scholarly journals Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mendel Friedman ◽  
Christina C. Tam ◽  
Luisa W. Cheng ◽  
Kirkwood M. Land
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Pure Compounds

Abstract Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.

scholarly journals Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Mendel Friedman ◽  
Christina C. Tam ◽  
Jong H. Kim ◽  
Sydney Escobar ◽  
Steven Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Freeze Dried

Trichomoniasis in humans, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes trichomonosis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea in farm animals and domesticated cats. As part of an effort to determine the inhibitory effects of plant-based extracts and pure compounds, seven commercially available cherry tomato varieties were hand-peeled, freeze-dried, and pounded into powders. The anti-trichomonad inhibitory activities of these peel powders at 0.02% concentration determined using an in vitro cell assay varied widely from 0.0% to 66.7% against T. vaginalis G3 (human); from 0.9% to 66.8% for T. foetus C1 (feline); and from 0.0% to 81.3% for T. foetus D1 (bovine). The organic Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (D) peels were the most active against all three trichomonads, inhibiting 52.2% (G3), 66.8% (C1), and 81.3% (D1). Additional assays showed that none of the powders inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, or non-pathogenic lactobacilli. Tomato peel and pomace powders with high content of described biologically active compounds could serve as functional food and feed additives that might help overcome adverse effects of wide-ranging diseases and complement the treatment of parasites with the anti-trichomonad drug metronidazole.

A Review on Herbal Treatments for Trichomonas Vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rahmani ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Patient Acceptance ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract of men and women and causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted disease in both men and women. The infection is often asymptomatic, but it can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and burning, foamy discharge and foul-smelling mucus. In one year, 250 million cases of Trichomonas vaginalis were reported worldwide. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed.    Results: Today, the most common treatment for this disease is the use of metronidazole. However, its side effects, which include hematological and neurotoxic effects, cannot be ignored. Because of these side effects, researchers are looking for a suitable replacement for metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Researchers' desire to use  herbs can be due to various reasons such as fewer side effects, better patient acceptance, recommendation of traditional medicine, lower prices of herbs and also compatibility with the normal physiological function of the human body. Conclusion: Considering the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on the growth and proliferation of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, it can be concluded that the use of these plants can have many applications in the treatment of trichomoniasis. As a result, by studying more about their advantages and disadvantages, it is possible to make a drug that has higher therapeutic effects with fewer side effects.

Zinc-clotrimazole complexes are effective against Trichomonas vaginalis

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1206-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Midlej ◽  
Felipe Rubim ◽  
Wilmer Villarreal ◽  
Érica S. Martins-Duarte ◽  
Maribel Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Zinc Compounds ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Zinc Salts ◽  
Imidazole Compounds

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis in humans, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD). Imidazole compounds are used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, and metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed. However, these compounds can lead to parasite resistance and unwanted side effects. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative treatment for this disease. Here, we explored the potential of clotrimazole (CTZ) and zinc compounds, as well as CTZ complexed with zinc salts ([1] acetate [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] and [2] a chloride [Zn(CTZ)2Cl2] complexes) against T. vaginalis. We synthesized the zinc complexed CTZ compounds and determined their concentration values that inhibited parasite growth by 50% (IC50). We used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to visualize the ultrastructural alterations induced by CTZ and their zinc complexes. The incubation of the parasites with [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] complex inhibited their growth, yielding an IC50 of 4.9 µm. Moreover, there were changes in the shape of treated parasites, including the formation of surface projections that subsequently detached from the cell, in addition to changes in the hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. We found [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] to be a highly effective compound against T. vaginalis in vitro, suggesting its potential utility as an alternative chemotherapy for trichomoniasis.

Molecular Epidemiology of Metronidazole Resistance in a Population of Trichomonas vaginalis Clinical Isolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3004-3009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J. Snipes ◽  
Pascale M. Gamard ◽  
Elizabeth M. Narcisi ◽  
C. Ben Beard ◽  
Tovi Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Nucleotide Position ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Metronidazole Resistance ◽  
High Level

Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women, where it may be asymptomatic or cause severe vaginitis and cervicitis. Despite its high prevalence, the genetic variability and drug resistance characteristics of this organism are poorly understood. To address these issues, genetic analyses were performed on 109 clinical isolates using three approaches. First, two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions flanking the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene were sequenced. The only variation was a point mutation at nucleotide position 66 of the ITS1 region found in 16 isolates (14.7%). Second, the presence of a 5.5-kb double-stranded RNAT. vaginalis virus (TVV) was assessed. TVV was detected in 55 isolates (50%). Finally, a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA data. The resulting phylogeny indicated at least two distinct lineages that correlate with the presence of TVV. A band-sharing index indicating relatedness was created for different groups of isolates. It demonstrated that isolates harboring the virus are significantly more closely related to each other than to the rest of the population, and it indicated a high level of relatedness among isolates with in vitro metronidazole resistance. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that drug resistance toT. vaginalis resulted from a single or very few mutational events. Permutation tests and nonparametric analyses showed associations between metronidazole resistance and phylogeny, the ITS mutation, and TVV presence. These results suggest the existence of genetic markers with clinical implications for T. vaginalisinfections.

