scholarly journals Feasibility of using infant testing during immunization to estimate HIV mother-to-child-transmission rates in Zambia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Simbaya ◽  
Patricia Funjika ◽  
Arthur Moonga ◽  
John Mwale ◽  
Chipepo Kankasa
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants at national and subnational levels in Zambia. Methods The study recruited a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of 8042 caregiver-baby pairs in 38 high volume immunization sites in 7 towns across 3 provinces of Zambia. All mothers who brought their children below the age of one year for immunization at the study facilities were invited to participate in the study. All consenting mothers were interviewed and blood drawn from their babies for; rapid HIV antibody test to determine exposure and DNA PCR test for samples of all HIV-exposed babies to determine HIV infection. Results Of 8042 recruited caregiver–baby pairs, 1409 (17.5%) babies were HIV-exposed. Approximately 90.2% of all mothers of HIV exposed infants reported that they attended ANC visits more than two times and facility based deliveries stood at 91.6%. Exclusive breastfeeding among HIV exposed infants reduced with increase in age of infant; it was highest at 6 weeks (82.2%) followed by 10 weeks (74.0%) and 14 weeks (58.2%). MTCT rates were relatively lower than what was reported before in subnational studies and stood at 4.7% among Penta 1 seekers, 2.8% among Penta 2 seekers, 2.1% among Penta 3 seekers and 5.0% among Measles vaccination seekers. The overall MTCT rate stood at 3.8%. About 48.1% of HIV positive babies were male compared to 51.9% females. Babies of mothers below the age of 25 years accounted for almost half (51.9%) of all HIV infected babies in the study. Reported exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive babies was 77.8% for Penta 1 seekers, 75.0% for Penta 2 seekers and 100% for Penta 3 seekers. Conclusions The study succeeded in estimating the MTCT rates using infant testing in immunization services, thereby demonstrating that it is feasible to use routine infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV-exposed infants in countries with high HIV burden and immunization coverage.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Using Infant Testing during Immunization to Estimate HIV  Mother-to-Child-Transmission Rates in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Simbaya ◽  
Patricia Funjika ◽  
Arthur Moonga ◽  
John Mwale ◽  
Chipepo Kankasa
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Mtct Rate ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background : This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants in Zambia. Methods : The study recruited a cross-sectional sample of 8,042 caregiver-baby pairs in 38 high volume immunization sites in 7 towns across 3 provinces of Zambia. All mothers who brought their children below the age of one year for immunization at the study facilities were invited to participate in the study. All consenting mothers were interviewed and blood drawn from their babies for; rapid HIV antibody test to determine exposure and DNA PCR test for samples of all HIV-exposed babies to determine HIV infection. Results : Of 8,042 recruited caregiver-baby pairs, 1,409 (17.5 %) babies were HIV-exposed. Approximately 90.2 percent of all mothers of HIV exposed infants reported that they attended ANC visits more than two times and facility based deliveries stood at 91.6 percent. Exclusive breastfeeding among HIV exposed infants reduced with increase in age of infant; it was highest at 6 weeks (82.2 %) followed by 10 weeks (74.0 %) and 14 weeks (58.2 %) . MTCT rates were relatively lower than what was reported before at 4.7 percent among Penta 1 seekers, 2.8 percent among Penta 2 seekers, 2.1 percent among Penta 3 seekers and 5.0 percent among Measles vaccination seekers. The overall MTCT rate stood at 3.8 percent. About 48.1 percent of HIV positive babies were male compared to 51.9 percent females. Babies of mothers below the age of 25 years accounted almost half (51.9 %) of all HIV infected babies in the study. Reported exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive babies was 77.8 percent for Penta 1 seekers, 75.0 percent for Penta 2 seekers and 100 percent for Penta 3 seekers. Conclusion: The study succeeded in estimating MTCT rates using infant testing in immunization services, demonstrating that it is feasible to use routine infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV-exposed infants in countries with high HIV burden and immunization coverage.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Using Infant Testing during Immunization to Estimate HIV  Mother-to-Child-Transmission Rates in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Simbaya ◽  
Patricia Funjika ◽  
Arthur Moonga ◽  
John Mwale ◽  
Chipepo Kankasa
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Mtct Rate ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background : This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants in Zambia. Methods : The study recruited a cross-sectional sample of 8,042 caregiver-baby pairs in 38 high volume immunization sites in 7 towns across 3 provinces of Zambia. All mothers who brought their children below the age of one year for immunization at the study facilities were invited to participate in the study. All consenting mothers were interviewed and blood drawn from their babies for; rapid HIV antibody test to determine exposure and DNA PCR test for samples of all HIV-exposed babies to determine HIV infection. Results : Of 8,042 recruited caregiver-baby pairs, 1,409 (17.5 %) babies were HIV-exposed. Approximately 90.2 percent of all mothers of HIV exposed infants reported that they attended ANC visits more than two times and facility based deliveries stood at 91.6 percent. Exclusive breastfeeding among HIV exposed infants reduced with increase in age of infant; it was highest at 6 weeks (82.2 %) followed by 10 weeks (74.0 %) and 14 weeks (58.2 %) . MTCT rates were relatively lower than what was reported before at 4.7 percent among Penta 1 seekers, 2.8 percent among Penta 2 seekers, 2.1 percent among Penta 3 seekers and 5.0 percent among Measles vaccination seekers. The overall MTCT rate stood at 3.8 percent. About 48.1 percent of HIV positive babies were male compared to 51.9 percent females. Babies of mothers below the age of 25 years accounted almost half (51.9 %) of all HIV infected babies in the study. Reported exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive babies was 77.8 percent for Penta 1 seekers, 75.0 percent for Penta 2 seekers and 100 percent for Penta 3 seekers. Conclusion: The study succeeded in estimating MTCT rates using infant testing in immunization services, demonstrating that it is feasible to use routine infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV-exposed infants in countries with high HIV burden and immunization coverage.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Using Infant Testing during Immunization to Estimate Mother-to-Child-Transmission Rates in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Simbaya ◽  
Patricia Funjika ◽  
Arthur Moonga ◽  
John Mwale ◽  
Chipepo Kankasa
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Mtct Rate ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background: This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants at national and sub-national levels in Zambia. Methods: The study recruited a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of 8,042 caregiver-baby pairs in 38 high volume immunization sites in 7 towns across 3 provinces of Zambia. All mothers who brought their children below the age of one year for immunization at the study facilities were invited to participate in the study. All consenting mothers were interviewed and blood drawn from their babies for; rapid HIV antibody test to determine exposure and DNA PCR test for samples of all HIV-exposed babies to determine HIV infection. Results: Of 8,042 recruited caregiver-baby pairs, 1,407 (17.5percent of all mothers of HIV exposed infants reported that they attended ANC visits more than two times and facility based deliveries stood at 92 percent. Exclusive breastfeeding among HIV exposed infants reduced with increase in age of infant; it was highest at 6 weeks (82 %) followed by 10 weeks (74 %), 14 weeks (74 %) and 9 months (4 %). MTCT rates were relatively lower than what was reported before in subnational studies and stood at 4.94 percent among Penta 1 seekers, 3.08 percent among Penta 2 seekers, 2.63 percent among Penta 3 seekers and 5.15 percent among Measles vaccination seekers. The overall MTCT rate stood at 4.05 percent. About 46 percent of HIV positive babies were male compared to 54 percent females. Babies of mothers below the age of 25 years accounted almost half (47 %) of all HIV infected babies in the study. Reported exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive babies was 79 percent for Penta 1 seekers, 78 percent for Penta 2 seekers and 100 percent for Penta 3 seekers. Conclusion: The study succeeded in estimating the MTCT rates using infant testing in immunization services, thereby demonstrating that it is feasible to use routine infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV-exposed infants in Zambia.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Timing of the First HIV Virological Test for HIV Exposed Infants; A Cross Sectional Descriptive Study of HIV Positive Breastfeeding Mothers and their Infants in 10 Selected High-Volume Health Facilities in a Rural District in Western Uganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Enos Mirembe Masereka ◽  
Edson Musungu Bwambale ◽  
Edson Katsomyo ◽  
Clement Munguiko
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Testing Algorithm ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction: Although Option-B plus has registered tremendous success in the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, the failure to follow the HIV testing algorithm for HIV Exposed Infants (HEIs) after birth is likely to make achieving zero new HIV infections among children unrealistic. Due to this, we sought to determine the factors affecting uptake of first Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test among HEIs to inform the selection of strategies to strengthen Early Infant Diagnosis (EID), an indicator that tracks progress towards achieving zero new HIV infections in children.

