scholarly journals Re-evaluation of high-risk breast mammography lesions by target ultrasound and ABUS of breast non-mass-like lesions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxing Zhang ◽  
Lishang Cai ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Xiyan Pang ◽  
Miao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Breast Ultrasonography ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Malignant Breast ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
High Risk Breast

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the high-risk breast non-mass-like lesions (NMLs) in mammography (MG) by target ultrasound (US) and Automated breast ultrasonography (ABUS), and to analyze the correlation between different imaging findings and the factors influencing the classification of lesions. Methods A total of 161 patients with 166 breast lesions were recruited in this retrospectively study. All cases were diagnosed as BI-RADS 4 or 5 by MG and as NML on ultrasound. While all NMLs underwent mammography, target US and ABUS before breast surgery or biopsy in the consistent position of breast. The imaging and pathological features of all cases were collected. All lesions were classified according to the lexion of ACR BI-RADS®. Results There were significant differences between benign and malignant breast NML in all the features of target US and ABUS. US, especially ABUS, was superior to MG in determining the malignant breast NML. There was a significant difference in the detection rate of calcification between MG and Target US (P < 0.001), and there was a significant difference in the detection rate of structural distortion between ABUS and MG (P < 0.001). Conclusions Target US, especially ABUS, can significantly improve the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the diagnosis of high-risk NMLs in MG. The features of Target US and ABUS such as blood supply, hyperechogenicity, ductal changes, peripheral changes and coronal features could be employed to predict benign and malignant lesions. The coronal features of ABUS were more sensitive than those of Target HHUS in showing structural abnormalities. Target US was less effective than MG in local micro-calcification.

scholarly journals Qualitative and quantitative strain and shear wave elastography paradigm in differentiation of breast lesions

2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roaa M. A. Shehata ◽  
Mostafa A. M. El-Sharkawy ◽  
Omar M. Mahmoud ◽  
Hosam M. Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
Breast Lesions ◽  
Breast Masses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Malignant Breast ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common life-threatening cancer in women worldwide. A high number of women are going through biopsy procedures for characterization of breast masses every day and yet 75% of the pathological results prove these masses to be benign. Ultrasound (US) elastography is a non-invasive technique that measures tissue stiffness. It is convenient for differentiating benign from malignant breast tumors. Our study aims to evaluate the role of qualitative ultrasound elastography scoring (ES), quantitative mass strain ratio (SR), and shear wave elasticity ratio (SWER) in differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions. Results Among 51 female patients with 77 histopathologically proved breast lesions, 57 breast masses were malignant and 20 were benign. All patients were examined by B-mode ultrasound then strain and shear wave elastographic examinations using ultrasound machine (Logiq E9, GE Medical Systems) with 8.5–12 MHz high-frequency probes. Our study showed that ES best cut-off point > 3 with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPP, accuracy was 94.7%, 85%, 94.7%, 85%, 90.9%, respectively, and AUC = 0.926 at P < 0.001, mass SR the best cut-off point > 4.6 with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPP, accuracy was 96.5%, 80%, 93.2%, 88.9%, 92.2%, respectively, and AUC = 0.860 at P < 0.001, SWER the best cut-off value > 4.9 with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPP and accuracy was 91.2%, 80%, 92.9%, 76.2%, 93.5%, respectively, and AUC = 0.890 at P < 0.001. The mean mass strain ratio for malignant lesions is 10.1 ± 3.7 SD and for solid benign lesions 4.7 ± 4.3 SD (p value 0.001). The mean shear wave elasticity ratio for malignant lesions is 10.6 ± 5.4 SD and for benign (solid and cystic) lesions 3.6 ± 4.2 SD. Using ROC curve and Youden index, the difference in diagnostic performance between ES, SR and SWER was not significant in differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions and also was non-significant difference when comparing them with conventional US alone. Conclusion ES, SR, and SWER have a high diagnostic performance in differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions with no statistically significant difference between them.

