scholarly journals Advance research directives: avoiding double standards

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Study Participation ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Advance Research

Abstract Background Advance research directives (ARD) have been suggested as a means by which to facilitate research with incapacitated subjects, in particular in the context of dementia research. However, established disclosure requirements for study participation raise an ethical problem for the application of ARDs: While regular consent procedures call for detailed information on a specific study (“token disclosure”), ARDs can typically only include generic information (“type disclosure”). The introduction of ARDs could thus establish a double standard in the sense that within the context of ARDs, type disclosure would be considered sufficient, while beyond this context, token disclosure would remain necessary. Main body This paper provides an ethical analysis of ARDs, taking into account the results of numerous empirical studies that have been performed so far. It will be argued that a revised understanding of informed consent can allow for context-sensitive disclosure standards. As a consequence, ARDs that include type disclosure can be acceptable under suitable circumstances. Such an approach raises a number of objections. A thorough examination shows, however, that they are not sufficient to justify a rejection of the approach. Conclusion The approach presented in this paper avoids introducing a double standard. It is, therefore, more suitable for the implementation of ARDs than established approaches.

scholarly journals Advance Research Directives: Avoiding Double Standards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Study Participation ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
Dementia Research ◽  
Advance Research

Abstract Background: Advance research directives (ARD) have been suggested to facilitate research with incapacitated subjects, in particular in the context of dementia research. However, established disclosure requirements for study participation raise an ethical problem for the application of ARDs: While regular consent procedures call for detailed information on a specific study (“token disclosure”), ARDs can typically only include generic information (“type disclosure”). ARDs, therefore, run the risk of introducing an ethically problematic double standard. Methods: This paper provides an ethical analysis of ARDs, taking into account the results of numerous empirical studies that have been performed so far. It will be argued that a revised understanding of informed consent can allow for context-sensitive disclosure standards. As a consequence, ARDs that include “type disclosure” can be acceptable under suitable circumstances. Discussion: Such an approach raises objections, two of which are especially important. A thorough examination shows, however, that they are not sufficient to justify a rejection of the approach. Conclusion: The approach presented in this paper avoids introducing a double-standard for particular types of research such as dementia research. It is, therefore, more suitable for the implementation of ARDs than established approaches.

scholarly journals Not One Sexual Double Standard but Two? Adolescents’ Attitudes About Appropriate Sexual Behavior

2020 ◽  
pp. 0044118X2095792
Author(s):  
Maud Hensums ◽  
Geertjan Overbeek ◽  
Terrence D. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Measurement Equivalence ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Sexual Double Standard ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Female Sexual Behavior ◽  
Male Sexual Behavior ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sexual Double Standards

Popular belief holds that sexual behavior is evaluated more liberally for males than females. However, the assessment of this “sexual double standard” is controversial. Therefore, we investigated measurement equivalence of commonly used items to assess sexual double standards in previous research. Based on established measurement equivalence, we investigated whether adolescents endorsed a sexual double standard. Using data from 455 adolescents ( Mage = 14.51, SD = 0.64), confirmatory factor analyzes showed that the sexual double standard concept was measurement equivalent across sex, and partly across evaluations of the same and opposite sex. Factor analyzes demonstrated that there was not one, but two sexual double standards. Male adolescents evaluated male sexual behavior more liberally than female sexual behavior, but female adolescents evaluated female sexual behavior more liberally than male sexual behavior. This contradicts the traditional notion of the existence of one sexual double standard that favors male and suppresses female sexuality.

Parental Involvement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Otto ◽  
Julia Karbach
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
School Context ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Family Setting ◽  
The Way

