scholarly journals Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan gibe hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Destaw Kebede ◽  
Fantahun Getaneh ◽  
Kirubel Endalamaw ◽  
Tariku Belay ◽  
Abebe Fenta
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background Anemia is a major health problem in the worldwide. Because of health and socioeconomic problems, the prevalence of anemia is higher in developing countries. However, there was a limited finding in our study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan Gibe Hospital (SGH), Southwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted at SGH, Ethiopia using consecutive convenient sampling technique during 1 January to 30 April, 2021. Data was collected by interviewing and capillary blood was taken from the fingertip for hemoglobin determination by using HaemoCue digital photometer. Additionally, stool sample was processed using wet mount and formal-ether concentration technique. Then after, the data were entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Factors associated with anaemia were assessed by bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model by considering P < 0.05 as statistical significance. Results A total of 368 under five children were recruited to the study and the current prevalence of anemia was 48.9%. Of this anemia, 25.0% mild, 15.8% moderate and 8.2% were severely anemic. More ever, being rural resident (AOR = 6.11; 95% CI = 1.49–8.99, P = 0.002), family low income (AOR = 6.27, 95% CI = 1.35–11.43, P = 0.004), family size greater than five (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI =1.47–7.11, P = 0.002) and intestinal parasite infections such as Enteameoba histolytica (AOR =3.37; 95%CI = 2.16–11.31, P = 0.005), Hookworm (AOR = 6.09; 95%CI = 2.37–11.56, P = 0.001), and Trichuris trichuria (AOR = 2.79; 95%CI = 1.45–9.13, P = 0.002) (P < 0.05) were factors significantly associated with anemia among under five children. Conclusion The current prevalence of anemia among under five age children is relatively high. On the other hand, the rural residence, large family size, low family income, infection with Enteameoba histolytica, hookworm and Trichuris trichuria were the identified factors associated with anemia among under five children. Therefore, there should be massive and routine deworming program in addition to imperative targeting anemia prevention, and nutritional supplementation to reduce the burden of anemia.

scholarly journals Diarrhea Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melese Dubie Agegnehu ◽  
Liknaw Bewket Zeleke ◽  
Yitayal Ayalew Goshu ◽  
Yonas Lamore Ortibo ◽  
Yohannes Mehretie Adinew
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background. Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality among infants and children younger than 5 years of age in both underdeveloped and developing countries. Factors determining the occurrence of diarrhea in children are complex, and the relative contribution of each factor varies as a function of interaction between socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral variables. Objectives. To assess diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors of diarrheal disease among caregivers who have under-five children in Enemay district, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was done from June 1–30, 2018, among 398 caregivers who have under-five children, in the Enemay district that were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. A structured and pretested data collection tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered using EPI DATA version 4.2, and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical package to be cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to describe study participants, and logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) analysis was done to identify factors that have association with the dependent variable. The P value was less than 0.05. Results. A total of 398 with a response rate of 97% under-five caregivers were participated in this study. Nearly, half (48.7%) of the participants were in the age group 25–34. The study revealed that good practice of diarrhea prevention was 52.8%. This study was also identified that occupation (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.593, 9.657), family size (AOR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.916), and understanding on diarrhea (AOR: 0.237, 95% CI: 0.091, 0.613) were associated factors of diarrhea prevention practice of under-five children caregivers. Conclusion. This finding showed that diarrhea prevention practice among under-five children caregivers was low and prevention practice was significantly associated with caregivers’ awareness on frequency of diarrhea in a day, occupation, and family size in a house.

scholarly journals Stunting and Associated Factors among Under-Five-Age Children in West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Eyob Afework ◽  
Selamawit Mengesha ◽  
Demelash Wachamo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Polygamous Marriage

