scholarly journals Correction to: Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: an application of the extended parallel process model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
General Population ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: an application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data. Results A total of 3727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process. Conclusion More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate how people perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in Iran in March and April 2020. The Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire via Porsline. Participants were recruited using online applications and posts on a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data a self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant progressive increases in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores for COVID-19 than women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of risk perceptions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pandemic Aftershock: Revisiting Consumers’ Risk Perception Attitude and Perceived Safety towards an Audience-Centered Marketing Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
Ibrahim AL-Sahouly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Tourism Sector

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this empirical research is to empirically investigate the effect of Covid-19 crisis on Egyptians’ risk perception attitude, perceived safety and local travel intentions inside Egypt for the aim of reaching significant marketing insights and recommendation to benefit the tourism sector during Covid-19 pandemic. Those marketing insights can help prepare citizens to deal with the crisis challenges for the objective of normalizing everyday practice, maintain productivity and help protect the stability of the community. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts the variables of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), which provides a useful framework to understand how individuals respond to crisis/risk. This research empirically investigates the current insights, concerns and needs of 300 samples from the Egyptian community for the aim of reaching a practical method of normalization; thus, bridging what the researcher would like to call “the blind spot” or gaps of actions between decision makers and citizens. This research applies quantitative research method. Data were collected online. It is significant to pinpoint that this empirical investigation  adopts the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), which provides a useful framework to understand how individuals respond to crisis/risk communication messages for the purpose of investigating the research hypotheses; thus, this empirical study does not aim to extend nor to present a conceptual framework for the adopted Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) within the Egyptian milieu. Findings The research findings suggest new marketing implementations for overcoming the challenges facing the local tourism sector in Egypt due to Covid-19 pandemic crisis, and further recommends an audience-centered paradigm in marketing and communicating promotional messages. Originality/value To date, limited empirical research has investigated Egyptian tourists’ insights for sustaining the internal tourism sector in Egypt during normal and crisis times. This research is considered valuable to decision makers, marketers and academics alike as it provides up- to- date marketing insights and empirical results for the aim of normalizing the internal tourism practices in Egypt after the pandemic shock and even during the consecutive waves of Covid-19.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate how people perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in Iran in March and April 2020. The Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire via Porsline. Participants were recruited using online applications and posts on a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data a self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant progressive increases in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores for COVID-19 than women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of risk perceptions for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: An application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process.Conclusion: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.

scholarly journals Psychological predictors of intention and avoidance of attending organized mammography screening in Norway: applying the Extended Parallel Process Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ivanova ◽  
Ingela Lundin Kvalem
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Mammography Screening ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Response Efficacy

Abstract Background Mammography screening is the main method for early detection of breast cancer in Norway. Few studies have focused on psychological determinants of both attendance and non-attendance of publicly available mammography screening programs. The aim of the current study, guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model, was to examine how psychological factors influence defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography. Methods Cross-sectional survey data from a community sample of women living in Norway aged ≥ 18 (N = 270), and without a history of breast cancer, was collected from September 2018 to June 2019 and used to investigate the relationships between the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) constructs and two outcomes: defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography within the next two years. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses was conducted to assess the ability of the independent variables based on the EPPM to predict the two outcome variables. Significance level was chosen at p < 0.05. Results Multivariate analyses showed that defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening was predicted by lower perceived susceptibility to breast cancer (β =  − 0.22, p = 0.001), lower response efficacy of mammography screening (β =  − 0.33, p = 0.001), higher breast cancer fear (β = 0.15, p = 0.014), and checking breasts for lumps (β =  − 0.23, p = 0.001). Intention to attend mammography within the next two years was predicted by higher response efficacy of mammography screening (β = 0.13, p = 0.032), having a lower educational level (β =  − 0.10, p = 0.041), and regular previous mammography attendance compared to never attending (β = 0.49, p = 0.001). Conclusions The study revealed that defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography were not predicted by the same pattern of psychological factors. Our findings suggest future health promotion campaigns need to focus not only on the psychological factors that encourage women’s decision to attend the screening, but also to counter factors that contribute to women’s decision to avoid it.

Extended Parallel Process Model and H5N1 Influenza Virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Siu
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
H5n1 Influenza Virus ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Promotional Message ◽  
Significant Health

This study integrated the Extended Parallel Process Model and forewarning cues to assess the promotion of preventive measures against the H5N1 influenza virus, a significant health threat that affects Asia, Europe, and the USA. There are two types of forewarning, (1) telling the audience that they will hear messages intended to persuade them and (2) telling the audience the topic and stance of the impending persuasive message. Analysis of ratings by 265 undergraduates indicated that forewarnings of the topic and stance of a promotional message on the H5N1 virus facilitated elaboration of coping-related thoughts which enhance perceived self-efficacy and a stronger behavioral intention to combat H5N1. Conversely, the elaboration of danger-related thoughts evoked some fear but enhanced source perception.

scholarly journals Persepsi Remaja Terhadap Kesan Menakutkan Pada Peringatan Kesehatan Bergambar Di Bungkus Rokok Ditinjau Dari Extended Parallel Process Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Andi Annisa Dwi Rahmawati ◽  
Rita Damayanti ◽  
Dien Anshari
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model

Latar Belakang. Tujuan pencantuman Peringatan Kesehatan Bergambar (PKB) pada bungkus rokok adalah mencegah remaja dari kebiasaan merokok. Dengan melihat gambar menakutkan pada PKB, remaja perokok juga diharapkan termotivasi berhenti merokok.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pesan persuasif yang berusaha memunculkan rasa takut berperan dalam proses penerimaan atau penolakan pesan pada siswa yang pernah mendapat intervensi program berhenti merokok bernama Not on Tobacco (NOT)  dengan yang belum pernah mendapatkannya. Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain Rapid Asessment Procedures (RAP). Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah wawancara mendalam.Hasil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan siswa yang mendapat intervensi program berhenti merokok memiliki keyakinan diri yang lebih tinggi untuk dapat mengurangi konsumsi rokok atau berhenti merokok dengan mudah dibandingkan siswa yang tidak mendapat intervensi. Mereka yang mendapat intervensi juga menunjukkan penerimaan pesan paling baik. Hal ini terlihat dari perubahan niat, sikap, dan perilaku informan ke arah yang positif, berkaitan dengan perilaku merokok. Sementara itu, siswa yang tidak mendapat intervensi menunjukkan penolakan pesan akibat tidak dapat mengendalikan rasa takut. Hal ini tercermin dari perilaku siswa yang menghindari melihat PKB.

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