A case report of transmission and disease caused by Mycobacterium caprae and Mycobacterium bovis in Lima, Peru

Abstract Background The Tuberculosis (TB) burden in Peru is significant with respect to both disease morbidity and mortality. Furthermore the recent diversification of farming enterprise to include a wide range of animal species has necessitated the consideration of members of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) with the potential for zoonotic transmission. M. bovis and M. caprae, a lesser known member of the MTBC exhibit an exceptionally wide host spectrum in animals and are capable of causing disease in humans. M. bovis has a predictable resistance profile which includes resistance to pyrazinamide. Thus, failure to identify M. bovis as the causative agent in reported TB cases leads to higher levels of treatment failure and contributes to the transmission of drug-resistant TB. Case presentation Reported here are the clinical presentations, investigations and treatment histories of two patients identified from a population level genotyping study in Lima, Peru that were at the time of treatment thought to be M. tuberculosis patients but in retrospect were spectated using whole genome sequencing as M. caprae and M. Bovis. Conclusions The cases reported here constitute convincing evidence that M. caprae and M. bovis are causative agents of TB infection in humans in Peru and underscore the importance of species-level MTBC member identification to effectively control and treat zoonotic TB. Furthermore these cases highlight the challenges of using clinical risk factors to identify cases of zoonotic TB in humans as their clinical presentation and transmission history is often difficult to distinguish from anthroponotic TB.

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Compression neuropathies of the forearm: anatomy, clinical features and management

British Journal of Hospital Medicine ◽

10.12968/hmed.2021.0187 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Alexander Scarborough ◽

Robert J MacFarlane ◽

Michail Klontzas ◽

Rui Zhou ◽

Mohammad Waseem

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Brachial Plexus ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Permanent Damage ◽

Peripheral Nerve Lesions ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Prompt Diagnosis

The upper limb consists of four major parts: a girdle formed by the clavicle and scapula, the arm, the forearm and the hand. Peripheral nerve lesions of the upper limb are divided into lesions of the brachial plexus or the nerves arising from it. Lesions of the nerves arising from the brachial plexus are further divided into upper (proximal) or lower (distal) lesions based on their location. Peripheral nerves in the forearm can be compressed in various locations and by a wide range of pathologies. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and clinical presentations of these compression neuropathies can lead to prompt diagnosis and management, preventing possible permanent damage. This article discusses the aetiology, anatomy, clinical presentation and surgical management of compressive neuropathies of the upper limb.

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A Population Perspective on Prevention of Dementia

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8060834 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 834 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Esmé Eggink ◽

Eric P. Moll van Charante ◽

Willem A. van Gool ◽

Edo Richard

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Care Systems ◽

Population Level ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Middle Income ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Dementia Prevention ◽

Wide Range ◽

Care Systems

The global number of people living with dementia is expected to increase to 130 million in 2050. Based on extensive evidence from observational studies, it is estimated that about 30% of dementia cases may be attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors. This suggests that interventions targeting these factors could perhaps delay or prevent the onset of dementia. Since the vast majority of people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries, such interventions should preferably be easy and affordable to implement across a wide range of health care systems. However, to date, results from dementia prevention trials do not provide convincing evidence that treatment of these risk factors reduces the risk of dementia. The current paper aims to give an overview of available evidence for the potential for dementia prevention. In particular, we discuss methodological issues that might complicate the development of effective prevention interventions and explore the opportunities and challenges for future dementia prevention research. Currently, several ongoing and planned trials are testing the effect of multi-domain interventions on dementia risk in high-risk populations. It is desirable that future dementia strategies also target the wider population, through interventions on the individual, community, and population level, in order to constrain the growing prevalence of dementia worldwide.