Background. Stunting is one of the most important public health problems in Ethiopia. It remains a problem of greater magnitude particularly in rural and low-income areas. It reflects chronic nutritional deficiencies and illness that occur during the most critical periods for growth and development in early life. It needs proper intervention to save the future, unless it resulted in diminished cognitive and physical development for the rest of their lives. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of stunting and associated factors among under-five children in West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Method. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 767 under-five children who were included in this study by using a multistage sampling technique in 12 kebeles from 3 selected districts. Data were collected from a mother/caregiver of the child by using a structured pretested questionnaire. Standardized anthropometric measurements were used to measure length, weight, and height of a child. Data were entered into Epi Info software version 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis for descriptive and logistic regression models. Result. The prevalence of stunting was 244 (31.8%) with 95% CI (28.6–35.2) among under-five-age children. The under-five children whose fathers had a polygamous marriage (AOR = 4.92, 95% CI: 3.46, 7.00), being female sex (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.47), having below 4 meal frequencies (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.56, 5.58), not vaccinated (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.67), and from poor households’ wealth status (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.63, 5.63) and also from severely food insecure household (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.36, 6.24) were short for their age compared with their counterparts. Conclusion. Nearly one-third of the under-five children were stunted in the study area which needs intervention on child-feeding practice to avoid sex discrimination in the community. In addition to this health officials in collaboration with other sectors, it is needed to act together to improve enforcement of the law for polygamous marriage, the household’s wealth status, and food security for the better health of a child and future.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Evidence From the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (Emdhs); A Multilevel Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael ◽  
Melkamu Merid Mengesha ◽  
Samuel Hailegebrea’l ◽  
Hanan Abdulkadir ◽  
Biruk Bogale Wolde
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Childhood Overweight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Childhood Overweight And Obesity

Abstract Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are emerging public health challenges of the 21st century. There was a 24% increase in the number of overweight children under the age of five years in low-income countries. Despite the significant risk of childhood overweight/obesity for non-communicable diseases, premature death, disability, and reproductive disorders in their adult life, little attention has been given. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors among under-five children. Methods: This study was conducted using data from a nationally representative sample of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS). The Mini EDHS was a community-based cross-sectional study that covered all the administrative regions of Ethiopia. The data collection was conducted between March 21, 2019, to June 28, 2019. Both descriptive and analytic findings were produced using STATA version 14. For associated factors, a multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to account for the hierarchical nature of the data. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported to show the strength of association and statistical significance. Results: A total 5,164 under-five children were included in this study. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 2.14 % (95% CI; 1.74-2.53) (more than two standard deviations (+2SD) above the median of the reference population) based on the body mass index (BMI) Z-score. The odds of overweight/obesity was higher among children aged less than 6 months (aOR= 5.19; 95%CI: 2.98-9.04), 6-24 months (aOR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.18-3.29), delivered by caesarean section (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.84-3.65), living in Addis Ababa city (aOR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.59-7.81), Oromia region (aOR = 1.93; 95CI: 1.71-5.24), having mothers with the age 40-49 years (aOR = 3.91; 95%CI: 1.90-16.92), uses traditional contraceptive methods (aOR = 2.63; 95%CI: 1.66-10.47), and households headed by male (aOR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.84-3.48). Conclusion: This study showed that childhood overweight/obesity is the problem in Ethiopia. There was an interplay of several factors that affect childhood obesity including child factors, maternal socio-demography, and healthcare utilization, and geography of residence. Therefore, strategies to reduce childhood overweight and obesity should consider a multitude of contributing factors.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Disparities and Factors Associated with Delayed Care Seeking for Fever by Mothers of Under-Five Children, Lgabi LGA, Kaduna Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obafemi Joseph Babalola ◽  
Olufemi Ajumobi ◽  
IkeOluwapo O. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Abstract Background Fever in under-five children (U5) is the commonest presenting complaint in general practice and mothers’ recognition is an entry point for fever treatment including malaria. This study describes rural - urban disparity in fever prevalence, mothers’ malaria knowledge, and care seeking for fever in U5 and the associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 630 mother-child pairs [rural (300) and urban (330)] selected randomly using a multi-stage sampling from 63 villages in Igabi LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Trained female data collectors administered a pre-tested structured questionnaire to collect information on mother-child demographic profiles, malaria knowledge, fever episodes in birth order last child in two weeks prior to survey, and care - seeking for fever within 48 hours of onset. Care sought for fever > 48 hours of onset was defined as delayed care seeking. Malaria knowledge was categorized into good, average and poor if the final scores is ≥ 75 th , 50 th - 74 th , and < 50 th percentiles, respectively. Frequency, proportions, and odds ratio were calculated. Statistically significant was set at p-value < 0.05. Results The median age (interquartile range) of rural mothers was 30 (IQR, 10) years compared to 27 (IQR, 6) years in urban. Of the 70.0% (441/629) U5 children with fever, 58.5% (258/441) were in rural settlements. A third of the mothers whose child had fever sought care. Mothers in rural settlement were 2.7 (CI: 1.8 – 4.2, p < 0.01) times more likely to delay care seeking for fever, and those with no knowledge of malaria transmission were 70% less likely to seek care (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.2 – 0.7). On the other hand, poor perception of malaria as a major health problem (OR: 2.1, CI: 1.4 – 3.1), and poor knowledge of cause of malaria (OR: 1.7, CI: 1.1 – 2.5) were associated with delayed seeking for fever among urban mothers. Conclusions Disparity existed between fever prevalence in U5 children, care -seeking practices by their mothers, and factors associated with delayed care seeking for fever. Fever treatment for high impact malaria elimination needs a context specific intervention rather than ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Also, intensify efforts to educate mothers on malaria.