scholarly journals Reliability of digital panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilson Lacerda Brasileiro Junior ◽  
Aníbal Henrique Barbosa Luna ◽  
Marcelo Augusto Oliveira de Sales ◽  
Tânia Lemos Coelho Rodrigues ◽  
Priscilla Lopes da Fonseca Abrantes Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Panoramic Radiography ◽  
Digital Panoramic Radiography ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mcnemar’S Test ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objective The present study evaluated the reliability of digital panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications. Materials and Methods Thirty-five patients under high-risk for development of carotid artery calcifications who had digital panoramic radiography were referred to undergo ultrasonography. Thus, 70 arteries were assessed by both methods. The main parameters utilized to evaluate the panoramic radiography reliability in the diagnosis of carotid artery calcifications were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of this method as compared with ultrasonography. Additionally, the McNemar's test was utilized to verify whether there was a statistically significant difference between digital panoramic radiography and ultrasonography. Results Ultrasonography demonstrated carotid artery calcifications in 17 (48.57%) patients. Such individuals presented with a total of 29 (41.43%) carotid arteries affected by calcification. Radiography was accurate in 71.43% (n = 50) of cases evaluated. The degree of sensitivity of this method was 37.93%, specificity of 95.12% and positive predictive value of 84.61%. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed between the methods evaluated in their capacity to diagnose carotid artery calcifications. Conclusion Digital panoramic radiography should not be indicated as a method of choice in the investigation of carotid artery calcifications.

scholarly journals A Novel Riboswitch Classification based on Imbalanced Sequences achieved by Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Shiferaw Beyene ◽  
Tianyi Ling ◽  
Blagoj Ristevski ◽  
Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computational Biology ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Imbalanced Dataset ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

ABSTRACTRiboswitch, a part of mRNA (50–250nt in length), has two main classes: aptamer and expression platform. One of the main challenges raised during the classification of riboswitch is imbalanced data. That is a circumstance in which the records of a dataset of one group are very small compared to the others. Such circumstances lead classifier to ignore minority group and emphasize on majority class, that resulting with a skewed classification. We considered sixteen riboswitch families, to be in accord with recent riboswitch classification work, that contain imbalanced dataset ranging from 4,826 instances (RF00174) to 39 (RF01051) instances. The dataset was divided into training and test set using new developed pipeline. From 5460 k-mers, 156 features were produced calculated based on CfsSubsetEval and BestFirst. Statistically tested result was significantly difference between balanced and imbalanced dataset (p < 0.05). Besides, each algorithm also showed a significant difference in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and macro F-score when used in both groups (p < 0.05). Several k-mers clustered from heat map were discovered to have biological functions and motifs at the different positions like interior loops, terminal loops and helices. They were validated to have a biological function and some are riboswitch motifs. The analysis has discovered the importance of solving the challenges of majority bias analysis and overfitting. Presented results were generalized evaluation of both balanced and imbalanced models, which implies their ability of classifying novel riboswitches. The scientific community can use python source code at https://github.com/Seasonsling/riboswitch, which can contribute to the process of developing software packages.Author SummaryMachine learning application has been used in many ways in bioinformatics and computational biology. Its use in riboswitch classification is still limited and existing attempt showed challenges due to imbalanced dataset. Algorithms classify dataset with majority and minority group, but they tend to ignore minority group and emphasize on majority class, consequential return a skewed classification We used new pipeline including SMOTE for balancing datasets that showed better classified riboswitch as well as improved performance of algorithms selected. Statistically significant difference observed between balanced and imbalanced in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and F-score, this proved balanced dataset better for classification of riboswitch. Biological functions and motif search of k-mers in riboswitch families revealed their presence in interior loops, terminal loops and helices, some of the k-mers were reported to be riboswitch motifs of aptamer domains and critical for metabolite binding. The pipeline can be used in machine learning and deep learning study in other domains of bioinformatics and computational biology suffering from imbalanced dataset. Finally, scientific community can use python source code, the work done and flow to develop packages.

scholarly journals A Practical Sensor-Based Methodology for the Quantitative Assessment and Classification of Chronic Non Specific Low Back Patients (NSLBP) in Clinical Settings