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Ebstein’s Anomaly

Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing ◽

10.1891/0730-0832.26.3.197 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 197-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sarah Pashia

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Tricuspid Valve ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Ebstein’S Anomaly ◽

Ebstein's Anomaly ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pathologic Findings ◽

The Right

EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY IS A RARE congenital heart defect characterized by displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets into the right ventricle.1The defect was first described by Wilhelm Ebstein in 1866.2This anomaly of the tricuspid valve causes the right atrium to thin and become enlarged, resulting in a wide range of clinical presentations.3Clinical presentation depends on the severity of the pathologic findings, which vary considerably from patient to patient. Some infants may present with cyanosis, respiratory distress, heart failure, and even death, whereas others may not present with mild symptoms until adolescence or adulthood.

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Insights into transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Nepal

Tropical Medicine and Health ◽

10.1186/s41182-022-00400-z ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yogendra Shah ◽

Sarad Paudel ◽

Kishor Pandey ◽

Govind Prasad Gupta ◽

Eddie Samuneti Solo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

One Health ◽

Animal Species ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

The Government

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans and animals. Numbers of multi drug resistance TB (MDR-TB), extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) and zoonotic TB cases are increasingly being reported every year in Nepal posing a major public health problem. Therefore, the Government of Nepal should act immediately to strengthen the screening facilities across the country to be able to identify and treat the TB infected patients as well as detect zoonotic TB in animal species. Endorsement of One Health Act by the Government of Nepal is an opportunity to initiate the joint programs for TB surveillance among human and animal species using one health approach to reduce the TB burden in Nepal.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Coinfection: Double Trouble

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22464/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abhijeet Singh ◽

Ayush Gupta ◽

Kamanashish Das

Keyword(s):

Throat Swab ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Swab Sample ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background: The ongoing pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has received worldwide attention by becoming a major global health threat. We encountered one case with COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection which has not been frequently reported. Case presentation: A 76 year old female presented with acute respiratory symptoms superimposed on chronic symptoms, suggestive to have pneumonia. Oropharyngeal throat swab sample for COVID-19 was positive as detected by real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay. GeneXpert Ultra detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with Rifampicin resistance indeterminate. Patient was treated with appropriate management. Conclusion: Clinicians should suspect coinfection with TB during ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 as therapeutic strategies need to be determined timely to improve outcome and prevent transmission in community.

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New daily persistent headache — rare primary or secondary phenomena caused by carotid-cavernous fistula? A case report

Open Medicine ◽

10.2478/s11536-013-0267-1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 302-305

Author(s):

Srdjan Ljubisavljevic ◽

Dragan Stojanov ◽

Mirjana Spasic ◽

Miroslava Zivkovic

Keyword(s):

Cavernous Sinus ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Arterial System ◽

New Daily Persistent Headache ◽

Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽

Carotid Cavernous Fistulas ◽

Persistent Headache

AbstractCarotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are dural arteriovenous fistulas which include pathological communications between the arterial system and the venous cavernous sinus situated at the wall of the cavernous sinus. It can be demonstrated by wide range clinical presentations. The presented case shows a very modest clinical presentation of CCF which was present over a few months only as new daily persistent headache without initial positive findings on performed computer tomography of the head, but rapidly worsened over a period of few days.

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Dual-lipid metabolomics revealed the communication of MTB or MB with Bovine alveolar macrophages in lipid metabolisms

10.1101/2021.07.06.451399 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Weifeng Gao ◽

Yurong Cai ◽

Gang Zhang ◽

Xiaoping Wang ◽

Juan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Host Macrophage ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Bovine Alveolar Macrophage ◽

