scholarly journals Neighborhood disadvantage and the sales of unhealthy products: alcohol, tobacco and unhealthy snack food

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Wallace ◽  
Rajib Paul ◽  
Shafie Gholizadeh ◽  
Wlodek Zadrozny ◽  
Caitlan Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Unhealthy Snack

Abstract Background Individuals may use unhealthy coping mechanisms such as alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snack consumption. The purpose of this study was to assess how neighborhood disadvantage is associated with sales of alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snacks at stores of a discount variety store chain. Methods Alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy snack sales were measured monthly for 20 months, 2017–2018, in 16 discount variety stores in the United States. Mixed effects linear regressions adjusted for population size, with store-specific random effects, to examine the relationship of weekly unit sales with three outcome variables and neighborhood disadvantage, measured using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). Results The discount variety stores were located in neighborhoods where the median ADI percentile was 87 [interquartile range 83,89], compared to the median ADI percentile of 50 for all US communities, indicating that the stores were located in substantially disadvantaged neighborhoods. For every 1% increase in ADI, weekly unit sales of unhealthy snack food increased by 43 [95% confidence interval, CI 28–57], and weekly unit sales of tobacco products increased by 11.5 [95% CI 5–18] per store. No significant relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and the weekly unit sales of alcohol products was identified. Conclusions The positive relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and the sale of tobacco and snack foods may help explain the pathway between neighborhood disadvantage and poor health outcomes. It would be useful for future research to examine how neighborhood disadvantage influences resident health-related behaviors.

Home Snack Environments in the United States: Latent Class Analysis Findings From a Home Food Environment Survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812199577
Author(s):  
April Hermstad ◽  
Michelle C. Kegler ◽  
Rebecca C. Woodruff ◽  
Ilana G. Raskind ◽  
Regine Haardörfer
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Home Food

Snacking occasions have increased in frequency and energy density in recent decades, with considerable implications for diet. Studies have linked presence of foods in the home with intake of those foods. This study examines home snack food inventories among a large sample of U.S. adults using latent class analysis findings to present latent classes of home snack food inventories and multinomial regression to model classes as correlates of percent of calories from fat. Participants ( n = 4,896) completed an online household food environment survey including presence of 23 snack foods in the home and demographics. Less healthy snack foods were more commonly reported than healthier snack foods ( M = 4.3 vs. M = 3.5). Among White and Latinx participants, high-income households reported greater numbers of both healthier and less healthy snack foods than lower income households, with larger income-based differences in inventory sizes for healthier snack foods. Latent class analysis revealed three classes by inventory size (Small, Medium, and Large) and three classes by inventory content (Healthy Snacks, Standard American, and Limited Standard American). Compared with the Small Inventory class, the Healthy Snacks class had lower caloric intake from fat ( p = .002), the Large and Medium Inventory classes had much higher caloric intake from fat ( p < .0001), and Standard American and Limited Standard American class members had somewhat higher caloric intake from fat ( p < .0001, and p = .0001, respectively). Future research should explore the role of snacks in Americans’ diets, their impact on diet quality and health, and how interventions can support healthy home food and snack food environments to foster healthy eating.

scholarly journals Adolescent television viewing and unhealthy snack food consumption: the mediating role of home availability of unhealthy snack foods

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Pearson ◽  
Stuart JH Biddle ◽  
Lauren Williams ◽  
Anthony Worsley ◽  
David Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Unhealthy Snack ◽  
Home Availability

scholarly journals Juvenile Homicide Offenders Look Back 35 Years Later: Reasons They Were Involved in Murder

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Heide
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Juvenile Homicide ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Mandatory Sentencing

