scholarly journals The effects of electricity network development besides routine malaria control measures in an underdeveloped region in the pre-elimination phase

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrokh Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Network Development ◽  
Elimination Phase ◽  
Electricity Network ◽  
Underdeveloped Region

scholarly journals Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in 6-month to 45-year-olds on selected areas of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Urbano Nsue Ndong Nchama ◽  
Ali Hamad Said ◽  
Ali Mtoro ◽  
Gertrudis Owono Bidjimi ◽  
Marta Alene Owono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Equatorial Guinea ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Bioko Island ◽  
Malaria Vaccines

Abstract Background Extensive malaria control measures have been implemented on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea over the past 16 years, reducing parasite prevalence and malaria-related morbidity and mortality, but without achieving elimination. Malaria vaccines offer hope for reducing the burden to zero. Three phase 1/2 studies have been conducted successfully on Bioko Island to evaluate the safety and efficacy of whole Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccines. A large, pivotal trial of the safety and efficacy of the radiation-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine against P. falciparum is planned for 2022. This study assessed the incidence of malaria at the phase 3 study site and characterized the influence of socio-demographic factors on the burden of malaria to guide trial design. Methods A cohort of 240 randomly selected individuals aged 6 months to 45 years from selected areas of North Bioko Province, Bioko Island, was followed for 24 weeks after clearance of parasitaemia. Assessment of clinical presentation consistent with malaria and thick blood smears were performed every 2 weeks. Incidence of first and multiple malaria infections per person-time of follow-up was estimated, compared between age groups, and examined for associated socio-demographic risk factors. Results There were 58 malaria infection episodes observed during the follow up period, including 47 first and 11 repeat infections. The incidence of malaria was 0.25 [95% CI (0.19, 0.32)] and of first malaria was 0.23 [95% CI (0.17, 0.30)] per person per 24 weeks (0.22 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.26 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.20 in 18–45-year-olds). Incidence of first malaria with symptoms was 0.13 [95% CI (0.09, 0.19)] per person per 24 weeks (0.16 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.10 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.11 in 18–45-year-olds). Multivariate assessment showed that study area, gender, malaria positivity at screening, and household socioeconomic status independently predicted the observed incidence of malaria. Conclusion Despite intensive malaria control efforts on Bioko Island, local transmission remains and is spread evenly throughout age groups. These incidence rates indicate moderate malaria transmission which may be sufficient to support future larger trials of PfSPZ Vaccine. The long-term goal is to conduct mass vaccination programmes to halt transmission and eliminate P. falciparum malaria.

scholarly journals Risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in south-west Burkina Faso - potential impact of expanding eligibility for seasonal malaria chemoprevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L Wilson ◽  
Steve W Lindsay ◽  
Alfred Tiono ◽  
Jean Baptiste Yaro ◽  
Hilary Ranson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South West ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Burkina Faso has one of the highest malaria burdens in sub-Saharan Africa despite the mass deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and use of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in children aged up to 5 years. Identification of risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural Burkina Faso could help to identify and target malaria control measures. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 1,199 children and adults was conducted during the peak malaria transmission season in south-west Burkina Faso in 2017. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. A malaria transmission dynamic model was used to determine the impact on malaria cases averted of administering SMC to children aged 5–15 year old. Results P. falciparum prevalence was 32.8% in the study population. Children aged 5 to < 10 years old were at 3.74 times the odds (95% CI = 2.68–5.22, p < 0.001) and children aged 10 to 15 years old at 3.14 times the odds (95% CI = 1.20–8.21, p = 0.02) of P. falciparum infection compared to children aged less than 5 years old. Administration of SMC to children aged up to 10 years is predicted to avert an additional 57 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (9.4% reduction) and administration to children aged up to 15 years would avert an additional 89 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (14.6% reduction) in the Cascades Region, assuming coverage of pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide ITNs. Conclusion Malaria infections were high in all age strata, although highest in children aged 5 to 15 years, despite roll out of core malaria control interventions. Given the burden of infection in school-age children, extension of the eligibility criteria for SMC could help reduce the burden of malaria in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic falciparum malaria and genetic polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y among almajirai in northeast Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulayman Tunde Balogun ◽  
Umar Kyari Sandabe ◽  
Dauda N. Bdliya ◽  
Waheed A. Adedeji ◽  
Kenneth O. Okon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Gametocyte Density ◽  
Northeast Nigeria