In the recent years, parental involvement in a child’s academic development has been of great scientific interest. As parental involvement is a broad term it encompasses many parental activities that need to be further specified. In line with this, no widely accepted theoretical framework of parental involvement exists so far. Moreover, in terms of assessment of parental involvement a large variety of instruments have been applied: Parental involvement has been assessed by behavioral observations, self-reports, or reports by others. In spite of a missing definition and widely accepted theoretical framework, a myriad of research has been conducted to identify determinants and correlates of parental involvement. In this context, several empirical studies have revealed that the way parents get involved in their children’s schooling depends on a diverse set of variables, which refer not only to the parents themselves, but also to the family setting and the school context. However, the main body of research has focused on the effects of parental involvement. Although it has been found to be a significant predictor for children’s academic success parental involvement also seems to show changes related to the child’s age and grade level. Moreover, the different dimensions of parental involvement seem to have differential predictive value for students’ academic outcomes. Less empirical studies have been done referring to the associations of parental involvement with academic outcomes other than performance. Moreover, the very few intercultural studies conducted in this field suggest there might be similarities but also differences between Western and Eastern parents in the way how they get involved with their children’s education. Based on the presented aspects, future research should aim at developing a consistent definition and widely accepted theoretical framework of parental involvement as well as further investigate underlying determinants and mechanisms.

How Attachments to the Nation Shape Beliefs About the World: A Theory of Motivated Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. S61-S84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Series Of Experiments

AbstractIf competing beliefs about political events in the world stem largely from information asymmetries, then more information and knowledge should reduce the gap in competing perceptions. Empirical studies of decision making, however, often find just the reverse: as knowledge and the stakes in play go up, the beliefs about what is happening polarize rather than converge. The theory proposed here attributes this to motivated reasoning. Emotions inside the observer shape beliefs along with information coming from the outside world. A series of experiments embedded in a national survey of Americans finds that a primary driver of the beliefs someone forms about globalization, other countries, and the politics in the Middle East is how strongly they attach their social identity to the United States. Attachment produces more intense positive and negative emotions that in turn shape the interpretation of unfolding events and lead norms to be applied in an inconsistent fashion. People, in effect, rewrite reality around their favored course of action, marrying the logic of appropriateness to their own preferences. Beliefs, consequently, are not independent of preferences but related to them. Motivated reasoning, while not consistent with rational models, is predictable and can lead to expensive mistakes and double standards that undermine liberal internationalism.

What effects does international mobility have on scientists’ careers? A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolai Netz ◽  
Svenja Hampel ◽  
Valeria Aman
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Advance Research

Abstract The internationalization and specialization of science confront scientists with opportunities and sometimes even a need to become internationally mobile during their careers. Against this background, we systematically reviewed empirical studies on the effects that mobility across national borders has on the careers of scientists. Using several search channels, we identified 96 studies – published between 1994 and 2019 – that examine how international mobility influences eight dimensions of scientists’ careers. Listed in descending order of the number of identified studies, these dimensions comprise scientists’ (1) international networks, (2) scientific productivity, (3) occupational situation, (4) scientific impact, (5) competences and personality, (6) scientific knowledge, (7) access to research infrastructures and funds, and (8) symbolic capital. Existing research provides robust evidence of positive effects of international mobility on the broadening of scientists’ networks. Moreover, several solid studies examine the effect of international mobility on scientists’ productivity, impact, and occupational situation. Most of them find positive effects, but some also find no or negative effects. Studies on the other career dimensions are not only less frequent, but mostly also less robust. Our review reveals potential to advance research in the field by using less selective samples and more rigorous methodological approaches. Intending to spur further theory-driven empirical research, we develop a model integrating research on the identified career dimensions and derive various questions for future research. We conclude by highlighting policy implications of existing research.

scholarly journals Shaping a data-driven era in dementia care pathway through computational neurology approaches

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
KongFatt Wong-Lin ◽  
Paula L. McClean ◽  
Niamh McCombe ◽  
Daman Kaur ◽  
Jose M. Sanchez-Bornot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Care Pathway ◽  
Clinical Decision Support Systems ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Dementia Research

Abstract Background Dementia is caused by a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with a decline in memory and other cognitive abilities, while inflicting an enormous socioeconomic burden. The complexity of dementia and its associated comorbidities presents immense challenges for dementia research and care, particularly in clinical decision-making. Main body Despite the lack of disease-modifying therapies, there is an increasing and urgent need to make timely and accurate clinical decisions in dementia diagnosis and prognosis to allow appropriate care and treatment. However, the dementia care pathway is currently suboptimal. We propose that through computational approaches, understanding of dementia aetiology could be improved, and dementia assessments could be more standardised, objective and efficient. In particular, we suggest that these will involve appropriate data infrastructure, the use of data-driven computational neurology approaches and the development of practical clinical decision support systems. We also discuss the technical, structural, economic, political and policy-making challenges that accompany such implementations. Conclusion The data-driven era for dementia research has arrived with the potential to transform the healthcare system, creating a more efficient, transparent and personalised service for dementia.

