scholarly journals The smell of lung disease: a review of the current status of electronic nose technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. van der Sar ◽  
N. Wijbenga ◽  
G. Nakshbandi ◽  
J. G. J. V. Aerts ◽  
O. C. Manintveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Study Results

AbstractThere is a need for timely, accurate diagnosis, and personalised management in lung diseases. Exhaled breath reflects inflammatory and metabolic processes in the human body, especially in the lungs. The analysis of exhaled breath using electronic nose (eNose) technology has gained increasing attention in the past years. This technique has great potential to be used in clinical practice as a real-time non-invasive diagnostic tool, and for monitoring disease course and therapeutic effects. To date, multiple eNoses have been developed and evaluated in clinical studies across a wide spectrum of lung diseases, mainly for diagnostic purposes. Heterogeneity in study design, analysis techniques, and differences between eNose devices currently hamper generalization and comparison of study results. Moreover, many pilot studies have been performed, while validation and implementation studies are scarce. These studies are needed before implementation in clinical practice can be realised. This review summarises the technical aspects of available eNose devices and the available evidence for clinical application of eNose technology in different lung diseases. Furthermore, recommendations for future research to pave the way for clinical implementation of eNose technology are provided.

Berberine on the Prevention and Management of Cardiometabolic Disease: Clinical Applications and Mechanisms of Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Richard Y. Cao ◽  
Yuntao Zheng ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Lingling Jiang ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine

Berberine is an alkaloid from several medicinal plants originally used to treat diarrhea and dysentery as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, berberine has been discovered to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities in the treatment of diverse diseases ranging from cancer and neurological dysfunctions to metabolic disorders and heart diseases. This review article summarizes the clinical practice and laboratory exploration of berberine for the treatment of cardiometabolic and heart diseases, with a focus on the novel insights and recent advances of the underlying mechanisms recognized in the past decade. Berberine was found to display pleiotropic therapeutic effects against dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, arrhythmia, and heart failure. The mechanisms of berberine for the treatment of cardiometabolic disease involve combating inflammation and oxidative stress such as inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) activation, regulating electrical signals and ionic channels such as targeting human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) currents, promoting energy metabolism such as activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, modifying gut microbiota to promote transforming of berberine into its intestine-absorbable form, and interacting with non-coding RNAs via targeting multiple signaling pathways such as AMPK, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), etc. Collectively, berberine appears to be safe and well-tolerated in clinical practice, especially for those who are intolerant to statins. Knowledge from this field may pave the way for future development of more effective pharmaceutical approaches for managing cardiometabolic risk factors and preventing heart diseases.

scholarly journals Medicinal Use of Cannabis: History and Current Status

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Kalant
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Therapeutic Uses

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the history and pharmacology of cannabis in relation to current scientific knowledge concerning actual and potential therapeutic uses of cannabis preparations and pure cannabinoids.METHODS: The literature on therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids was assessed with respect to type of study design, quality and variability of data, independent replications by the same or other investigators, magnitude of effects, comparison with other available treatments and reported adverse effects. The results of this review were also compared with those of major international reviews of this topic in the past five years.CONCLUSIONS: Pure tetrahydrocannabinol and several analogues have shown significant therapeutic benefits in the relief of nausea and vomiting, and stimulation of appetite in patients with wasting syndrome. Recent evidence clearly demonstrates analgesic and antispasticity effects that will probably prove to be clinically useful. Reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma and bronchodilation in asthma are not sufficiently strong, long lasting or reliable to provide a valid basis for therapeutic use. The anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol is sufficiently promising to warrant further properly designed clinical trials. There is still a major lack of long term pharmacokinetic data and information on drug interactions. For all the present and probable future uses, pure cannabinoids, administered orally, rectally or parenterally, have been shown to be effective, and they are free of the risks of chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and upper repiratory cancer that are associated with the smoking of crude cannabis. Smoking might be justified on compassionate grounds in terminally ill patients who are already accustomed to using cannabis in this manner. Future research will probably yield new synthetic analogues with better separation of therapeutic effects from undesired psychoactivity and other side effects, and with solubility properties that may permit topical administration in the eye, or aerosol inhalation for rapid systemic effect without the risks associated with smoke inhalation.