Introduction: Malaria remains a public health challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where asymptomatic malaria is not uncommon. In the present study, the prevalence of asymptomatic falciparum malaria was investigated in almajirai, and the genetic polymorphisms of chloroquine (CQ) resistance biomarkers were assessed. Methodology: A total of 440 apparently healthy almajirai between 3 and 12 years of age were randomly enrolled in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria, between July and December 2010. Parasitemia and gametocytemia were assessed by light microscopy, and polymorphisms of Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y were detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 8.3 ± 4.5 years, with subjects ≤ 5 years accounting for 10.7% (47/440) of the population. Prevalence of asymptomatic falciparum parasitemia and gametocytemia were 12.7% (56/440) and 8.6% (38/440), respectively. Geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) was 240 (160–630) parasites/µL, while geometric mean gametocyte density (GMGD) was 53 (24–96) gametocytes/µL. The GMPD was higher among subjects ≤ 5 years of age (p = 0.027). Pfcrt 76T was detected in 5.4% (3/56) of the isolates, and no isolates harbored Pfmdr1 86Y mutant. Conclusions: The study reveals asymptomatic falciparum malaria in almajirai and low levels of Pfcrt 76T and Pfmdr1 86Y alleles. These findings could hinder malaria control measures, and hence almajirai should be incorporated into malaria control programs.

scholarly journals Critical analysis of malaria control measures in Brazil

1992 ◽  
Vol 87 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Luiz Tauil ◽  
José T. Fiuza Lima
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Control Measures

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Insecticide Spraying For Malaria Control In A Terai District Of Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Pramod Singh GC ◽  
P K Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Disease Control Program ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
The Cost

Background: Malaria is one of the public health problems in Nepal. It is estimated that 25% of population of Nepal are infected by malaria at any time. Malaria control program was first initiated in 1954 with support of USAID through the Insect Born Disease Control Program. This program was changed into Malaria Eradication Program in 1958. The program was reverted to control program in 1978.Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of insecticide spraying from the provider’s perspective in a Terai district of eastern Nepal.Methods: Morang District of eastern Terai was purposively selected. A pre-tested interview was used to collect data from program managers and government officers in the Malaria Control Program. The main categories of variables were manpower, insecticide, pump and others.Results: The cost for indoor residual spraying per person protected was calculated as Rs.24.70 (US$0.31). This cost was for one cycle and there were two cycles in a year. So the cost per year was Rs.49.40 (US$0.62). The cost per household was calculated as Rs. 129.56 (US$1.65) per cycle and Rs.259.12 and US$3.30 per year for residual spraying.Conclusion: In this cost analysis of indoor residual spraying, the cost per household per year was found Rs. 259.12 and US$3.30. The cost calculated per person protected per year was Rs. 49.40 and US$0.62. This analysis would be more complete if a comparative study of both costs and effectiveness of various vector control measures are undertaken in Nepal.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 175-179

Smart Surveillance and Micromanagement Using Information Technology for Malaria Elimination in Mangaluru, India – an Analysis of Five Years Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Shantharam Baliga ◽  
Shrikala Baliga ◽  
Animesh Jain ◽  
Naveen Kulal ◽  
Manu Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Control System ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Smart Surveillance ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Complete Treatment