scholarly journals Evidence of Malnutrition and its Associated Factors among Under-five Children in Danko-Wasagu Kebbi State, North-western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
S.B. Mada ◽  
K.D. Bawa ◽  
M.A. Saliu ◽  
A. Garba ◽  
M.M. Abarshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Malnutrition is a major health problem worldwide and causes about 2.3 million deaths among under-5 children in low- and middle-income countries annually including Nigeria. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the nutritional status of under-five children (0-59 months) and associated factors in Danko-Wasagu. The socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence of childhood  diseases, anthropometric parameters and dietary pattern of the children were evaluated. The results indicated that 54.8% of the caregivers are young adults within 20 to 24 years of age with 41.7% having two living children. In addition, 58% of the caregivers have monthly family income below ₦20,000 with no any formal education. The Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Weight-for-Height (WFH) indices indicated that none of the children had Severe-Acute-Malnutrition (SAM). However, there was 65.5% prevalence of diarrhea, 45.2% with dermatitis and 25.0% with acute respiratory infections. In addition, stunting, underweight and wasting among the children investigated were 72.7%, 29.8% and 11.9% respectively. Consumption of cereals based diet by the children was 92.7% while 28.6% and 31.0% of the children met the minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency respectively. Caregiver’s age was observed to associate significantly (p<0.05) with wasting, underweight and stunting among the children. Altogether, the presentstudy demonstrated a high prevalence of chronic malnutrition and childhood diseases even though without any case of SAM in the study area. Keywords: Malnutrition, Nutritional status, Under-five-children, Childhood diseases, Dietary pattern

scholarly journals Utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets and care-seeking for fever and its associated socio-demographic and geographical factors among under-five children in different regions: evidence from the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey, 2015–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyi Thar Min ◽  
Thae Maung Maung ◽  
Myo Minn Oo ◽  
Tin Oo ◽  
Zaw Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Care Seeking Behaviour