Exhaled Breath Analysis System based on Electronic Nose Techniques Applicable to Lung Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung-Gi Byun ◽  
Joon-Boo Yu ◽  
Jeung-Soo Huh ◽  
Jeong-Ok Lim
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Breath Analysis ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Exhaled Breath Analysis ◽  
Analysis System

Choice of Antibacterial Agents for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications in Traumatologic and Orthopaedic Patients by Microbiologic Monitoring

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Tamara Yakovlevna Pkhakadze ◽  
G G Okropiridze ◽  
E S Malysheva ◽  
T Ya Pkhakadze ◽  
G G Okropiridze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Orthopaedic Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Etiologic structure of infectious complications in traumatologic and orthopaedic patients has been studied at CITO named after N.N. Priorov during the period from 2005 to 2007. Using modern agents and techniques 6799 samples from 3023 patients were studied. Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to the wide spectrum of antibiotics including the drugs of last gene-ration was studied. Basing on the study results the protocols for the application of modern antibiotics including protected aminopeptides, cephalosporins of third-forth generation including the protected ones, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, carbape-nemones have been elaborated and introduced into clinical practice.

scholarly journals Improving Empathy in Healthcare Consultations—a Secondary Analysis of Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 3007-3014
Author(s):  
Kirsten A. Smith ◽  
Felicity L. Bishop ◽  
Hajira Dambha-Miller ◽  
Mohana Ratnapalan ◽  
Emily Lyness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behaviour Change Techniques ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Empathic Communication ◽  
Patient Health

Abstract A recent systematic review of randomised trials suggested that empathic communication improves patient health outcomes. However, the methods for training healthcare practitioners (medical professionals; HCPs) in empathy and the empathic behaviours demonstrated within the trials were heterogeneous, making the evidence difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this secondary analysis of seven trials in the review, we aimed to identify (1) the methods used to train HCPs, (2) the empathy behaviours they were trained to perform and (3) behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used to encourage the adoption of those behaviours. This detailed understanding of interventions is necessary to inform implementation in clinical practice. We conducted a content analysis of intervention descriptions, using an inductive approach to identify training methods and empathy behaviours and a deductive approach to describe the BCTs used. The most commonly used methods to train HCPs to enhance empathy were face-to-face training (n = 5), role-playing (n = 3) and videos (self or model; n = 3). Duration of training was varied, with both long and short training having high effect sizes. The most frequently targeted empathy behaviours were providing explanations of treatment (n = 5), providing non-specific empathic responses (e.g. expressing understanding) and displaying a friendly manner and using non-verbal behaviours (e.g. nodding, leaning forward, n = 4). The BCT most used to encourage HCPs to adopt empathy behaviours was “Instruction on how to perform behaviour” (e.g. a video demonstration, n = 5), followed by “Credible source” (e.g. delivered by a psychologist, n = 4) and “Behavioural practice” (n = 3 e.g. role-playing). We compared the effect sizes of studies but could not extrapolate meaningful conclusions due to high levels of variation in training methods, empathy skills and BCTs. Moreover, the methods used to train HCPs were often poorly described which limits study replication and clinical implementation. This analysis of empathy training can inform future research, intervention reporting standards and clinical practice.

scholarly journals The digital scribe in clinical practice: a scoping review and research agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke M. van Buchem ◽  
Hileen Boosman ◽  
Martijn P. Bauer ◽  
Ilse M. J. Kant ◽  
Simone A. Cammel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Documentation ◽  
Entity Extraction ◽  
Clinical Validity ◽  
Use Context

