scholarly journals Iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children within 20 years following compulsory salt iodization policy in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Jiajie Zang ◽  
Zhehuan Shi ◽  
Zhenni Zhu ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background In 1996, Shanghai implemented universal salt iodization and has became the last provincial unit in China to carry out this intervention. In this study, we summarized achievements in past 20 years, to provide suggestions and evidence for the next stage of iodine supplementation. Methods This study summarized and analyzed monitoring data of children from 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017 in Shanghai. In each monitoring year, 30 streets or towns were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique. One primary school was selected from each street or town by a simple random sampling technique. From each school, 40 children aged 8 to 10 years were randomly selected. The number of children was divided equally by sex and age. Results In 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017, median urinary iodine (MUI) was 227.5 μg/L, 214.3 μg/L, 198.1 μg/L, 181.6 μg/L, 171.4 μg/L, and 183.0 μg/L, goiter rate was 3.07, 0.40, 0.08, 0.08, 0.86, and 1.90%, and median thyroid volume (MTvol) was 2.9 mL, 1.2 mL, 2.4 mL, 1.0 mL, 1.8 mL, and 2.8 mL, respectively. There was a linear correlation between goiter rate and median thyroid volume (MTvol) (r = 0.95, P = 0.014). Household salt iodine concentration (SIC) was dropping every monitoring (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference among different household SIC groups in MUI in 1999 and 2017, and in MTvol in 1999 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the other years. Conclusions In Shanghai, the iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children is adequate. Household SIC have little effect on iodine status of children. Future studies should analyze the dietary sources of iodine, especially from pre-packaged and prepared-away-from-home foods or meals. The regular monitoring of iodine status is important to human health.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Shoukry Mohamed ◽  
Merhan Samy Nasr ◽  
Salah Hussien El-Halawany ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Abbas ◽  
Salma Said Hassan Tayeh
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Level

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

scholarly journals Iodine Status of Taiwanese Population in 2013: 10 Years After Changing From Mandatory to Voluntary Salt Iodization

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Fen Wang ◽  
Kam-Tsun Tang ◽  
Wen-Harn Pan ◽  
Justin Ging-Shing Won ◽  
Yao-Te Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Taiwanese Population ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Health Organization

Background: In 2003, Taiwan’s iodine policy changed from mandatory to voluntary. The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2001-2002 for schoolchildren showed adequate iodine nutrition, while NAHSIT 2005-2008 for adults showed the iodine status was at borderline adequacy. Objective: To investigate the iodine status of the Taiwanese population from schoolchildren to adulthood 10 years after the change of the salt iodization policy. Method: Urinary iodine was measured in samples from subjects in NAHSIT 2013. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the Taiwanese population aged 6 years and above in 2013 was 96 μg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. The median UIC of 6- to 12-year-old schoolchildren was 124 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 92-213 μg/L), and 115 μg/L (IQR: 80-166 μg/L), 125 μg/L (IQR: 74-161 μg/L), 73 μg/L (IQR: 52-131 μg/L), and 78 μg/L (IQR: 52-132 μg/L) in populations aged 13 to 18 years, 19 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, and ≥65 years, respectively. Declining iodine nutrition in age groups ≥45 years old was noted that the median UIC of populations aged 45 to 64 years and ≥65 years was 99 and 88 μg/L, respectively, in NAHSIT 2005-2008. The median UIC of schoolchildren was not lower than that during the mandatory salt fortification period, but the distribution of urinary iodine levels signified a dietary pattern change. Conclusion: Wide-ranging variation in iodine nutrition levels was observed in different age groups. Universal salt iodization, as suggested by the World Health Organization, should be the best strategy to achieve adequate iodine nutrition.

scholarly journals Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Conte ◽  
Comina ◽  
Monti ◽  
Sidoti ◽  
Vannozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

Assessment of iodine intake and deficiency in school-age children in Morocco

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-885
Author(s):  
Naima Saeid ◽  
Anass Rami ◽  
Samir Mounach ◽  
Abdeslam Hamrani ◽  
Asmaa El Hamdouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose Iodine deficiency has several adverse effects on human growth and development and it is categorized collectively as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Recent estimations showed that 29.8 per cent of school-age children have insufficient iodine intake. Salt iodization is widely accepted as the best method for increasing iodine intake. In 1995, Morocco adopted the universal salt iodization strategy to reduce iodine deficiency and consequently prevent and control IDDs. This study aims to determine the benefit of this strategy on schoolchildren and adolescent by assessing iodine intake and evaluating iodine deficiency. Design/methodology/approach This transversal study was conducted on 131 children and adolescents. Iodine intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Iodine status was evaluated on 24-h urine samples and the creatinine excretion was used to validate completeness of urine collection. Findings The medians of urinary iodine excretion and concentration were 77 µg/day and 96 µg/L, respectively. Overall, 72.5 per cent are deficient, so mild and moderate iodine deficiencies were reported in 58 per cent and 14.5 per cent, respectively, and no child exhibited severe deficiency. A significant difference was reported between iodine deficiency and, sex and age; iodine deficiency was more pronounced in boys and children under eight years. In this study, iodine status in deficient children does not change with the consumption pattern of dairy products and eggs, and results showed no significant association (p > 0.05). However, fish consumption was significantly associated to urinary iodine concentration = 100 µg/L (p = 0.044). Average UIC in school-aged children is still inadequate and consumption of foods high in iodine remains very insufficient. Therefore, additional efforts must focus on nutritional education of Moroccan school-aged children. Originality/value In the author’s knowledge, this is the first study evaluating schoolchildren iodine status by 24-h iodine collection; the study reported association of iodine deficiency with dietary habit concerning sources of food rich on iodine.