Fatty Acyls

M. tuberculosis(MTB) and M. bovis(MB) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are the causative agents of the notorious infectious disease tuberculosis(TB) in a range of mammals, including cattle and human. The lipid composition of MTB/MB performed imperative function as invading host macrophage. In the present study, a dual-lipid metabolomics were used to elucidate the differences in lipid composition of MTB and MB and the different responses in lipid metabolisms of bovine alveolar macrophage challenged by MTB/MB. The lipid metabolomics of MTB and MB indicated that there were significant differences in lipid composition of both bacteria that the level of various lipids belonged to Glycerophospholipids, Sterol Lipids, Fatty Acyls and Polyketides exhibited differences between MTB and MB. Meanwhile, both MTB and MB with different lipid composition could invoked different responses in lipid metabolisms of the host macrophage. MTB infection mainly induced the increase in content of Polyketides and Glycerophospholipids in macrophages, whereas MB infection induced the level of Glycerophospholipids and Sterol Lipids of macrophages. Furthermore, we identified TAG 13:0-18:5-18:5 of MTB and PC(16:1(9E)/0:0), PI(20:2(11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), 4,6-Decadiyn-1-ol isovalerate and LacCer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) of MB caused the different variations in lipid metabolisms of macrophage following MTB/MB attacks, respectively. Finally, we proposed MTB and MB with different lipid compositions could successfully colonize in macrophage by different mechanisms that MTB could promote the formation of foam cells of macrophage for its colonization and development, while MB mainly through suppressing the macrophage autophagy to escape the immune responses of host.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Coinfection: Double Trouble

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22464/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abhijeet Singh ◽

Ayush Gupta ◽

Kamanashish Das

Keyword(s):

Throat Swab ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Swab Sample ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Novel Coronavirus

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Genomic Interrogation of the Dassie Bacillus Reveals It as a Unique RD1 Mutant within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.186.1.104-109.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 186 (1) ◽

pp. 104-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Serge Mostowy ◽

Debby Cousins ◽

Marcel A. Behr

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Dna Content ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Biological Significance ◽

The Other ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Procavia Capensis ◽

Mycobacterium Microti

ABSTRACT Despite their remarkable genetic homology, members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex express very different phenotypes, most notably in their spectra of clinical presentation. For example, M. tuberculosis is regarded as pathogenic to humans, whereas members having deleted RD1, such as Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, are not. The dassie bacillus, an infrequent variant of the M. tuberculosis complex characterized as being most similar to M. microti, is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in the dassie (Procavia capensis). Intriguingly, the dassie bacillus is not pathogenic to rabbits or guinea pigs and has never been documented to infect humans. Although it was identified more than a half-century ago, the reasons behind its attenuation are unknown. Because large sequence polymorphisms have presented themselves as the most obvious genomic distinction among members of the M. tuberculosis complex, the DNA content of the dassie bacillus was interrogated by Affymetrix GeneChip to identify regions that are absent from it but present in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Comparison has led to the identification of nine regions of difference (RD), five of which are shared with M. microti (RDs 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10). Although the dassie bacillus does not share the other documented deletions in M. microti (RD1mic, RD5mic, MID1, MID2, and MID3), it has endured unique deletions in the regions of RD1, RD5, N-RD25, and Rv3081-Rv3082c (virS). RD1das, affecting only Rv3874-Rv3877, is the smallest natural deletion of the RD1 region uncovered and points to genes within this region that are likely implicated in virulence. Newfound deletions from the dassie bacillus are discussed in relation to their evolutionary and biological significance.

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Revised Interpretation of the Hain Lifescience GenoType MTBC To Differentiate Mycobacterium canettii and Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00159-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chloé Loiseau ◽

Daniela Brites ◽

Irmgard Moser ◽

Francesc Coll ◽

Christine Pourcel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

In Silico ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Tuberculosis Complex ◽

Content Type ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Mycobacterium Africanum

ABSTRACT Using 894 phylogenetically diverse genomes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), we simulated in silico the ability of the Hain Lifescience GenoType MTBC assay to differentiate the causative agents of tuberculosis. Here, we propose a revised interpretation of this assay to reflect its strengths (e.g., it can distinguish some strains of Mycobacterium canettii and variants of Mycobacterium bovis that are not intrinsically resistant to pyrazinamide) and limitations (e.g., Mycobacterium orygis cannot be differentiated from Mycobacterium africanum).

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