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Davoudi ◽  
Seyyed Mohammadreza Shokouhyan ◽  
Mohsen Abedi ◽  
Narges Meftahi ◽  
Atefeh Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

The successful clinical application of patient-specific personalized medicine for the management of low back patients remains elusive. This study aimed to classify chronic nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) patients using our previously developed and validated wearable inertial sensor (SHARIF-HMIS) for the assessment of trunk kinematic parameters. One hundred NSLBP patients consented to perform repetitive flexural movements in five different planes of motion (PLM): 0° in the sagittal plane, as well as 15° and 30° lateral rotation to the right and left, respectively. They were divided into three subgroups based on the STarT Back Screening Tool. The sensor was placed on the trunk of each patient. An ANOVA mixed model was conducted on the maximum and average angular velocity, linear acceleration and maximum jerk, respectively. The effect of the three-way interaction of Subgroup by direction by PLM on the mean trunk acceleration was significant. Subgrouping by STarT had no main effect on the kinematic indices in the sagittal plane, although significant effects were observed in the asymmetric directions. A significant difference was also identified during pre-rotation in the transverse plane, where the velocity and acceleration decreased while the jerk increased with increasing asymmetry. The acceleration during trunk flexion was significantly higher than that during extension, in contrast to the velocity, which was higher in extension. A Linear Discriminant Analysis, utilized for classification purposes, demonstrated that 51% of the total performance classifying the three STarT subgroups (65% for high risk) occurred at a position of 15° of rotation to the right during extension. Greater discrimination (67%) was obtained in the classification of the high risk vs. low-medium risk. This study provided a smart “sensor-based” practical methodology for quantitatively assessing and classifying NSLBP patients in clinical settings. The outcomes may also be utilized by leveraging cost-effective inertial sensors, already available in today’s smartphones, as objective tools for various health applications towards personalized precision medicine.

scholarly journals Assessment of MRI-Detected Breast Lesions: A Benign Correlate on Second-Look Ultrasound Can Safely Exclude Malignancy

Breast Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Karin Hellerhoff ◽  
Hanna Dietrich ◽  
Regina Schinner ◽  
Dorothea Rjosk-Dendorfer ◽  
Anikó Sztrókay-Gaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Breast Mri ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Second Look ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Mass Lesions

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Due to the increasing use of dynamic breast MRI and the limited availability of MR-guided interventions, MRI-detected lesions usually undergo a second-look ultrasound (SLUS). We investigated the safety of a negative SLUS and a benign SLUS correlate in excluding malignant and high-risk lesions (B3) and evaluated criteria for the rate of detection on SLUS. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In the retrospective analysis, all breast MRIs performed between 2011 and 2013 were screened for newly detected lesions. We analyzed the SLUS detection rate dependent on breast density, mass character, lesion size, and histology. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of a negative and benign SLUS for malignant lesions (B5) and lesions requiring surgical excision (including high-risk and B5 lesions). <b><i>Results:</i></b> We successfully correlated 110 of 397 lesions. The detection rate was significantly higher for mass than for non-mass lesions and correlated with lesion size for mass lesions only. Lesions without/with a benign SLUS correlate were more frequently benign (including B3) or required no further procedure (B2). The sensitivity of SLUS in the detection of B3 and B5 lesions was 58%, and 73% in the detection of B5 lesions. The NPV of a negative or benign SLUS for B3 and B5 lesions was 89%, and 96% for B5 lesions. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> SLUS is a safe diagnostic tool for the management of MRI-detected lesions and can spare patients from undergoing invasive procedures.

scholarly journals Diagnostic reliability of a simplified epidemiologic tool to detect high-risk overjet for dental trauma.

