‘Trend in premature mortality from four major NCDs in Nanjing, China, 2007–2018’

Abstract Background This study aims to analyze the trends of premature mortality caused from four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs), namely cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes in Nanjing between 2007 and 2018 and project the ability to achieve the “Healthy China 2030” reduction target. Methods Mortality data of four major NCDs for the period 2007–2018 were extracted from the Death Information Registration and Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population data for Nanjing were provided by the Nanjing Bureau of Public Security. The premature mortality was calculated using the life table method. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percent changes (AAPC) in mortality trends. Results From 2007 to 2018, the premature mortality from four major NCDs combined in Nanjing decreased from 15.5 to 9.5%, with the AAPC value at − 4.3% (95% CI [− 5.2% to − 3.4%]). Overall, it can potentially achieve the target, with a relative reduction 28.6%. The premature mortality from cancer, CVD, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes all decreased, with AAPC values at − 4.2, − 5.0%, − 5.9% and − 1.6% respectively. A relative reduction of 40.6 and 41.2% in females and in rural areas, but only 21.0 and 12.8% in males and in urban areas were projected. Conclusion An integrated approach should be taken focusing on the modifiable risk factors across different sectors and disciplines in Nanjing. The prevention and treatment of cancers, diabetes, male and rural areas NCDs should be enhanced.

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Projection of premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases for 2025: a model based study from Hunan Province, China, 1990–2016

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e10298

Author(s):

Qiaohua Xu ◽

Maigeng Zhou ◽

Donghui Jin ◽

Xinying Zeng ◽

Jinlei Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Disease Study ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Death Data

Background In 2011, the United Nations set a target to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 25% by 2025. While studies have reported the target in some countries, no studies have been done in China. This study aims to project the ability to reach the target in Hunan Province, China, and establish the priority for future interventions. Methods We conducted the study during 2019–2020. From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, we extracted death data for Hunan during 1990–2016 for four main NCDs, namely cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. We generated estimates for 2025 by fitting a linear regression to the premature mortality over the most recent trend identified by a joinpoint regression model. We also estimated excess premature mortality attributable to unfavorable changes over time. Results The rate of premature mortality from all NCDs in Hunan will be 19.5% (95% CI [19.0%–20.1%]) by 2025, with the main contributions being from CVD (8.2%, 95% CI [7.9%–8.5%]) and cancer (7.9%, 95% CI [7.8%–8.1%]). Overall, it will be impossible to achieve the target, with a relative reduction of 16.4%. Women may be able to meet the target except with respect to cancer, and men will not except with respect to chronic respiratory diseases. Most of the unfavorable changes have occurred since 2008–2009. Discussion More urgent efforts, especially for men, should be exerted in Hunan by integrating population-wide interventions into a stronger health-care system. In the post lock-down COVID-19 era in China, reducing the NCD risk factors can also lower the risk of death from COVID-19.

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Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.10.1.11 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Ali Bastin

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Urban System ◽

Population Data ◽

Target Population ◽

Positive Outcomes ◽

Negative Consequences

The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.

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The Current Situation and Future Trend of Leukemia Mortality by Sex and Area in China

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2020.598215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Baojing Li ◽

Hong Tang ◽

Zilu Cheng ◽

Yuxiao Zhang ◽

Hao Xiang

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural China ◽

National Level ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Future Trend ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Projection Model ◽

Precautionary Measures ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Leukemia is one of the most common cancers. We conducted this study to comprehensively analyze the temporal trends of leukemia mortality during 2003–2017 and project the trends until 2030. We extracted national-level data on annual leukemia mortality from China Health Statistics Yearbooks (2003–2017). We applied the Joinpoint regression model to assess leukemia mortality trends in urban and rural China by sex during 2003–2017. We also produced sex-specific leukemia mortality using the adjusted Global Burden Disease (GBD) 2016 projection model. In urban areas, age-standardized leukemia mortality decreased significantly among females during 2003–2017 (APC = −0.9%; 95% CI: −1.7, −0.1%). In rural areas, significant decreases of age-standardized leukemia mortality were both found among males (APC = −1.7%; 95% CI: −2.9, −0.5%) and females (APC = −1.6%; 95% CI: −2.6, −0.7%) from 2008 to 2017. Rural-urban and sex disparities of leukemia mortality will continue to exist until the year 2030. According to projection, the leukemia mortality rates of males and rural populations are higher than that of females and urban populations. In 2030, leukemia mortality is projected to decrease to 3.03/100,000 and 3.33/100,000 among the males in urban and rural areas, respectively. In females, leukemia mortality will decrease to 1.87/100,000 and 2.26/100,000 among urban and rural areas, respectively. Our study suggests that more precautionary measures to reduce leukemia mortality are need, and more attention should be paid to rural residents and males in primary prevention of leukemia in China.