scholarly journals Early Diagnosis of HIV among Infants Born to HIV-Positive Mothers on Option-B Plus in Kampala, Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Izudi ◽  
Sylvia Auma ◽  
John Bosco Alege
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Introduction. Globally, there is delay in accessing early HIV diagnosis (EID) among HIV exposed infants (HEIs). With paucity of data on EID use at Kisenyi Health Center, this study assessed factors associated with EID use among HEIs (HIV exposed infants). Method. This was a cross-sectional study of 246 HIV-positive mother-baby pairs. Data was collected by structured questionnaire, double-entered in EpiData, and analyzed with STATA using multinomial logistic regression at 5% significance level. Results. 132 (53.7%) HEIs were not tested, 60 (24.4%) tested outside EID guideline, and 54 (21.9%) tested per the guideline. Testing per guideline was associated with maternal age above 30 years (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.20–6.34; P=0.017); testing outside the guideline was associated with maternal HIV serostatus disclosure (AOR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.10–6.63; P=0.003) and four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.23–8.59; P=0.017). However, maternal knowledge of HIV transmission was associated with testing outside the guideline (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.10–7.65; P=0.032) and per the guideline (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI: 1.39–9.88; P=0.009). Conclusion. Timely EID testing was low. Improving maternal knowledge of EID during ANC visits and positive living empowerment is critical.