scholarly journals Salt Iodization and Urinary Iodine Concentration Levels among Primary School Children in Mt. Elgon Sub-County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Stephen N. Onteri ◽  
Anselimo O. Makokha ◽  
Beatrice Nyanchama Kiage Mokua ◽  
Philip Ndemwa
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The Impact

Aims: Iodine plays a key role in thyroid hormone production and functioning. Inadequate iodine intake results in iodine deficiency (ID) which impairs the normal functioning of the thyroid. The deficiency is responsible for damage to brain development, growth retardation, cretinism, and thyroid dysfunction. Millions of people have been condemned to a life of few prospects and continued underdevelopment due to ID. The study was conducted to assess iodine status among primary school children in the Mt. Elgon region and the impact of salt iodization on this status. Study Design:  A school-based cross-sectional descriptive study to assess iodine status among primary school children was employed in the study. Study Area and Duration: The study was carried out in Kenya, Bungoma County, Mount Elgon Sub-County. The study period was between 27th November 2018 and 26th November 2019. Methodology: Healthy primary school children aged 6 to 12 years who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Spot urine samples were collected in schools, while water samples were collected from different water sources. Salt was collected from households (HH) and at distribution outlets. The Sandell Kolthoff reaction was used to analyse urine and water samples while salt was analysed using iodometric titration. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 200.7 µg/l. Out of which 0.55% were severely deficient, 5.25% moderately deficient, 18.23% with a mild deficiency, 25.69% had adequate iodine levels, 22.38% had more than adequate, and 27.90% had excess iodine levels. Household and salt samples from different distribution outlets that conformed to set standards of iodization were 49.4% and 63.64%, respectively. Iodine was not detected in all the water samples collected. Conclusion: The study population was found to have adequate iodine based on the median UIC of 200.7 µg/l. However, there was a coexistence of both deficiency and excessive UIC and salt iodization within the population. No iodine was detected in the water samples in the region.

scholarly journals Efficacy of a Salt Iodization Program on Iodine Status and Intakes in Schoolchildren of São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Catarina Senra Moniz ◽  
Rita Carvalho ◽  
Susana Prazeres ◽  
Edward Limbert ◽  
Inês Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Portuguese Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
Children's Development

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Iodine is an essential micronutrient and its deficiency can severely impact children’s development. In 2012, the Thyroid Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism discovered that the median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) level in schoolchildren of São Miguel was far too low at 70.9 μg/L. In response, the government implemented a salt iodization program to help normalize levels. This investigation evaluated the efficacy of such an approach. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was evaluated in 362 schoolchildren from São Miguel using the fast colorimetric method. <b><i>Results:</i></b> mUIC was 106.7 μg/L, significantly higher than that observed in 2012 (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Over half (55.5%) of the schoolchildren had a UIC &#x3e;100 μg/L versus 23.0% in 2012 (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). 9.4% of schoolchildren had a UIC &#x3c;50 μg/L, significantly lower than the 30.6% reported in 2012 (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Five years after the implementation of the government salt iodization program, the mUIC increased from 70.9 to 106.7 μg/L. This study confirms the efficacy of the adopted measures in schoolchildren population.

Dynamic Changes in the Bivariable Distribution of Urinary Iodine Concentration and Thyroid Volume in Children Aged 8 to 10 Years in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaohui Su ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Shoujun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean

National iodine-deficiency disorder surveillance surveys were conducted in 1999, 2005, and 2011 in China. Probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select sampling units. The mean of thyroid volume (Tvol) in the 100 to 199 µg/L UIC (urinary iodine concentration) group was significantly lower than that in the 200 to 299 µg/L UIC group in 2011 ( P < .05). The status in the 100 to 199 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L and 200 to 299 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L groups in 1999, and 100 to 199 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L group in 2011 were the same ( P < .05). The mean Tvol in the <100 µg/L UIC group was significantly higher than that in the 100 to 199 µg/L UIC group in 1999 ( P < .05). Both insufficient and excess iodine may be associated with an increase in Tvol, and adequate iodine intake should be defined as median UIC 100 to 299 µg/L.