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Associations between socioeconomic index and mortality in rural and urban small geographic areas of Catalonia, Spain: Ecological study

Journal of Epidemiological Research ◽

10.5430/jer.v2n1p80 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Caro-Mendivelso J ◽

Elorza-Ricart JM ◽

Hermosilla E ◽

Méndez-Boo L ◽

García-Gil M ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Small Areas ◽

Poisson Models ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Socioeconomic Index ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To analyse the association between MEDEA (Mortality in small areas of Spain and socioeconomic and environmental inequalities) index and mortality in urban and rural areas of Catalonia. Methods: An ecological study based on the analysis of census section. The data source used for census section and variables to calculate the MEDEA index was the census (2001). Mortality data were obtained from System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP). The census sections were classified as rural or urban. The association between mortality and the socioeconomic index was analysed as categorical variable (quintiles). Poisson models were fitted to study the association between MEDEA index and mortality. Analysis was done with the STATA software, version 12. Results: In January 2009, a total of 4,526,071 adults (> 14 years old) were assigned to ICS (Institut Català de la Salut ) primary healthcare centres. The identified population lived in 5,214 census sections out of a total of 5,222 existing areas, from which 4096 (78.5%) were urban. The association between MEDEA quintiles and mortality was significant for urban areas excluding Barcelona: excess mortality was 5% (IRR = 1.05 IC 95% 1.01-1.10), being higher in urban areas (IRR = 1.11 95% CI 1.08 to 1.15) and even higher in Barcelona (IRR = 1.24 95% CI 1.18 to 1.31). This association was not significant for rural areas (IRR = 0.95 CI 95% 0.88-1.02). Conclusions:Socioeconomic deprivation, measured with the MEDEA index, was related with an increase in total mortality in urban areas of Catalonia. In rural areas there was no association with mortality.

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Urban-Rural Differences in Indiana Pediatric Firearm Trauma

Proceedings of IMPRS ◽

10.18060/23637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cory Wuerch ◽

Jodi Raymond, MPH, CSTR, CAISS ◽

Joseph O'Neil, MD, MPF, FAAP ◽

Matthew P. Landman, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACS

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Population Data ◽

Population Based ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Injury Death ◽

Firearm Injury ◽

Firearm Injuries ◽

Rural Counties

Background and Hypothesis: Several studies have evaluated differences in firearm injuries among children and adolescents based on population. However, many of these studies exclude patients who die before arriving at a trauma center. We therefore hypothesize that important population-based differences in pediatric firearm injuries may be uncovered with inclusion of both pre-hospital firearm mortalities and patients treated at a tertiary children’s hospital. Methods: Patients less than 15 years of age who sustained a firearms-related injury/death between the years 2012 and 2018 were identified in: (1) death certificates from the Office of Vital Statistics State of Indiana and (2) Riley Hospital for Children Trauma Registry. Counties were classified as either urban, midsized, or rural based on the National Center for Health Statistic’s population data. Bivariate analyses were used to analyze important variables with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 222 patients were identified (77% male, mean age = 11.3 ± 4.2 years). The median age of firearm injury survivors was 13 (IQR 7-14), while the median age of nonsurvivors was 14 (IQR 11-15). The county population was associated with injury intent, where the frequency of assaults/homicides was higher than expected in urban counties compared to midsized and rural counties (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Suicide frequency was higher than expected in rural counties (p<0.001). Race was associated with injury intent (p<0.001). Rural and midsized counties had higher than expected mortalities compared to urban counties (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Attempted suicides in rural areas were more likely to be associated with mortality than attempts in urban areas (p<0.001). Conclusion and Potential Impact: Important differences exist between firearm injuries based on where they occur. The findings presented here will inform public health initiatives aimed at reducing firearm injury and death in Indiana.

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New Technologies for Promoting Physical Activity in Healthy Children and in Children with Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Narrative Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132111661 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 11661

Author(s):

Velia Malizia ◽

Giuliana Ferrante ◽

Salvatore Fasola ◽

Laura Montalbano ◽

Giovanna Cilluffo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

New Technologies ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Fitness Programs

Physical activity (PA) is proven to benefit children and adolescents in several ways. New technologies may provide children with stimulating modalities for organizing their leisure time, accessing fitness programs, and obtaining daily goal reminders and peer support. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, following WHO recommendations for PA is difficult for many children, especially for those living in urban areas. Therefore, the use of digital tools to support and maintain PA could be useful in healthy children, as well as in those with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). This narrative review aims to summarize the most recent evidence about the role of new technologies in promoting PA in healthy children and in those with CRDs, in supporting PA during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in enhancing psychological wellbeing in this age group. The use of technological devices for promoting PA, such as web/mobile apps and games, has been proven to be effective both in healthy children and in those with CRDs. In conclusion, new technologies are very promising in terms of feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy in promoting PA. Further studies are required to evaluate the long-term health benefits of using these technologies.