Abstract Background Malaria is one of the top-five contributors to under-5 deaths in Myanmar. Use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and receiving early appropriate care in case of fever are the core interventions to prevent malaria and its complications and thereby deaths. This study aimed to assess among the under-five children, (a) utilization of ITNs and its associated factors, (b) care-seeking behaviour among their caregivers and its associated factors and uptake of malaria testing among those with fever in the last 2 weeks. Methods This was a cross sectional study using secondary analysis of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) conducted in 2015–2016. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the factors associated with non-utilization of ITNs and not seeking care for fever. Effect sizes have been presented using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Data analysis was done using svyset command in STATA to account for the multi-stage sampling design of the survey. Results Of 4597 alive under-five children, 80.5% did not sleep under an ITN last night. The factors significantly associated with non-utilization of ITNs were residing in malaria elimination regions (aOR = 2.0, 1.3–3.2), urban residence (aOR = 1.8, 1.2–2.9), staying in delta region (aOR = 8.7, 4.7–12.2), hilly region (aOR = 3.0, 2.0–4.6, and having highest wealth quintile (aOR = 1.8, 1.1–3.0). Around 16% had fever in the last 2 weeks, of whom 66.7% sought care for fever and 3% got tested for malaria. Nearly half (50.9%) of the caregivers sought care from a government health facility, followed by private hospital/doctor (27.8%), shop (8.0%), village health worker (4.4%) and pharmacy (3.1%). The factors associated with not seeking care for fever were residing in specific geographical locations (hilly, delta and central plains compared to coastal region) and having lowest wealth quintile (aOR = 2.3, 1.1–5.7). Conclusions This study highlighted that ownership and utilization of ITNs was very poor among under-5children. Care-seeking behaviour of the caregivers of under-5 children in case of fever was dismal with two-thirds not seeking care. The programme should seriously consider addressing these barriers if Myanmar is to achieve zero malaria deaths by 2030.

Rural-urban disparities and factors associated with delayed care seeking for fever by mothers of under-five children, Igabi LGA, Kaduna Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obafemi Joseph Babalola ◽  
Olufemi Ajumobi ◽  
IkeOluwapo O. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Abstract Background Fever in under-five children (U5) is the commonest presenting complaint in general practice and mothers’ recognition is an entry point for fever treatment including malaria. This study describes rural - urban disparity in fever prevalence, mothers’ malaria knowledge, and care seeking for fever in U5 and the associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 630 mother-child pairs [rural (300) and urban (330)] selected randomly using a multi-stage sampling from 63 villages in Igabi LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Trained female data collectors administered a pre-tested structured questionnaire to collect information on mother-child demographic profiles, malaria knowledge, fever episodes in birth order last child in two weeks prior to survey, and care - seeking for fever within 48 hours of onset. Care sought for fever > 48 hours of onset was defined as delayed care seeking. Malaria knowledge was categorized into good, average and poor if the final scores is ≥ 75 th , 50 th - 74 th , and < 50 th percentiles, respectively. Frequency, proportions, and odds ratio were calculated. Statistically significant was set at p-value < 0.05. Results The median age (interquartile range) of rural mothers was 30 (IQR, 10) years compared to 27 (IQR, 6) years in urban. Of the 70.0% (441/629) U5 children with fever, 58.5% (258/441) were in rural settlements. A third of the mothers whose child had fever sought care. Mothers in rural settlement were 2.7 (CI: 1.8 – 4.2, p < 0.01) times more likely to delay care seeking for fever, and those with no knowledge of malaria transmission were 70% less likely to seek care (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.2 – 0.7). On the other hand, poor perception of malaria as a major health problem (OR: 2.1, CI: 1.4 – 3.1), and poor knowledge of cause of malaria (OR: 1.7, CI: 1.1 – 2.5) were associated with delayed seeking for fever among urban mothers. Conclusions Disparity existed between fever prevalence in U5 children, care -seeking practices by their mothers, and factors associated with delayed care seeking for fever. Fever treatment for high impact malaria elimination needs a context specific intervention rather than ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Also, intensify efforts to educate mothers on malaria.