Salivary Proteins Interact with Dietary Constituents to Modulate Tooth Staining

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.B. Proctor ◽  
R. Pramanik ◽  
G.H. Carpenter ◽  
G.D. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Black Tea Polyphenols ◽  
Proline Rich Protein

Dietary components rich in polyphenols—for example, tea and red wine—are thought to cause tooth staining. In the present study, hydroxyapatite was used as a model of enamel for study of the influence of salivary proteins on the binding of different polyphenols to hydroxyapatite in vitro. Neither salivary protein pellicles nor salivary proteins in solution significantly altered the binding of the small polyphenol epigallocatechin to hydroxyapatite. However, hydroxyapatite binding of anthocyanin, a small grape-skin-derived polyphenol, or the larger polyphenols of black tea was increased by the presence of salivary proteins, either as a pellicle or in solution. Proline-rich proteins were enriched from parotid saliva and found to increase binding of anthocyanin and black tea polyphenols to hydroxyapatite, while enriched histatins did not increase binding. It is concluded that some salivary proteins, including proline-rich protein, can mediate increased staining of enamel by red-wine- and black-tea-derived polyphenols.

scholarly journals Colon Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of White, Green and Black Tea Polyphenols Extract after In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Annunziata ◽  
Maria Maisto ◽  
Connie Schisano ◽  
Roberto Ciampaglia ◽  
Patricia Daliu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Tea Polyphenols ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Polyphenolic Extract

The beneficial effects of the tea beverage are well-known and mainly attributed to polyphenols which, however, have poor bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The purpose of the present study was the evaluation of colon bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of tea polyphenolic extract. An 80% methanolic extract (v/v) of tea polyphenols was obtained from green (GT), white (WT) and black tea (BT). Simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion was performed on acid-resistant capsules containing tea polyphenolic extract. The main tea polyphenols were monitored by HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD) method; in addition, Total Phenol Content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were evaluated. After GI digestion, the bioaccessibility in the colon stage was significantly increased compared to the duodenal stage for both tea polyphenols and TPC. Similarly, the antioxidant activity in the colon stage was significantly higher than that in the duodenal stage. Reasonably, these results could be attributable in vivo to the activity of gut microbiota, which is able to metabolize these compounds, generating metabolites with a greater antioxidant activity. Our results may guide the comprehension of the colon digestion of polyphenols, suggesting that, although poorly absorbed in the duodenum, they can exert their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the lower gut, resulting in a novel strategy for the management of gut-related inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Identification of a Subversive Substrate of Trichomonas vaginalis Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and the Crystal Structure of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex

2005 ◽  
Vol 280 (23) ◽  
pp. 22318-22325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zang ◽  
Wen-Hu Wang ◽  
Shaw-Wen Wu ◽  
Steven E. Ealick ◽  
Ching C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Purine Nucleoside ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
Nucleoside Phosphorylase ◽  
E Coli

Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted disease with worldwide impact. One of the pivotal enzymes in its purine salvage pathway, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), shows physical properties and substrate specificities similar to those of the high molecular mass bacterial PNPs but differing from those of human PNP. While carrying out studies to identify inhibitors of T. vaginalis PNP (TvPNP), we discovered that the nontoxic nucleoside analogue 2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (F-dAdo) is a “subversive substrate.” Phosphorolysis by TvPNP of F-dAdo, which is not a substrate for human PNP, releases highly cytotoxic 2-fluoroadenine (F-Ade). In vitro studies showed that both F-dAdo and F-Ade exert strong inhibition of T. vaginalis growth with estimated IC50 values of 106 and 84 nm, respectively, suggesting that F-dAdo might be useful as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against T. vaginalis. To understand the basis of TvPNP specificity, the structures of TvPNP complexed with F-dAdo, 2-fluoroadenosine, formycin A, adenosine, inosine, or 2′-deoxyinosine were determined by x-ray crystallography with resolutions ranging from 2.4 to 2.9 Å. These studies showed that the quaternary structure, monomer fold, and active site are similar to those of Escherichia coli PNP. The principal active site difference is at Thr-156, which is alanine in E. coli PNP. In the complex of TvPNP with F-dAdo, Thr-156 causes the purine base to tilt and shift by 0.5 Å as compared with the binding scheme of F-dAdo in E. coli PNP. The structures of the TvPNP complexes suggest opportunities for further improved subversive substrates beyond F-dAdo.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Molecular Events Linking to Cell Death Induced by Tetracycline in the Amitochondriate Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 6891-6903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Yang Huang ◽  
Fu-Man Ku ◽  
Wei-Hung Cheng ◽  
Chi-Ching Lee ◽  
Po-Jung Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Molecular Events