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Andressa Reisen ◽  
Alessandra Ramos Parpaiola ◽  
Arlete Maria Gomes Oliveira ◽  
Luciane Zanin ◽  
Flávia Martão Flório
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Dental Trauma ◽  
Diagnostic Reliability ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
External Examiner ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the diagnostic reliability of a simplified tool to detect high-risk overjet for dental trauma. <strong>Material and </strong><strong>Methods:</strong> The study population was composed of 131 volunteers divided into two groups according to the overjet measurement in terms of risk for traumatic dental injury (GRAB: risk absent and GRPR: risk present). The distance between the most prominent labial surface and its corresponding counterpart was measured using both the conventional (WHO, 1997) and the simplified tool. The measurements were taken independently and on separate occasions by two previously calibrated dental surgeons (Kappa=0.86). The gold standard method, as recommended by the WHO (1997), was performed by an external examiner. The simplified method, based on pencil-marked wooden tongue depressors was carried out in a blind manner by the other examiner. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for the classification of risk for dental trauma in terms of overjet using the simplified method and compared to the conventional method. <strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed high values for sensitivity (S=1), specificity (E=0.93), positive (PPV=0.95) and negative predictive value (NPV=1). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The examination using the simplified tool was reliable in identifying high-risk overjet, thus offering an alternative to the conventional examination.

scholarly journals Smoking, alcohol consumption and human papillomavirus infection as risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors in Serbia - a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-745
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Bozic ◽  
Predrag Jeremic ◽  
Milovan Dimitrijevic ◽  
Tanja Jovanovic ◽  
Aleksandra Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Tongue Cancer ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Benign Lesions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Background/Aim. The oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide with the multifactorial etiology. The aim of this study was to determine the major risk factors among patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors in Serbia. Methods. A total of 63 patients with biopsy proven malignant (33 patients) or benign (30 patients) oral cavity or oropharyngeal lesions were included in this study. The data about gender, age, smoking habits and alcohol consumption were obtained from the routine medical files. The detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) was done in paraffin embedded tissue samples using in situ hybridization. Results. Malignant lesions were more frequent in men, smokers and patients who consume alcohol with a statistically significant difference compared to the patients with benign lesions. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in patients with malignant lesions compared to patients with benign lesions, but without statistically significant difference. High risk genotypes were detected only in patients with malignant lesions of tonsils and base tongue cancer, while low risk types were demonstrated in patients with benign lesions with a highly statistically significant difference. Conclusion. The results point to the significant association of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and high risk HPV genotypes as risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinomas in Serbian patients.

