scholarly journals The incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkeys is associated with farm, season and faecal Eimeria oocyst counts

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magne Kaldhusdal ◽  
Eystein Skjerve ◽  
Magne Kjerulf Hansen ◽  
Inger Sofie Hamnes ◽  
Bruce David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Feed Mill

Abstract Background Specific studies on the epidemiology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys are absent in the literature. Necrotic enteritis is common in turkeys and a leading cause of use of therapeutic antibiotics. This study describes the incidence of necrotic enteritis in turkey farms, and the association between incidence and bird age, season, faecal oocyst counts, grow-out size and feed mill. Results Necrotic enteritis was diagnosed post mortem in 20.2 % of 545 grow-outs of commercial female and male B.U.T. 10 turkeys started during the years 2010–2016. 80 % of all cases occurred at four to seven weeks of age. Median (minimum-maximum) age at disease detection was 37 (18–115) days. Turkey age at detection was influenced by season, and varied from 33 days among grow-outs hatched in February to 42 days among those hatched in July-August. The incidence also varied with season, showing peak occurrence among grow-outs hatched during February-March and the lowest incidence in turkeys hatched in July-August. 59 % of all cases were detected in 25 % of the farms. The incidence per farm varied from below 4 to 59 %. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model indicated clear impacts of farm and season on incidence, and border-line impacts of grow-out size and feed mill. Grow-outs diagnosed with necrotic enteritis had higher counts of faecal Eimeria oocysts than grow-outs without a diagnosis. This difference was particularly clear during the high-risk period at five to seven weeks of age. Necrotic enteritis was the cause of treatment with therapeutic antibiotics in 88.2 % of all cases of treatment. Conclusions Our data indicate that necrotic enteritis incidence in turkeys can be substantially influenced by risk factors at farm level. The incidence showed two seasonal peaks; a moderate peak in turkeys hatched in October/November and a marked peak in turkeys hatched during February/March. Mitigation measures at the farm may therefore be of particular importance during these months in farms located in the Northern temperate zone. Measures which effectively reduce counts of faecal Eimeria oocyst are likely to be among the more promising actions to take both at the farm and at population level.

Population level risk factors associated with childhood obesity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Beynon ◽  
Nora Pashyan ◽  
Elizabeth Fisher ◽  
Dougal Hargreaves ◽  
Linda Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Factors Associated

Glottalization and linking in the L2 speech of Czech learners of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110158
Author(s):  
Radek Skarnitzl ◽  
Petr Čermák ◽  
Pavel Šturm ◽  
Zora Obstová ◽  
Jan Hricsina
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Sound Pattern ◽  
Frequent Use

The use of linking or glottalization contributes to the characteristic sound pattern of a language, and the use of one in place of the other may affect a speaker’s comprehensibility and fluency in certain contexts. In this study, native speakers of Czech, a language that is associated with a frequent use of glottalization in vowel-initial word onsets, are examined in the second language (L2) context of three Romance languages that predominantly employ linking between words (Spanish, Italian and Portuguese). In total, 29 native speakers and 51 non-native learners were asked to read a short text in the respective language. The learners were divided into two groups based on their experience with the target language. A number of other factors were examined in a mixed-effects logistic regression model (segmental context, lexical stress, prosodic breaks, and the semantic status of the words). The main results show that, regardless of the target language, the more experienced (ME) learners displayed significantly lower rates of glottalization than the less experienced (LE) learners, but significantly higher rates than native speakers. The pedagogical implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of tofogliflozin on arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes: prespecified sub-analysis of the prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparative UTOPIA trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Katakami ◽  
◽  
Tomoya Mita ◽  
Hidenori Yoshii ◽  
Toshihiko Shiraiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Tofogliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, is associated with favorable metabolic effects, including improved glycemic control and serum lipid profile and decreased body weight, visceral adipose tissue, and blood pressure (BP). This study evaluated the effects of tofogliflozin on the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) without a history of apparent cardiovascular disease. Methods The using tofogliflozin for possible better intervention against atherosclerosis for type 2 diabetes patients (UTOPIA) trial is a prospective, randomized, open-label, multicenter, parallel-group, comparative study. As one of the prespecified secondary outcomes, changes in baPWV over 104 weeks were evaluated in 154 individuals (80 in the tofogliflozin group and 74 in the conventional treatment group) who completed baPWV measurement at baseline. Results In a mixed-effects model, the progression in the right, left, and mean baPWV over 104 weeks was significantly attenuated with tofogliflozin compared to that with conventional treatment (– 109.3 [– 184.3, – 34.3] (mean change [95% CI] cm/s, p = 0.005; – 98.3 [– 172.6, – 24.1] cm/s, p = 0.010; – 104.7 [– 177.0, – 32.4] cm/s, p = 0.005, respectively). Similar findings were obtained even after adjusting the mixed-effects models for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypertension, smoking, and/or administration of drugs, including hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive agents, statins, and anti-platelets, at baseline. The findings of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models, which included the treatment group, baseline baPWV, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, resembled those generated by the mixed-effects models. Conclusions Tofogliflozin significantly inhibited the increased baPWV in patients with T2DM without a history of apparent cardiovascular disease, suggesting that tofogliflozin suppressed the progression of arterial stiffness. Trial Registration UMIN000017607. Registered 18 May 2015. (https://www.umin.ac.jp/icdr/index.html)