Murders committed by juveniles have been a serious concern in the United States for more than 50 years. Decisions by the United States Supreme Court during the 21st century have reduced the likelihood that juvenile homicide offenders will be sentenced to life without parole (LWOP). As a result of these decisions, hundreds of prisoners who were sentenced as juveniles for murder to LWOP under mandatory sentencing statutes or its equivalent are now eligible for the reconsideration of their sentences. In light of these changes in sentencing policies and practices, follow-up research on juveniles convicted of murder is essential. This research is part of a 35-year follow-up study of 59 boys who were convicted of murder and sentenced to adult prisons in a southeastern state, and initially interviewed in the early 1980s. Twenty of these men agreed to participate in clinical interviews during which they reflected upon the reasons (i.e., motives, circumstances) for which they got involved in criminal behavior as juveniles. These reasons, which broadly tap tenets of psychological and sociological theories, were analyzed in terms of predominance. Thereafter, the attention focuses on looking at the relationship of these 20 reasons to recidivism among the 18 juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) who have been released from prison. JHOs who lived in neighborhoods where crime was routine and who engaged in crime because the opportunity presented itself were approximately 20 and 22.50 times more likely to be arrested post release and returned to prison, respectfully. The implications of these findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Snacking Practices and Diet Choices Among College Students at a Large University in South Florida: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 713-713
Author(s):  
Christie Kirchoff ◽  
Elizabeth Goico ◽  
Cristina Palacios
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks ◽  
Unhealthy Snack

Abstract Objectives The college food environment plays an integral role in student dietary intake during the formative transition from adolescence to adulthood. During this time, students experience profound changes to their level of responsibility and autonomy while also establishing lifelong habits. These changes are of concern because obesity and chronic disease are the long term health consequences of poor patterns of eating, and yet research on this topic is sparse. This study aims to uncover the pattern of snack consumption and its influence on selecting healthier versions of snacks at a large Hispanic serving university in South Florida. Methods A cross-sectional survey was used to elicit self-reported snacking practices of college students via a web-based Qualtrics survey in the Spring of 2019. Statistical analysis using SPSS 25 included descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis performed to examine the frequency and percentages for dependent and independent variables. Logistic regression was run to determine the influence of the frequency and amount of unhealthy snack food consumption and choosing low-fat options. Results Of the 483 respondents (24% males), 93.4% reported consuming unhealthy snack foods at least once a week. Additionally, the pattern of snack consumption was 72% (383) chips and salty snacks, 65% (316) cookies, 64% (307) chocolate bars, and 58% (281) candies. The results also indicated that those who consumed unhealthy snacks more frequently were 1.85 times more likely to choose low-fat options than those who rarely consumed unhealthy snacks (AOR = 1.85, CI (1.04 – 3.30)). Conclusions These findings suggest that students are seeking healthier options even when snacking. As a responsible institution, the university can implement a snack policy that promotes a healthy diet and is in line with what students are seeking by offering more low-fat options. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Men Residing in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelitta M. Britt-Spells ◽  
Maribeth Slebodnik ◽  
Laura P. Sands ◽  
David Rollock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Relationship Of

Research reports that perceived discrimination is positively associated with depressive symptoms. The literature is limited when examining this relationship among Black men. This meta-analysis systematically examines the current literature and investigates the relationship of perceived discrimination on depressive symptoms among Black men residing in the United States. Using a random-effects model, study findings indicate a positive association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black men ( r = .29). Several potential moderators were also examined in this study; however, there were no significant moderation effects detected. Recommendations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals What factors are associated with frequent unhealthy snack-food consumption among Australian secondary-school students?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2153-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa Niven ◽  
Maree Scully ◽  
Belinda Morley ◽  
Louise Baur ◽  
David Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Unhealthy Snack

AbstractObjectiveTo examine demographic and behavioural correlates of unhealthy snack-food consumption among Australian secondary-school students and the association between their perceptions of availability, convenience and intake with consumption.DesignCross-sectional survey of students’ eating, physical activity and sedentary behaviours using validated instruments administered via an online questionnaire.SettingAustralian secondary schools across all states/territories.SubjectsSecondary-school students aged 12–17 years participating in the 2009–10 National Secondary Students’ Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) survey (n 12 188).ResultsApproximately one in five students (21 %) reported consuming unhealthy snack foods ≥14 times/week (‘frequent snackers’). After adjusting for all covariates, older students and those with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 were less likely to be frequent snackers, while students who reported high fast-food and high sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and those who watched television for >2 h/d were more likely to snack frequently. Furthermore, after adjusting for all covariates and demographic factors, students who agreed that snack foods are usually available at home, convenient to buy and that they eat too many snack foods were more likely to be snacking frequently. Conversely, students who agreed that fruit is a convenient snack were less likely to be frequent snackers.ConclusionsFrequent unhealthy snack-food consumption appears to cluster with other poor health behaviours. Perceptions of availability and convenience are factors most readily amenable to change, and findings suggest interventions should focus on decreasing the availability of unhealthy snack foods in the home and promoting healthier options such as fruit as convenient snacks.

