Updating National Air Passenger Demand from Traffic Counts: The Case of a Secondary Airport in an Underdeveloped Region

Demand models allow to estimate the choices made by users on different alternatives. Demand models depend on the characteristic attributes of the users and transport networks, as well as on parameters. Their significance translates into the reliability of the model in reproducing users’ choices as demand values. Traffic counts are aggregated data that can be used to update demand values of O/D matrix and/or for re-calibrating parameters from sets of parameters obtained in different situations or at different times in the same scenario using a reverse assignment modal. This paper provides the use of passenger counts to update national air transport demand by calibrating a hierarchical logit model. The application focuses on estimating the demand values for a secondary airport of an underdeveloped European region with the calibration of the logsum parameter working between distribution and modal choice. The updated model can be used to test new conditions for the supply of a new service or to increase the frequency or to modify the ticket level by means of public service obligations. The results show that the introduction of public obligations in the secondary airport in an underdeveloped region is crucial for future sustainability. Considering the decline in the economic, social and environmental sustainability in the region, the airport is central to economic and social development at the same time as being important for environmental sustainability, as it limits the impacts on the territory related to the construction of large transport infrastructures.

Effects of Simplified Antihypertensive Treatment Algorithm on Hypertension Management and Hypertension-Related Death in Resource-Constricted Primary Care Setting between 1997 and 2017

Hypertension management is poor in primary care settings of developing countries, where 75% of hypertensives are living. Exploring better ways to improve hypertension management and to decrease stroke and CVD death is needed such as introducing treatment algorithm. Therefore, we selected intervention counties from Xinjiang, an underdeveloped region in China, and introduced antihypertensive treatment algorithm, comprising locally available and affordable agents, to primary health providers since 1998. Program effects were evaluated using the data collected in various ways including cross-sectional screenings to population ≥30 years between 1998 and 2015 by comparing treatment and control rates of hypertension, changes in blood pressure (BP) levels and distribution, and proportion of case/total and NCD death for CVD and stroke. Compared to 1998–2000, treatment rate was improved by 2.78 fold (11.2% vs. 32.1%, P < 0.001), and the overall and treated control rate were improved by 53.5 fold (0.2% vs. 10.7%, P < 0.001) and by 16.8 fold (2.0% vs. 33.5%, P < 0.001), respectively, in 2015. Mean SBP and DBP showed a net reduction by 33.7 mmHg (181.3 vs. 147.6 mmHg) and 21.3 mmHg (106.3 vs. 85.0 mmHg), respectively, in 2015, compared to 1998–2000 ( P < 0.001), and stage III hypertension was reduced by 75.2% (33.5 vs. 8.3%, P < 0.001). Compared to 1997–1999, stroke/NCD death was reduced by 34.1% in 2015–2017 (31.7 vs. 20.9%, P = 0.006) in the intervention counties whereas by 7.5% in control county. Introduction of treatment algorithm helps improve hypertension management and reduce stroke death in resource-constricted primary settings.

SOCIO-CULTURAL CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH TEACHING IN REMOTE AREAS OF INDONESIA

The development of English language learning in any country is interdependent with its socio-cultural experiences. Learning is determined by the social, historical, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of its context. This study aims to explore the socio-cultural challenges of teaching English in a remote area. It was conducted in Pemana Island (East Nusa Tenggara) using the ethnography exploration. Pemana is one of the Indonesian government’s target locations for a teaching program to improve educational quality and overcome the problem of limited number of teachers in remote areas. This program involves bachelor degree holders of English being deployed to teach in the frontier, outlying and underdeveloped region. Several challenges of English teaching and learning emerge due to socio-cultural aspects. These include the economic situation of the society, the community beliefs about English teaching, and the ill-fitting curriculum with the social condition. The teaching implications are then discussed here.

Analysis on Education Provision Policy in Frontier, Outermost, and Underdeveloped Regions to Improve National Security in Sebatik Island, Indonesia

This article aimed to analyze the Government Policy in the process of implementing education to improve National Security at the Sebatik Island of Nunukan Regency. The author analyzed using Bardach’s Eightfold path to more effective problem solving which consists of defining the problem, assembling the evidence, constructing the alternatives, selecting the criteria, projecting the outcomes, confronting the trade-offs, deciding, and telling the story. This is a descriptive-type study with a qualitative approach. Study results shows that in Nunukan Regency, especially Sebatik Island that is considered as a Frontier, Outermost, and Underdeveloped region, which also lies at the border between Malaysia and Indonesia—haven’t been optimally carrying out policies on education implementation for improving national security. This was also proven by the number of schools that lack the necessary facilities and infrastructures, in addition to the curriculum that has yet to instil national security strengthening in schools and the lack of routine for nationalism-related activities given by the local government. Therefore, the local government should synergize with other parties, such as the Indonesian Army and education communities to improve national security in Sebatik Island while also strengthen the students’ sense of nationalism through accommodating school subjects on Indonesian nationality and culture.