scholarly journals A comprehensive, contemporary assessment of the association between hepatosteatosis and coronary artery calcium scoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Heseltine ◽  
SW Murray ◽  
RL Jones ◽  
M Fisher ◽  
B Ruzsics
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. onbehalf Liverpool Multiparametric Imaging Collaboration Background Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is a well-established technique for stratifying an individual’s cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Several well-established registries have incorporated CAC scoring into CVD risk prediction models to enhance accuracy. Hepatosteatosis (HS) has been shown to be an independent predictor of CVD events and can be measured on non-contrast computed tomography (CT). We sought to undertake a contemporary, comprehensive assessment of the influence of HS on CAC score alongside traditional CVD risk factors. In patients with HS it may be beneficial to offer routine CAC screening to evaluate CVD risk to enhance opportunities for earlier primary prevention strategies. Methods We performed a retrospective, observational analysis at a high-volume cardiac CT centre analysing consecutive CT coronary angiography (CTCA) studies. All patients referred for investigation of chest pain over a 28-month period (June 2014 to November 2016) were included. Patients with established CVD were excluded. The cardiac findings were reported by a cardiologist and retrospectively analysed by two independent radiologists for the presence of HS. Those with CAC of zero and those with CAC greater than zero were compared for demographic and cardiac risks. A multivariate analysis comparing the risk factors was performed to adjust for the presence of established risk factors. A binomial logistic regression model was developed to assess the association between the presence of HS and increasing strata of CAC. Results In total there were 1499 patients referred for CTCA without prior evidence of CVD. The assessment of HS was completed in 1195 (79.7%) and CAC score was performed in 1103 (92.3%). There were 466 with CVD and 637 without CVD. The prevalence of HS was significantly higher in those with CVD versus those without CVD on CTCA (51.3% versus 39.9%, p = 0.007). Male sex (50.7% versus 36.1% p= <0.001), age (59.4 ± 13.7 versus 48.1 ± 13.6, p= <0.001) and diabetes (12.4% versus 6.9%, p = 0.04) were also significantly higher in the CAC group compared to the CAC score of zero. HS was associated with increasing strata of CAC score compared with CAC of zero (CAC score 1-100 OR1.47, p = 0.01, CAC score 101-400 OR:1.68, p = 0.02, CAC score >400 OR 1.42, p = 0.14). This association became non-significant in the highest strata of CAC score. Conclusion We found a significant association between the increasing age, male sex, diabetes and HS with the presence of CAC. HS was also associated with a more severe phenotype of CVD based on the multinomial logistic regression model. Although the association reduced for the highest strata of CAC (CAC score >400) this likely reflects the overall low numbers of patients within this group and is likely a type II error. Based on these findings it may be appropriate to offer routine CVD risk stratification techniques in all those diagnosed with HS.

scholarly journals Risk factors on admission associated with hospital length of stay in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anping Guo ◽  
Jin Lu ◽  
Haizhu Tan ◽  
Zejian Kuang ◽  
Ying Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Female Sex