scholarly journals Exploring the bi-directional relationship of descriptive and injunctive parental and peer norms and snacking behavior in a three-year-cross-lagged study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Bevelander ◽  
William Burk ◽  
Crystal Smit ◽  
Thabo van Woudenberg ◽  
Laura Buijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Unhealthy Snack

Abstract BackgroundPeople’s eating behavior is assumed to be influenced by what other people do (perceived descriptive norms) and what others approve of (perceived injunctive norms). It has been suggested that adolescents are more susceptible to peer norms than parental norms, because they experience a strong need for group acceptance that leads to conforming to peer group norms. The current study examined changes in snacking behavior and four types of social norms (i.e., parental and peer descriptive and injunctive norms) that promoted fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. This study was the first to examine whether snacking behavior also influenced norm perceptions by testing the directionality of these associations.MethodsThe study consisted of 819 participants (M [SD] age = 11.19 [1.36]; 46.1% boys), collected at three time points (T1 = 2016, T2 = 2017 and T3 = 2018) during the MyMovez project. Self-reported frequency of snack consumption, perceived parental and peer descriptive and injunctive norms were assessed. The primary analysis consisted of a series of cross-lagged autoregressive models specified in a structural equation modeling framework. ResultsModel comparisons testing the descriptive and injunctive norms in separate models and in an additional combined model revealed evidence for bi-directional associations between norms and snacking behavior. Descriptive peer and parent norms were not found to have an effect on subsequent snacking behaviors. Perceived injunctive parental norms were positively associated with healthy snack food intake and negatively associated with unhealthy snack intake (forward direction). Injunctive peer norms were negatively associated with healthy snack food intake. In addition, higher unhealthy snack food intake was negatively associated with the perception of descriptive and injunctive parental norms one year later (reversed direction). We did not find peer norms to be more closely associated with changes in snacking behaviors compared to parental norms. ConclusionsParents expecting their children to snack healthy had a positive influence on healthy snacking behavior whereas only acting as a healthy role model did not. Future research should address the possible interaction between descriptive and injunctive norms. Research should also take into account the bi-directional relations between eating behaviors and normative perceptions.

scholarly journals Exploring the directionality in the relationship between descriptive and injunctive parental and peer norms and snacking behavior in a three-year-cross-lagged study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Bevelander ◽  
William Burk ◽  
Crystal Smit ◽  
Thabo van Woudenberg ◽  
Laura Buijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Unhealthy Snack

Abstract Background. People’s eating behavior is assumed to be influenced by what other people do (perceived descriptive norms) and what others approve of (perceived injunctive norms). It has been suggested that adolescents are more susceptible to peer norms than parental norms, because they experience a strong need for group acceptance that leads to conforming to peer group norms. The current study examined changes in snacking behavior and four types of social norms (i.e., parental and peer descriptive and injunctive norms) that promoted fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. This study was the first to examine whether snacking behavior also influenced norm perceptions by testing the directionality of these associations.Methods. The study consisted of 819 participants (M [SD] age = 11.19 [1.36]; 46.1% boys), collected at three time points (T1 = 2016, T2 = 2017 and T3 = 2018) during the MyMovez project. Self-reported frequency of snack consumption, perceived parental and peer descriptive and injunctive norms were assessed. The primary analysis consisted of a series of cross-lagged autoregressive models specified in a structural equation modeling framework. Results. Model comparisons testing the descriptive and injunctive norms in separate models and in an additional combined model revealed evidence for bi-directional associations between norms and snacking behavior. Descriptive peer and parent norms were not found to have an effect on subsequent snacking behaviors. Perceived injunctive parental norms were positively associated with healthy snack food intake and negatively associated with unhealthy snack intake (forward direction). Injunctive peer norms were negatively associated with healthy snack food intake. In addition, higher unhealthy snack food intake was negatively associated with the perception of descriptive and injunctive parental norms one year later (reversed direction). We did not find peer norms to be more closely associated with changes in snacking behaviors compared to parental norms. Conclusions. Parents expecting their children to snack healthy had a positive influence on healthy snacking behavior whereas only acting as a healthy role model did not. Future research should address the possible interaction between descriptive and injunctive norms. Research should also take into account the bi-directional relations between eating behaviors and normative perceptions.