Silencing the Self: Applying Jack's Schemas to Issues of Norm Discrepancies and Double Standards for Gender

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Koutrelakos ◽  
Al Baranchik
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cognitive Schemas ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Greek Americans

Two cognitive schemas, Divided Self and Care As Self-sacrifice, relating the silencing of the self to intimate relationships were investigated for their association with norm discrepancy and double standard for gender in Greece ( n = 373) and in the USA (Americans, n = 333, Greek Americans, n = 66). Differences within gender and cultural groups were observed. Most strikingly, in Greece persons of each sex expected more self-sacrifice from those of the opposite sex.

scholarly journals Measuring Perceived Corporate Hypocrisy: Scale Development in the Context of U.S. Retail Employees

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheli Goswami ◽  
Jung Ha-Brookshire ◽  
Wes Bonifay
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Item Response ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Unidimensional Construct

Despite an increasing amount of research on perceived corporate hypocrisy (PCH), limited research has investigated PCH among employees. Particularly, the literature lacked a valid instrument for estimating employees’ PCH, even though employees experience severe consequences for PCH. To address this gap, a scale was developed to measure employees’ PCH, using a three-stage Item Response Theory modeling approach. After a series of qualitative studies and six quantitative scale-development iterations, PCH was found to be a unidimensional construct represented by the perceived lack of morality, perceived control breach, double standards, and a value‒behavior gap. Further, the nine-item PCH scale was confirmed to be reliable, valid, and unbiased for different demographic groups. The scale makes theoretical contributions by being one of the few attempts to objectively measure employees’ hypocrisy judgements and incorporating corporations’ double standard and perceived commitment to morality as defining features of employees’ PCH. Assessment of employees’ PCH can help in expanding the hypocrisy literature beyond consumers’ perceptions. Finally, the scale enables corporations to measure employees’ PCH and get an in-depth understanding of the issues of concern as work and organizational phenomena. By implementing proper management strategies, corporations can potentially avoid PCH, create more favorable perceptions among employees, and improve their reputations.

scholarly journals The impact of timing in innovation management

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Beckett ◽  
Andrew O'Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Management ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Organisational Performance ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intermediary Organisations ◽  
Wrong Place

An innovative idea launched in the wrong place at the wrong time may not deliver the outcomes hoped for. Based on 55 empirical studies, Bowen, Rostami and Steel (2010) suggest ‘timing is everything’ if innovation is to enhance organisational performance, but there is also a need to understand contextual factors. The paper presents a theoretical model representing the interaction of idea, place, resources and temporal factors that draws on the Ancient Greek notion of Kairos linking events in time and timely action. Longitudinal studies of four intermediary organisations intended to enhance SME innovation capabilities are compared at different stages in their evolution. The cases highlight the context-sensitive nature of innovation: an idea that has been successfully implemented in one place at one time may not be successful at another place or another time.

Moral Character in Negotiation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Morse ◽  
Taya R. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Negotiation Processes ◽  
Advance Research

In this article, we discuss the role of moral character in negotiation and identify open questions and promising directions for future scholars to explore. We advance research in this area by introducing a dyadic model of moral character in negotiation, which highlights the joint influence of each party’s moral character on negotiation attitudes, motives, and behaviors. We discuss the implications of our model and conclude that personality science, and especially the study of moral character, has great potential to enhance research and practice in negotiations. Our hope is that this work will accelerate theoretical development and empirical studies that address the question of how moral character influences negotiation processes and outcomes—from pre-negotiation (e.g., planning, selecting negotiating partners) to actual bargaining (e.g., bargaining tactics, concessions) and finally, post-negotiation (e.g., deal implementation, long-term consequences, relationship building and maintenance, reputations)—and provide a springboard for future studies on this topic.

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