Abstract BackgroundMalaria control system (MCS), an Information technology (IT)-driven surveillance and monitoring intervention is being adopted for elimination of malaria in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India since October 2015. This facilitated ‘smart surveillance’ followed by required field response within a timeline. The system facilitated data collection of individual case and data driven mapping and strategies for malaria elimination programme. This paper aims to present the analysis of post-digitization data of 5 years, discuss the current operational functionalities of MCS and its impact on the malaria incidence.MethodsIT system developed for robust malaria surveillance and field response is being continued in the 6th year. Protocol for surveillance control was followed as per the national programme guidilines mentioned earlier. Secondary data from the malaria control system is collated and analysed. Incidence of malaria, active surveillance, malariogenic conditions and its management, malariometric indices, shrinking malaria map were also analysed.ResultsSmart surveillance and subsequent response for control was sustained and performance improved in five years with participation of all stakeholders. Overall malaria incidence significantly reduced by 83% at the end of 5 years when compared with year of digitizarion (DY) (p<0.001). Early reporting of new cases (within 48 hrs) was near total followed by complete treatment and vector control. Slide positivity rate (SPR) decreased from 10.36 (DY) to 6.5 (PDY 5). Annual parasite incidence (API) decreased from 16.17 (DY) to 2.64 (PDY 5). There was a negative correlation between contact smears and incidence of malaria. Five-year data analyses indicated declining trends in overall malaria incidence and correlation between closure by 14 days. The best impact on reduction in incidence of malaria was recorded in pre-monsoon months (~85%) compared to lower impact in July-August months (~40%). ConclusionIT System helped to micromanage control activities such as robust reporting, incidence-centric active surveillance, early and complete treatment, documentation of full treatment of each malaria patient, targeted mosquito control measures in houses surrounding reported cases. The learnings and analytical output from the data helped to modify strategies for control of both disease and the vector, heralding the city into the elimination stage.

WOMEN AND MALARIA—SPECIAL RISK AND APPROPRIATE CONTROL STRATEGY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
R. Rueben
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Utility Distribution

The factors that make pregnant women particularly vulnerable to morbidity and mortality with falciparum malaria and their relationship to current control strategies are reviewed. Pregnant women, particularly during their first pregnancy, are at greatest risk of severe falciparum malaria in areas of high and continuous malaria transmission and under conditions of unstable malaria in which they do not develop protective immunity. The author recommends chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine for pregnant women living in holoendemic and hyperendemic areas of Africa and Papua, New Guinea. Chloroquine is safe, but drug resistance has increasingly limited its utility, distribution is a formidable problem. In rural areas where poorly developed health care system are better developed and malaria transmission is less intense, the emphasis should be on early diagnosis and treatment. Women are potentially the key to the implementation of malaria control programs, yet recent studies indicate that underprivileged women frequently do not attend malaria clinics and are often missed in projects with passive surveillance. Additional research and community interventions are needed to enable women with malaria to obtain treatment and to involve them in malaria control measures at the village level.

scholarly journals Selective sweep suggests transcriptional regulation may underlie Plasmodium vivax resilience to malaria control measures in Cambodia

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (50) ◽  
pp. E8096-E8105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Parobek ◽  
Jessica T. Lin ◽  
David L. Saunders ◽  
Eric J. Barnett ◽  
Chanthap Lon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Species Specific

Cambodia, in which both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are endemic, has been the focus of numerous malaria-control interventions, resulting in a marked decline in overall malaria incidence. Despite this decline, the number of P. vivax cases has actually increased. To understand better the factors underlying this resilience, we compared the genetic responses of the two species to recent selective pressures. We sequenced and studied the genomes of 70 P. vivax and 80 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2009 and 2013. We found that although P. falciparum has undergone population fracturing, the coendemic P. vivax population has grown undisrupted, resulting in a larger effective population size, no discernable population structure, and frequent multiclonal infections. Signatures of selection suggest recent, species-specific evolutionary differences. Particularly, in contrast to P. falciparum, P. vivax transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, and histone deacetylases have undergone strong directional selection, including a particularly strong selective sweep at an AP2 transcription factor. Together, our findings point to different population-level adaptive mechanisms used by P. vivax and P. falciparum parasites. Although population substructuring in P. falciparum has resulted in clonal outgrowths of resistant parasites, P. vivax may use a nuanced transcriptional regulatory approach to population maintenance, enabling it to preserve a larger, more diverse population better suited to facing selective threats. We conclude that transcriptional control may underlie P. vivax’s resilience to malaria control measures. Novel strategies to target such processes are likely required to eradicate P. vivax and achieve malaria elimination.

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