AbstractTreating patients with COVID-19 is expensive, thus it is essential to identify factors on admission associated with hospital length of stay (LOS) and provide a risk assessment for clinical treatment. To address this, we conduct a retrospective study, which involved patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection in Hefei, China and being discharged between January 20 2020 and March 16 2020. Demographic information, clinical treatment, and laboratory data for the participants were extracted from medical records. A prolonged LOS was defined as equal to or greater than the median length of hospitable stay. The median LOS for the 75 patients was 17 days (IQR 13–22). We used univariable and multivariable logistic regressions to explore the risk factors associated with a prolonged hospital LOS. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. The median age of the 75 patients was 47 years. Approximately 75% of the patients had mild or general disease. The univariate logistic regression model showed that female sex and having a fever on admission were significantly associated with longer duration of hospitalization. The multivariate logistic regression model enhances these associations. Odds of a prolonged LOS were associated with male sex (aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.63, p = 0.01), having fever on admission (aOR 8.27, 95% CI 1.47–72.16, p = 0.028) and pre-existing chronic kidney or liver disease (aOR 13.73 95% CI 1.95–145.4, p = 0.015) as well as each 1-unit increase in creatinine level (aOR 0.94, 95% CI 0.9–0.98, p = 0.007). We also found that a prolonged LOS was associated with increased creatinine levels in patients with chronic kidney or liver disease (p < 0.001). In conclusion, female sex, fever, chronic kidney or liver disease before admission and increasing creatinine levels were associated with prolonged LOS in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals 22. Patient Satisfaction Remains Unchanged Following Implementation of an Antibiotic Stewardship Intervention in Primary Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S11-S12
Author(s):  
Zachary Hostetler ◽  
Keith W Hamilton ◽  
Leigh Cressman ◽  
McWelling H Todman ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Targeted Intervention

Abstract Background Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in ambulatory care settings is common, increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes. Behavioral and educational interventions targeting primary care providers (PCPs) have shown promise in reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for RTIs. While one perceived barrier to such interventions is the concern that these adversely impact patient satisfaction, few data exist in this area. Here, we examine whether a recent PCP-targeted intervention that significantly reduced antibiotic prescribing for RTIs was associated with a change in patient satisfaction. Methods The PCP-targeted intervention involved monthly education sessions and peer benchmarking reports delivered to 31 clinics within an academic health system, and was previously shown to reduce antibiotic prescribing. Here, we performed a retrospective, secondary analysis of Press Ganey (PG) surveys associated with the outpatient encounters in the pre- and post-intervention periods. We evaluated the impact on patient perceptions of PCPs based on provider exposure to the intervention using a mixed effects logistic regression model. Results There were 17,416 out of 197,744 encounters (8.8%) with associated PG surveys for the study time period (July 2016 to September 2018). In the multivariate model, patient satisfaction with PCPs was most strongly associated with patient-level characteristics (age, race, health status, education status) and survey-level characteristics (survey response time, patient’s usual provider) (Figure 1). Satisfaction with PCPs did not change following delivery of the provider-based intervention even after adjusting for patient- and survey-level characteristics [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 1.005 (0.928, 1.087)]. However, a small increase in satisfaction associated with receiving antibiotics during the entire study period was seen [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 1.146 (1.06, 1.244)]. Figure 1: Association of a provider-targeted intervention as well as patient, provider, and practice characteristics with patient satisfaction in a multivariable mixed effects logistic regression model Conclusion Patient perceptions of PCPs remain unchanged following the delivery of a behavioral and educational intervention to primary care providers that resulted in observable decreases in antibiotic prescribing practices for RTIs. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Risk assessment of mining projects in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Teye Amoatey ◽  
Samuel Famiyeh ◽  
Peter Andoh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Mining Projects

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the critical risk factors affecting mining projects in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A purposive sampling approach was used in selecting the respondents for the study. These were practitioners working on mining projects in Ghana. Findings The study identified 22 risk factors contributing to mining project failure in Ghana. The five most critical mining project risk factors based on both probability of occurrence and impact were unstable commodity prices, inflation/exchange rate, land degradation, high cost of living and government bureaucracy for obtaining licenses. Mitigation measures for addressing the identified risk factors were identified. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to data collected from practitioners working on mining projects. Due to geographic and logistical constraints, the study did not include the perception of local communities in quantifying the risk factors. Practical implications This paper has documented the critical risk factor affecting the mining industry in Ghana. Though the identified risk types are also prevalent in other sectors of the construction industry, the key findings of this paper emphasize the need for a comprehensive risk management culture in the mining sector. From an academic research perspective, the paper contributes to a conceptual risk assessment framework. Originality/value The information gathered through this research can be utilized in identifying and understanding risks during the early stages of mining project implementation.

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