Study on Association between Height, Weight, Iodine Supplementation and Thyroid Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Lanchun Liu ◽  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The policy of Universal Salt Iodization (USI) could reduce population’s thyroid volume (TVOL) in iodine deficiency areas. Conversely, the improved growth and developmental status of children might increase the TVOL accordingly. Whether the decreased TVOL by USI conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between height, weight, iodine supplementation and TVOL. Five national Iodine Deficiency Disorder surveys were matched into four pairs according to the purpose of analysis. County-level data of both detected by paired surveys were incorporated, 1: 1 random pairing method was used to match counties or individuals. The difference of TVOL between different height, weight, different iodine supplementation measures groups and the association between TVOL and them were studied. The mean height and weight of children aged 8-10 years increased from 129.9cm and 26.9kg in 2002 to 136.2cm and 32.1kg in 2019; while the median TVOL decreased from 3.10ml to 2.61ml. Iodine supplementation measures can affect TVOL; after exclude iodine effects, the median TVOL was increased with the height and weight. On the other side, after excluding the influence of height and weight, the median TVOL remained decreased. Only age, weight and salt iodine were significant associated with TVOL in multiple linear models. Development of height and weight in children is the evidence of improved nutrition. The decreased TVOL caused by iodized salt measures conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL. Age, weight, and salt iodine affect TVOL significantly.

scholarly journals Iodine status of consumers of milk-alternative drinks v. cows’ milk: data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
M. Dineva ◽  
M. P. Rayman ◽  
S. C. Bath
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Milk is the main source of iodine in the UK; however, the consumption and popularity of plant-based milk-alternative drinks are increasing. Consumers may be at risk of iodine deficiency as, unless fortified, milk alternatives have a low iodine concentration. We therefore aimed to compare the iodine intake and status of milk-alternative consumers with that of cows’ milk consumers. We used data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey from years 7 to 9 (2014–2017; before a few manufacturers fortified their milk-alternative drinks with iodine). Data from 4-d food diaries were used to identify consumers of milk-alternative drinks and cows’ milk, along with the estimation of their iodine intake (µg/d) (available for n 3976 adults and children ≥1·5 years). Iodine status was based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC, µg/l) from spot-urine samples (available for n 2845 adults and children ≥4 years). Milk-alternative drinks were consumed by 4·6 % (n 185; n 88 consumed these drinks exclusively). Iodine intake was significantly lower in exclusive consumers of milk alternatives than cows’ milk consumers (94 v. 129 µg/d; P < 0·001). Exclusive consumers of milk alternatives also had a lower median UIC than cows’ milk consumers (79 v. 132 µg/l; P < 0·001) and were classified as iodine deficient by the WHO criterion (median UIC < 100 µg/l), whereas cows’ milk consumers were iodine sufficient. These data show that consumers of unfortified milk-alternative drinks are at risk of iodine deficiency. As a greater number of people consume milk-alternative drinks, it is important that these products are fortified appropriately to provide a similar iodine content to that of cows’ milk.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF HANDS OFF VERSUS HANDS ON TECHNIQUES ON PERINEAL TRAUMA AND PERINEAL PAIN AMONG PARTURIENT MOTHERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayabharathi Bhaskaran
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Perineal Trauma ◽  
Perineal Pain ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Perineal Tear ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Mean

Background:  Labor is the process by which the fetus and the placenta leave the uterus. Delivery can occur in two ways, vaginally or by a cesarean delivery. The majority of women who have a vaginal birth will sustain perineal trauma from a spontaneous perineal tear or episiotomy or both.Aim: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of hands off versus hands on techniques on perineal trauma and perineal pain among parturient mothers in selected hospitals, Kerala.Methods: The research design adopted in this study was true experimental post test only design. The study was conducted in 3 hospitals at Kerala such as Karothukuzhiyil hospital Pvt, Lakshmi hospital Pvt and Carmal hospital Pvt. Sample size was computed by power analysis based on the previous studies and it would be a total of 90 samples, with 30 parturient mothers in each groups. Simple random sampling technique (Lottery method) was adopted for the selection of parturient mothers into the study. Perineal trauma was assessed by the scale given by Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG), 2001, and visual analogue scale (Combined numerical and categorical pain scale) was used to assess the perineal pain of parturient mothers.Results:  The results showed that, there was extremely significant difference found in perineal trauma and perineal pain of parturient mothers between study group I and study II at  p=0.000 level. The mean scores of study group I was lesser than the mean scores of study group II. Conclusion: Different perineal techniques and interventions such as hands on technique, hands off technique, perineal massage, warm compresses etc can be widely used by midwives and birth attendants to prevent perineal trauma during labour.  Key words:  hands off  technique, hands on technique, perineal trauma and perineal pain

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document