scholarly journals Supervision and monitoring to assess quality of outreach immunization sessions in a rural area using a checklist

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Ambika R. Bhaskar ◽  
Mridula Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Assess Quality

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent the suffering that comes from avoidable sickness, disability and death. Outreach immunization services ensure that immunization is available to children who are unable to access a general practice in a timely fashion for their immunization events. Effective supervision and monitoring will help in improving quality and coverage of immunization.Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital. 50 outreach sessions held in various outdoor places including Anganwadi were supervised and monitored using checklist. 110 mothers and 20 stakeholders were interviewed. Immunization records were assessed.Results: Outreach immunization sessions were found to be of good quality. 89% children were fully immunized. ANMs and ASHAs were of the opinion that outreach session has significantly raised immunization coverage. 75.4% mothers had knowledge about services provided by outreach sessions.Conclusions: There was increase in immunization coverage due to outreach sessions. There is need for adequate supervision on safety injection practices and regular timely incentive to ASHA.

scholarly journals Predictors of mortality among HIV exposed infants at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalachew Adugna Wubneh ◽  
Aklilu Endalamaw ◽  
Nigusie Birhan Tebeje
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed

Abstract Background In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, vertical HIV transmission has been decreased. This may increase fertility desire of HIV infected women and an increasing number of HIV exposed infants as a result. A high probability of mortality among HIV exposed infants was reported across different countries. However, few studies are found on mortality of HIV exposed infants, in particular, no study was conducted before in the current study area. Methods Institution based retrospective cohort study from July 2013 to December 2017 was conducted. A total of 408 HIV exposed children were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from registration book by using data extraction tool, which is adapted from the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health HIV exposed infant follow-up form. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to show the probability of mortality rate. Bivariable and multivariable cox regression models were used to identify predictors of mortality. Results Overall mortality rate was found to be 8.88 (95% CI: 6.36–12.36) per 100 child-year. Infant with death of at least one parent (AHR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.503–7.32), non-exclusive breastfeeding (AHR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.037–0.302), growth failure (AHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.09–8.09), presence of sign and symptom of HIV infection (AHR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.33–6.74), and low birth weight (AHR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.007–6.78) were found to be predictors of infant mortality. Conclusions Mortality of HIV exposed infants was high in Ethiopia. Prevention of the occurrence of HIV infection symptom, growth failure, and low birth weight is essential and further treat early whenever they occurred. Still, behavioral change interventions on mother who practice non-exclusive breastfeeding are indicated. Especial care for orphan infants is required due to their nature of vulnerability to varieties of health problem.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN CAKUPAN IMUNISASI DASAR DAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA DI INDONESIA (ANALISIS DATA RISKESDAS 2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
Ami Monika Sari ◽  
Demsa Simbolon ◽  
Tetes Wahyu
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Background: The direct causes of nutritional status problems are infectious diseases and inadequate intake. The prevalence of infectious diseases can be caused by children not getting complete basic immunization and not getting exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: The study aims to determine the relationship between complete basic immunization and exclusive breastfeeding with the nutritional status of underfive children in Indonesia. Methods: This study uses secondary data from Primary health research of Indonesia (Riskesdas 2018). It is an analytical study using a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study is toddlers spread across 34 provinces of Indonesia. The sampling technique in this study is the total population. The independent variables were complete basic immunization coverage and exclusive breastfeeding coverage. The dependent variable is the prevalence of nutritional status based on the index of Weight by age, body length according to age and body weight by length.Results: The results of the analysis found that the complete basic immunization coverage for underfive children in Indonesia was 56.18%, exclusive breastfeeding coverage was 39.59%, and the prevalence of underweight and severely underweight children under five (WHZ) was 16.67%, the prevalence of short and very short toddlers short (WHZ 29.68% and the prevalence of malnutrition and very poor (HAZ)  12.44%. using correlation test and linear regression with a significance degree of p≤0.05. Complete basic immunization coverage was associated with the prevalence of very underweight and underweight (p=0.005), short and very short (p=0.043), very undernourished and undernourished (p=0.000). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between complete basic immunization and the nutritional status of children under five in Indonesia. There is no significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the nutritional status of children under five in Indonesia.Key words: Complete basic Immunization; Exclusive breastfeeding;  Nutritional status; Underfive years old

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