An Underdeveloped Region: the Imperatives of Reindustrialization (on the example of the North caucasian Federal District)

Purpose: the purpose of the study is to develop a methodological toolkit for reindustrialization in the branches of the material sphere of lagging and underdeveloped regions based on the use of information, communication and digital technologies.Methods: the study is based on the use of the methodology of the systems approach, the methodological apparatus of the information society theory, the use of methods of economic and statistical analysis, scientific abstraction, analogies and scientific generalizations. In the course of developing the proposed topic, classical and modern works of domestic and foreign scientists, statistical and empirical material prepared in the process of field research were used.Results: regions with different levels of development function in the country's economy. The greatest problems are associated with underdeveloped and problem regions, which, given their certain potential, cannot yet cope with their difficulties. The situation in which such regions are located requires the search for new mechanisms that will allow us to overcome unfavorable circumstances and embark on the path of highly stable development. Many problems can be solved on the basis of reindustrialization. This requires a transition to continuous digitalization processes, the use of digital technologies and software products that can ensure the development of production systems in the direction of creating a new technological order.Conclusions and Relevance: issues of digital and programmatic reindustrialization of the economy are especially aggravated in lagging and underdeveloped regions, where, due to the poorly diversified sectoral structure of the industry, there is a weak reaction to the formation of investment demand for the production of competitive goods. Such regions, to which the North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) belongs, can solve problems when using digital and information technologies. The implementation of the proposed measures will allow the region to leave the zone of problems and depression.

Analysis of Revenue Inequality and Development of Leading Economic Sectors of District and City in Banten Province, Indonesia

The imbalance of inter-regional economic development is a common phenomenon that occurs in the process of economic development of a region. This interregional inequality was originally caused by differences in natural resource content and differences in demographic conditions in each region. As a result of these differences, the ability of an area to increase economic growth and encourage the development process also becomes different. Therefore, it is not surprising that in every region there is usually a relatively developed region and a relatively underdeveloped region. This study aims to analyze how big the level of income inequality that occurs between regencies/cities in Banten Province. Identifying the base sector in each district/city in Banten Province, and predicting the base sector in the future in each Regency/City of Banten Province. Data used in this study is secondary data in the form of time series data to see Developments and changes that occur over a period of time. Data analysis used in this research is Location Quotient (LQ), Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ), Williamson and Thiel Index. The results of this study are inequality that occurred in Banten is measured by using Williamson Index included in the category of Medium Inequality. On the measurement of Thiel Entropy Index, inequality in Lebak Regency is the lowest and Kota Cilegon has the highest imbalance in Banten Province.

Linguistic Landscape: A Language Learning Media in An Underdeveloped Region

As the result of the implementation of the latest curriculum in Indonesia, namely curriculum 2013, some problematic issues have arisen in its application. The apparent facts of this are the reduced number of hours dedicated to the subject of English, and the hampered distribution of the curriculum properties in rural areas, such as textbooks and teacher training for the curriculum. To resolve this dilemma, there is a need to find another means for teachers in rural areas to teach English, for example by using the authentic and contextual English text that is dispersed in their surroundings (Linguistic Landscape). Therefore, the aims of this research are to investigate the LL as a form of English exposure that students may encounter around their school neighbourhood, and the English language teachers’ perception of LL if it is to be applied as an additional learning resource, taking as an example a school in one underdeveloped region such as in Pulau Maya, Kayong Utara-West Borneo. This research employed a qualitative method by using an educational case study to investigate the teachers and the environment of this sample school. The data were obtained in the form of photographs and interviews. From the analysis, it was found that there are abundant LL signs that could promote students’ learning of English in improving their vocabulary, pragmatic competence, multimodal literacy, grammatical features, and their understanding of social aspects. Despite some sceptical perceptions, most of the teachers also seemed to acknowledge the apparent advantages of using LL in their future teaching.