scholarly journals Snacking At School Increased The Risk Of Overweight/Obesity In Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Aulia Jauharun Nisak ◽  
Trias Mahmudiono
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Obesity In Children

ABSTRACTChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century. Unhealthy eating habits are believed to be the cause of overweight/obesity in children. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the consumption patterns of snack foods and the incidence of overweight/obesity. This research was conducted at the SDN Ploso I-172, Tambaksari Surabaya in May-July 2017 with a case control study design. Data were obtained from interview and anthropometric measurement. The samples size was 112 respondents with 56 case samples, and 56 control samples. Data were analyzed using linear regression test and logistic regression. The results showed that snack foods consumed by schoolchildren were fruit syrup, perisa beverage, chocolate, papeda, fried foods, fishcake and sausages, pentol, syrup, sauce, and toppings. There was a significant correlation between daily consumption of food snack, including fruit syrup (p = 0.004; OR = 8.000), perisa beverage (p = 0.02; OR = 13.412), chocolate (p = 0.013; OR = 6.333), fried food (p = 0.015; OR = 14.786), fishcake and sausages (p = 0.004; OR = 8.750), pentol (p = 0.039; OR = 4.044), syrup, sauce, and topping (p = 0.023; OR = 4.643) with overweight/obesity incidence. In conclusion this research revealed correlation between the pattern of snacking and overweight/obesity incidence among school children. It is suggested to the parents and schools to be more vigilant ensuring the healthy snack consumption to prevent overweight dan obesity among school children. Keywords: overweight, snack food, obesity, consumption pattern

Snack foods from brewing waste: consumer-led approach to developing sustainable snack options

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3899-3916
Author(s):  
Emily C. Crofton ◽  
Amalia G.M. Scannell
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Laddering Interviews ◽  
Further Development

PurposeUsing a consumer-led approach, the purpose of this research is to examine how consumers perceive new cereal-based snack food concepts using healthy brewers spent grain (BSG) as a sustainable and functional ingredient.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth laddering interviews based on means–end chain theory were conducted with 40 healthy snack consumers in Dublin, Ireland.FindingsFour hierarchical value maps (HVM) representing data from each snack concept dimensions were generated. The results identified the crispy crackers concept as the most promising for further development, followed by crispy sticks with dip, fruity biscuits and twisted breadsticks. Consumer cognitions regarding the crispy sticks with dip and fruity biscuits were more dominantly associated with a hedonic orientation, while crispy crackers and twisted breadsticks were more strongly associated with health- related dimensions. The HVMs also identified factors which could potentially prevent the acceptance of these snacks. Although consumers displayed a level of environmental consciousness regarding the perceived packaging type, outcomes also showed that the environmental benefit of using BSG in foods is not viewed as a means to attain a desired end state in the consumers’ mind. Our findings also suggest the rich protein content of BSG is not considered relevant in the context of a cereal snack product.Practical implicationsBSG is an abundant, low-cost, nutritious waste material which is available globally in large quantities. This study provides new actionable consumer insights with important implications for snack manufacturers regarding the design and development of cereal snack foods containing this healthy by-product.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a limited body of literature by illustrating which product characteristics are considered important for consumers when selecting healthy, cereal-based snack foods using BSG as an ingredient.

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