scholarly journals Rural-urban disparities and factors associated with delayed care-seeking and testing for malaria before medication use by mothers of under-five children, Igabi LGA, Kaduna Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obafemi Joseph Babalola ◽  
Olufemi Ajumobi ◽  
IkeOluwapo O. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Abstract Background Fever in under-five children (U5) is the commonest presenting complaint in general practice and mothers’ recognition is an entry point for fever treatment, including malaria. This study describes rural-urban disparity in fever prevalence in U5, mothers’ malaria knowledge, care-seeking, testing for malaria before antimalaria medication and the associated factors.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 630 mother-child pairs (rural (300) and urban (330)) selected randomly using a multi-stage sampling from 63 villages in Igabi LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Trained female data collectors administered a pre-tested structured questionnaire to collect information on mother-child demographic profiles, malaria knowledge, fever episodes in birth order last child in two weeks prior to survey, blood testing before antimalaria use, and delayed care seeking defined as care sought for fever >48 hours of onset. Malaria knowledge was categorized into good, average, and poor if the final scores were ≥75th, 50th-74th, and <50th percentiles, respectively. Frequency, proportions, and odds ratio were calculated. Statistically significant was set at p-value <0.05. Results The median age (interquartile range) of rural mothers was 30 (IQR, 10) years compared to 27 (IQR, 6) years in urban. Of the 70.0% (441/629) U5 children with fever, 58.5% (258/441) were in rural settlements. A third of the mothers whose child had fever sought care. Mothers in rural settlements were 2.8 (adjusted OR: 2.8, CI: 1.8-4.2, p <0.01) times more likely to delay care-seeking for fever. Other significant factors were poor or no knowledge of malaria transmission, poor perception of malaria as a major health problem, and household size > 5. Also, mothers who had no formal education were four times likely to receive antimalaria medications without testing fever for malaria compared to their educated counterpart (adjusted OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.6-9.9, p <0.000).Conclusions Rural-urban disparities existed between fever prevalence in U5 children, care-seeking practices by their mothers, and factors associated with delayed care-seeking and testing the fever for malaria before antimalaria medication. Fever treatment for high impact malaria elimination in Nigeria needs a context-specific intervention rather than ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach.

Prevalence of anaemia and it's associated risk factors among under five children at Mukinge Missions Hospital in Kasempa District: Retrospective Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Sampa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Mission Hospital ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

BACKGROUND Anemia is a worldwide major problem known to affect people throughout the world. It has an adverse effect on both the social and economic development. The worldwide prevalence of anemia is 9% in developed nations. The global estimate indicates that 293.1 million of children under five years, approximately 43%, are anaemic worldwide and 28.5% of these children are found in sub Saharan Africa. In Zambia specifically Kasempa, no documented studies on prevalence have been done. Despite iron supplementation being given to pregnant women and the availability of blood transfusion. The burden of the disease remains high as determined by high mortality and morbidity. This study aims at determining the prevalence of anemia and the associated risk factors among under-five children at Mukinge Mission Hospital in Kasempa District. Knowledge of prevalence and the associated risk factors of anaemia will enhance early detection and timely management. OBJECTIVE 1.To determine the hemoglobin status of anaemia by its severity among anaemic under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. 2.To assess the association of anaemia with Malaria among under-five children admitted at Mukinge Mission Hospital. METHODS This was a retrospective study review of under-five children that were diagnosed and managed of Anemia at Mukinge Missions Hospital, over the period of period of 2015, 2017 and 2018. .Data of the variables of interest was extracted and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS A sample population of 52 children was included in our study. The majority of the children were females 28 (53.8 %) and 24 (46.2 %) were Males. It was found that moderate and severe anaemia was 17.3% and 82.7 % respectively. Additionally, Majority of the anaemic children (75%) had Normocytic anaemia. The Pearson Chi square test revealed no statistical relationship between the variables; Malaria (p=0.58), Age (P=0.82), Gender (P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS According to our study, 39 (75%) had normal mean corpuscular volume which could suggest chronic diseases and sickle cell anemia. 11 (21.2%) had a low mean corpuscular volume indicating Microcytic anemia which could suggest diseases such as iron deficiency and thalassemia among many other causes. However, we were unable to determine the specific cause of anemia.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

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