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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Poland

10.15847/cisrnyn.nepl.2020.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Labour Force ◽

Population Data ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Labour Market Situation ◽

The Past ◽

Market Situation ◽

The Difference

The report outlines the evolution of the labour market situation of young people in Poland between 2009 and 2019. Particular attention was paid to describe how the situation has changed across different age subgroups and degree of urbanization. The analysis includes descriptive statistics of the selected labour market indicators (employment and unem-ployment rate, NEET rate) along with educational and population data extracted from the Eurostat public datasets. The report shows that youth population in Poland has been declining over the past decade, especially in cities and rural areas. Labour market situation of young Poles worsened in the aftermath of financial and economic crisis. Since 2013 is has improved considerably. In 2019,the unemployment rate was below the pre-recession level and the lowest since the political and economic transformation. The pattern of labour market situation evolution was similar across all age subgroups and degrees of urbanisation, although those from the younger sub-groups were more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. In 2019, the difference between rural and urban areas in the unemployment level was minor. The employment rate and the NEET rate, however, was clearly higher in cities which suggests that many of those living in towns and rural areas remain outside the labour force. The level of school dropouts among youth is one of the lowest in the EU and has been relatively stable over the past decade. It is slightly higher in towns and rural areas than in cities, but the difference is not significant.

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Economic Fluctuations and Urban-rural Differences in Educational Inequalities in Mortality in Three Baltic Countries and Finland in 2000–2015: A Register-based Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45703/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mall Leinsalu ◽

Aleksei Baburin ◽

Domantas Jasilionis ◽

Juris Krumins ◽

Pekka Martikainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Educational Inequalities ◽

Baltic Countries ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Baltic ◽

Inequalities In Mortality ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract We examined urban-rural differences in educational inequalities in mortality in three Baltic countries and Finland in the context of macroeconomic changes. Educational inequalities among 30–74 year olds were examined in 2000–2003, 2004–2007, 2008–2011 and 2012–2015 using census-linked longitudinal mortality data. We estimated age-standardized mortality rates and the relative and slope index of inequality. Overall mortality rates were larger in rural areas except among Finnish women. Relative educational inequalities in mortality were often larger in urban areas among men but in rural areas among women. Absolute inequalities were mostly larger in rural areas. Between 2000–2003 and 2012–2015 relative inequalities increased in most countries while absolute inequalities decreased except in Lithuania. In the Baltic countries the changes in both relative and absolute inequalities were more favourable in urban areas; in Finland they were more favourable in rural areas. The overall pattern changed during the reccessionary period between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011 when relative inequalities often diminished or the increase slowed, while the decrease in absolute inequalities accelerated with larger improvements observed in urban areas. Despite substantial progress in reducing overall mortality rates in both urban and rural areas in all countries, low educated men and women in rural areas in the Baltic countries are becoming increasingly disadvantaged in terms of mortality reduction.

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Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy

10.21203/rs.2.19405/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ikhan Kim ◽

Hwa-Kyung Lim ◽

Hee-Yeon Kang ◽

Young-Ho Khang

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Small Area ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽

Mortality Figure ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual age-specific numbers of population and deaths for all neighborhood-level areas in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all neighborhoods. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all neighborhoods, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in neighborhoods in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each neighborhood.

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A COMPARISON OF PARAMETRIC MORTALITY MODELS TO GRADUATE URBAN AND RURAL MORTALITY

December 2020 - Gomal University Journal of Research ◽

10.51380/gujr-37-04-10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (04) ◽

pp. 485-497

Author(s):

Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Barakzai ◽

Aqil Burney

Keyword(s):

Loss Function ◽

Life Insurance ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Mortality Models ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for graduating mortality rates of urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Grouped age specific mortality rates of rural and urban populations for the year 2019 are used. The data is collected from the website of National Institute of Population Studies which conduct Maternal Mortality Survey in Pakistan on regular basis. The parametric mortality models were applied to rural and urban mortality data. We used R software to estimate the model’s parameters and assess their suitability for urban and rural populations. The suitability of these models was assessed by using 3 different loss functions. Our analyses found that the fourth type of Heligman-Polard’s model with loss function 3 provides reliable results for graduating the mortality of rural population while second type of Carriere model with loss function 3 produce best results for graduating the urban mortality of Pakistan. Based on two models, mortality rates of urban and rural population have been graduated over age range 0-85. We suggest the use the graduated mortality rates of urban and rural areas for pricing life insurance products in rural and urban areas respectively. In addition, graduated mortality rates are also suggested for use in calculation of life insurance liabilities.

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