ABSTRACTTrichomonas vaginaliscolonizes the human urogenital tract and causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease. Currently, 5-nitroimidazoles are the only recommended drugs for treating trichomoniasis. However, increased resistance of the parasite to 5-nitroimidazoles has emerged as a highly problematic public health issue. Hence, it is essential to identify alternative chemotherapeutic agents against refractory trichomoniasis. Tetracycline (TET) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against several protozoan parasites, but the mode of action of TET in parasites remains poorly understood. Thein vitroeffect of TET on the growth ofT. vaginaliswas examined, and the mode of cell death was verified by various apoptosis-related assays. Next-generation sequencing-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to elucidate the transcriptome ofT. vaginalisin response to TET. We show that TET has a cytotoxic effect on both metronidazole (MTZ)-sensitive and -resistantT. vaginalisisolates, inducing some features resembling apoptosis. RNA-seq data reveal that TET significantly alters the transcriptome via activation of specific pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and carbohydrate metabolism. Functional analyses demonstrate that TET disrupts the hydrogenosomal membrane potential and antioxidant system, which concomitantly elicits a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, suggesting that the hydrogenosomal function is impaired and triggers cell death. Collectively, we providein vitroevidence that TET is a potential alternative therapeutic choice for treating MTZ-resistantT. vaginalis. The in-depth transcriptomic signatures inT. vaginalisupon TET treatment presented here will shed light on the signaling pathways linking to cell death in amitochondriate organisms.

scholarly journals 20S Proteasome as a Drug Target in Trichomonas vaginalis

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. O’Donoghue ◽  
Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo ◽  
Yukiko Miyamoto ◽  
Steven C Wang ◽  
Justin Z. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Proteasome Inhibitors ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Marine Natural Product ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proteasome Subunits

ABSTRACT Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with hundreds of millions of annual cases worldwide. Approved treatment options are limited to two related nitro-heterocyclic compounds, yet resistance to these drugs is an increasing concern. New antimicrobials against the causative agent, Trichomonas vaginalis, are urgently needed. We show here that clinically approved anticancer drugs that inhibit the proteasome, a large protease complex with a critical role in degrading intracellular proteins in eukaryotes, have submicromolar activity against the parasite in vitro and on-target activity against the enriched T. vaginalis proteasome in cell-free assays. Proteomic analysis confirmed that the parasite has all seven α and seven β subunits of the eukaryotic proteasome although they have only modest sequence identities, ranging from 28 to 52%, relative to the respective human proteasome subunits. A screen of proteasome inhibitors derived from a marine natural product, carmaphycin, revealed one derivative, carmaphycin-17, with greater activity against T. vaginalis than the reference drug metronidazole, the ability to overcome metronidazole resistance, and reduced human cytotoxicity compared to that of the anticancer proteasome inhibitors. The increased selectivity of carmaphycin-17 for T. vaginalis was related to its >5-fold greater potency against the β1 and β5 catalytic subunits of the T. vaginalis proteasome than against the human proteasome subunits. In a murine model of vaginal trichomonad infection, proteasome inhibitors eliminated or significantly reduced parasite burden upon topical treatment without any apparent adverse effects. Together, these findings validate the proteasome of T. vaginalis as a therapeutic target for development of a novel class of trichomonacidal agents.

scholarly journals The protozoanTrichomonas vaginalistargets bacteria with laterally-acquired NlpC/P60 peptidoglycan hydrolases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jully Pinheiro ◽  
Jacob Biboy ◽  
Waldemar Vollmer ◽  
Robert P. Hirt ◽  
Jeremy R. Keown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisis a human eukaryotic pathogen and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This extracellular protozoan parasite is intimately associated with the human vaginal mucosa and microbiota but key aspects of the complex interactions between the parasite and the vaginal bacteria remain elusive. We report thatT. vaginalishas acquired, by lateral gene transfer from bacteria, genes encoding peptidoglycan hydrolases of the NlpC/P60 family. Two of theT. vaginalisenzymes were active against bacterial peptidoglycan, retaining the active site fold and specificity as DL-endopeptidases. The endogenous NlpC/P60 genes are transcriptionally up regulated inT. vaginaliswhen in the presence of bacteria. The over-expression of an exogenous copy produces a remarkable phenotype where the parasite is capable of competing out bacteria from mixed cultures, consistent with the biochemical activity of the enzymein vitro. Our study highlights the relevance of the interactions of this eukaryotic pathogen with bacteria, a poorly understood aspect on the biology of this important human parasite.Author summaryTrichomonas vaginalisis a protozoan parasite that causes a very common sexually transmitted disease known as trichomoniasis. This extracellular parasite resides in the vagina where it is in close association with the mucosa and the local microbiota. Very little is known about the nature of the parasite-bacteria interactions. Here, we report that this parasite had acquired genes from bacteria which retained their original function producing active enzymes capable of degrading peptidoglycan, a polymer that is chemically unique to the cell envelope of bacteria. Our results indicate that these enzymes help the parasite compete out bacteria in mixed cultures. These observations suggest that these enzymes may be critical for the parasite to establish infection in the vagina, a body site that is densely colonised with bacteria. Our study further highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between pathogens and microbiota, as the outcomes of these interactions are increasingly understood to have important implications on health and disease.

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