surrounding Ebola and whether they felt safe while at work based on multiple factors. Logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: We found that health care workers feeling safe at work during the Ebola outbreak was primarily predicted by the number of IPC/Ebola trainings received pre-ACCEL interventions. Health care workers felt increasingly safer and motivated to return to work as trainings approached 3 (OR 8, p-value < 0.001); however, more than 3 trainings resulted in decreased safety and motivation. In addition, health care workers who reported washing their hands before and after patient contact were 3.4 times more likely to understand how to protect themselves from Ebola. Conclusions: These results help to better understand the utility of repeated trainings on health care worker practice attitudes and the importance of IPC policies within hospitals, such as hand hygiene promotion and education, when coordinating humanitarian efforts.

Comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase PCR amplification of rotavirus RNA from gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples

2004 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A Whittier ◽  
William Horne ◽  
Barrett Slenning ◽  
Michael Loomis ◽  
Michael K Stoskopf
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Pcr ◽  
Storage Methods
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