Impact of Megakaryocyte Morphology on Prognosis of Persons with Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 2876-2876
Author(s):  
Gege Feng ◽  
Wen Cui ◽  
Wenyu Cai ◽  
Tiejun Qin ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose: To describe the morphological evolution of megakaryocytic dysplasia by developing a systematic classification and evaluate the impact of our classification of dys-megakaryopoiesis on prognosis of persons with MDS. Patients and methods: 423 consecutive patients who had received no prior therapy with MDS diagnosed from January 2000 to April 2014 were enrolled. Follow-up data were available for 371 subjects (88%). Date of last follow-up was December 15, 2014 or date of last contact. Median follow-up was 22 months (range, 1¨C180 months). Subjects with lower-risk MDS fall into Revised International Prognostic scoring systems (IPSS-R) categories of very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk groups and those with higher-risk category into the high- and very high-risk groups. We performed CD41 immune staining and proposed a systematic classification of dys-megakaryopoiesis on bone marrow films: (1) micro-megakaryocytes (<12 µm); (2) micro-megakaryocytes (12-40 µm) with 1 nucleus; (3) micro-megakaryocytes (12-40 µm) with 2 nuclei; (4) micro-megakaryocytes (12-40 um) with multiple nuclei; (5) dys-morphic megakaryocytes (¡Ý40µm) with 1 nucleus; (6) dys-morphic megakaryocytes (¡Ý40 µm) with 2 nuclei; and (7) dys-morphic megakaryocytes (¡Ý40 µm) with multiple nuclei. To evaluate the prognostic impact of dys-megakaryopoiesis based on cell size we divided the seven subtypes into dys-megakaryopoiesis with and without micro-megakaryocytes. Samples were also divided based on numbers of nuclei: (1) mono-nucleated dys-morphic megakaryocytes; (2) bi-nucleated dys-morphic megakaryocytes; and (3) multinucleated dys-morphic megakaryocytes. The best discriminator cutoff point of each group was determined by the minimal P-value approach. The best discriminators were micro-megakaryocytes ¡Ý25%, dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes ¡Ý5%, mono-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis ¡Ý30% and bi-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis ¡Ý1%. In multi-nucleated megakaryopoiesis category, differences in survival at the optimal discriminator were not statistically significant (P=0.10). Results: Subjects in low- and high-risk cohorts were different with platelets (micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; mono-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P<0.001; bi-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P=0.028), bone marrow blasts (micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; mono-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; bi-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P<0.001), WHO 2008 subtypes (dys-megakaryopoiesis; P=0.001; dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; mono-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis P<0.001; bi-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P=0.014) and IPSS-R risk cohorts (micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes; P<0.001; mono-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P<0.001; bi-nucleated dys-megakaryopoiesis; P=0.001). There was no significant difference in age, gender, hemoglobin concentration and blood neutrophils levels at diagnosis between low- and high-risk cohorts. In addition, levels of micro-megakaryocytes and mono-nucleated megakaryocytes were significantly associated with IPSS-R cytogenetic category (P=0.002 and P=0.001). A significant association with IPSS-R cytogenetic category was not found for subjects with dys-megakaryopoiesis except micro-megakaryocytes and bi-nucleated megakaryopoiesis (P=0.187 and P=0.654).In multivariate analyses, micro-megakaryocytes ¡Ý25% and mono-nucleated dys-morphic megakaryocytes ¡Ý30% were independent adverse prognostic factors (hazard ratio [HR]=1.56 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10, 2.20]; P=0.012 and 1.49 [1.05, 2.10]; P =0.024). These effects were greater than those for other boundaries except micro-megakaryocytes ¡Ý5% and bi-nucleated dys-morphic megakaryocytes ¡Ý1% (P=0.288 and P =0.133). Conclusion: Our data suggest integration of micro-megakaryocytes and mono-nuclear dysmorphic megakaryocytes improves the predictive accuracy of the International Prognostic Scoring System-Revised (IPSS-R) scoring system. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Aortic arch calcification is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adem Adar ◽  
Hakan Erkan ◽  
Tayyar Gokdeniz ◽  
Aysegul Karadeniz ◽  
Ismail G. Cavusoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcification ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Aortic Arch Calcification

Background: We aimed to investigate the association between aortic arch and coronary artery calcification (CAC). We postulated that low‐ and high‐risk CAC scores could be predicted with the evaluation of standard chest radiography for aortic arch calcification (AAC). Patients and methods: Consecutive patients who were referred for a multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) examination were enrolled prospectively. All patients were scanned using a commercially available 64‐slice MDCT scanner for the evaluation of CAC score. A four‐point grading scale (0, 1, 2 and 3) was used to evaluate AAC on the standard posterior‐anterior chest radiography images. Results: The study group consisted of 248 patients. Median age of the study group was 52 (IQR: 10) years, and 165 (67 %) were male. AAC grades (r = 0.676, p < 0.0001) and age (r = 0.518, p < 0.0001) were significantly and positively correlated with CAC score. Presence of AAC was independently associated with the presence of CAC (OR: 11.20, 95 % CI 4.25 to 29.52). An AAC grade of ≥ 2 was the strongest independent predictor of a high‐risk CAC score (OR: 27.42, 95 % CI 6.09 to 123.52). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis yielded a strong predictive ability of AAC grades for a CAC score of ≥ 100 (AUC = 0.892, P < 0.0001), and ≥ 400 (AUC = 0.894, P < 0.0001). Absence of AAC had a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 90 %, 84 % and 89 %, respectively, for a CAC score of < 100. An AAC grade of ≥ 2 predicted a CAC score of ≥400 with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 68 %, 98 % and 95 %, respectively. Conclusions: AAC is a strong and independent predictor of CAC. The discriminative performance of AAC is high in detecting patients with low‐ and high‐risk CAC scores.

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