AbstractThe number of clinician burnouts is increasing and has been linked to a high administrative burden. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques may address this issue by creating the possibility of automating clinical documentation with a “digital scribe”. We reviewed the current status of the digital scribe in development towards clinical practice and present a scope for future research. We performed a literature search of four scientific databases (Medline, Web of Science, ACL, and Arxiv) and requested several companies that offer digital scribes to provide performance data. We included articles that described the use of models on clinical conversational data, either automatically or manually transcribed, to automate clinical documentation. Of 20 included articles, three described ASR models for clinical conversations. The other 17 articles presented models for entity extraction, classification, or summarization of clinical conversations. Two studies examined the system’s clinical validity and usability, while the other 18 studies only assessed their model’s technical validity on the specific NLP task. One company provided performance data. The most promising models use context-sensitive word embeddings in combination with attention-based neural networks. However, the studies on digital scribes only focus on technical validity, while companies offering digital scribes do not publish information on any of the research phases. Future research should focus on more extensive reporting, iteratively studying technical validity and clinical validity and usability, and investigating the clinical utility of digital scribes.

scholarly journals Shining a Light on the Challenging Behaviors of Adolescents with Comorbid Diagnoses: Use of Pictorial Concurrent Operant Preference Assessment

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Zhichun Zhou ◽  
David Burrell McAdam ◽  
Deborah Ann Napolitano ◽  
Kathryn Douthit
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Challenging Behaviors ◽  
Preference Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Mixed Methods Design ◽  
Behavioral Function ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Concurrent Operant

Currently, there are no published studies that have used the concurrent operant preference assessment procedure to identify functions of challenging behaviors displayed by individuals with comorbid diagnoses. Four participants (aged 11–16 years) with comorbid diagnoses who displayed multiple challenging behaviors were referred to this study. We modified the standard concurrent operant preference assessment and used the new modified version, the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment, to identify the functions of the challenging behaviors. Utilizing the triangulation mixed-methods design, we compared the indirect functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and the direct FBA with the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment. The results obtained successfully demonstrated the concordance among these assessments in identifying the behavioral function for each participant. The results further showed that (1) the preferences served the same functional effects on both the challenging behaviors and the adaptive behaviors and (2) the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment can be used independently to identify potential behavioral function and to specify the reinforcing potency of each behavioral function. The significance of the study results, limitations of this study, and directions for future research and clinical practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The electronic nose: emerging biomarkers in lung cancer diagnostics

Breathe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e135-e141
Author(s):  
Wouter H. van Geffen ◽  
Kevin Lamote ◽  
Adrien Costantini ◽  
Lizza E.L. Hendriks ◽  
Najib M. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Internal Validation

Lung cancer is very common and the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite recent progress in the systemic treatment of lung cancer (checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors), each year, >1.5 million people die due to this disease. Most lung cancer patients already have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Computed tomography screening of high-risk individuals can detect lung cancer at an earlier stage but at a cost of false-positive findings. Biomarkers could lead towards a reduction of these false-positive findings and earlier lung cancer diagnosis, and have the potential to improve outcomes and treatment monitoring. To date, there is a lack of such biomarkers for lung cancer and other thoracic malignancies, although electronic nose (e-nose)-derived biomarkers are of interest.E-nose techniques using exhaled breath component measurements can detect lung cancer with a sensitivity ranging from 71% to 96% and specificity from 33 to 100%. In some case series, such results have been validated but this is mostly using internal validation and hence, more work is needed. Furthermore, standardised sampling and analysis methods are lacking, impeding interstudy comparison and clinical implementation. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the currently available data on E-nose technology for lung cancer detection.

Exhaled breath analysis by using GC-MS and «electronic nose» for lung cancer diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Gashimova ◽  
Anna Osipova ◽  
Temerdashev Azamat ◽  
Vladimir Porkhanov ◽  
Igor Polyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Breath Analysis ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Exhaled Breath Analysis

Exhaled breath analysis is interesting and promising approach for diagnostics of various diseases. Being noninvasive, convenient and simple, this approach has tremendous potential utility for further translation into clinical practice....

Women And Depression: Future Research, Clinical Practice, And Public Policy

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Mazure ◽  
Laura J. Bierut ◽  
Steven D. Hollon ◽  
Susan G. Kornstein ◽  
Charlotte Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Future Research
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