scholarly journals Implementation of paediatric vision screening in urban and rural areas in Cluj County, Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kik ◽  
Mandy Nordmann ◽  
Simona Cainap ◽  
Mihai Mara ◽  
Daniela Rajka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Treatment Pathways ◽  
Family Doctors

Abstract Background In 2018 and 2019, paediatric vision screening was implemented in Cluj County, Romania, where universal paediatric vision screening does not yet exist. We report on the preparation and the first year of implementation. Methods Objectives, target population and screening protocol were defined. In cities, children were screened by kindergarten nurses. In rural areas, kindergartens have no nurses and children were screened by family doctors’ nurses, initially at the doctors’ offices, later also in rural kindergartens. CME-accredited training courses and treatment pathways were organised. Implementation was assessed through on-site observations, interviews, questionnaires and analysis of screening results of referred children. Results Out of 12,795 eligible four- and five-year-old children, 7,876 were screened in 2018. In the cities, kindergarten nurses screened most children without difficulties. In Cluj-Napoca 1.62x the average annual birth rate was screened and in the small cities 1.64x. In the rural areas, however, nurses of family doctors screened only 0.49x the birth rate. In 51 out of 75 rural communes, no screening took place in the first year. Of 118 rural family doctors’ nurses, 51 had followed the course and 26 screened children. They screened only 41 children per nurse, on average, as compared to 80 in the small cities and 100 in Cluj-Napoca. Screening at rural kindergartens met with limited success. These are attended by few children because of low population density, parents working abroad or children being kept at home in case of bad weather and road conditions. Conclusions Three times fewer children were screened in rural areas as compared to urban areas. Kindergartens in rural areas are too small to employ nurses and family doctors’ nurses do not have easy access to many children and have competing healthcare priorities: there are 1.5x as many family doctors in urban areas as compared to rural areas. For nationwide scaling-up of vision screening, nurses should be enabled to screen a sufficient number of children in rural areas.

scholarly journals Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Ali Bastin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences

The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.

Dimensions of Familial Allocentrism in Brazilian Mothers from State Capitals and Small Cities

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura ◽  
Cílio Ziviani ◽  
Ângela Donato Oliva ◽  
Ana Carolina Fioravanti-Bastos ◽  
Rodolfo de Castro Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Dimensional Measure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Best Fit

AbstractThis study focuses on 606 Brazilian women’s cultural models regarding their relation with their family, as evaluated by the Family Allocentrism Idiocentrism Scale (FAS). The scale was translated into Portuguese, submitted to back-translation and adapted. Analyses of the scale’s structure indicated that the best fit model involves two independent factors. Univariate GLM (General Linear Model) analyses showed that the place where mothers were raised presented a significant effect on their scores on factor 1 (normative familial allocentrism). Mothers raised on rural areas have higher scores on this factor, than the ones raised on urban areas. The opposite occurred with factor 2 (relational familial allocentrism). The set of evidences indicate that the FAS may be a bi-dimensional measure. One dimension would be part of a more stable and basic model of relation to family, constructed during development. The second dimension would be related to more recent experiences and would be more readily affected by socio-cultural context changes, including in acculturation processes.

scholarly journals Accessing Labour, Resources and Institutions: Women Laborers in Brick Kiln of Jamune Bhanjyang, Tanahun , Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 56-74
Author(s):  
Prakash Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Brick Kiln ◽  
Brick Kilns

The key argument of this paper is that the changing nature of women’s involvement in non-agricultural labor force has added a critical dimension in the development process of Nepal. This relationship between involvement and development has been affected by nature of women’s employment, education, family responsibility and state policy. The major objective of this paper is to analyze critical issues, condition, tribulations and options associated with the livelihoods of women labourers working in brick kiln. For meeting the objectives, qualitative and quantitative data from both primary and secondary sources were used. Primary data were collected via self administered questionnaire, interview, observation and case study. The study findings reveal that due to poverty, low education and skills, many rural women are concentrated in low-skilled and low-paid employment in urban brick kilns where they suffer from gender discriminations, exploitations and male chauvinism in salary, working hours, promotion and facilities. Gender relation has been foremost in determining control over and access to labour, resources, institutions and services. Hence, understanding the different role of women and men is critical to understanding how that system affects women labour, reward, punishment, productivity and sustainability in brick kilns. Policies should consider women labourers easy access to education and information on their rights, as well as supportive institutions and legal measures to ensure their safety, gender rights and encourage private sector development in rural areas that can increase job opportunities for rural women hence reducing their brisk migration to urban areas for job.Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page:56-74

scholarly journals Demographic situation in rural locality of Ukraine: trends and regional features

2018 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Iryna Hudzelyak ◽  
Iryna Dnistryanska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
Aspect Social ◽  
Rural Locality

Ukrainian rural locality marks of negative demographic trends, which began to appear in most areas from the 1970-80s and primarily connected with depopulation processes. Forced industrialization and urbanization caused a migratory outflow of rural residents that was additionally predetermined by liquidation policy of hamlets and “unpromising villages”. It led to the exhaustion of the demographic potential, reduction in reproductive cohorts and to the aging population. Most acutely these trends were detected in Chernihiv, Sumy, Poltava, Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions, where natural geography factors also didn’t promote the expansion of rural settlement network. Large negative impact on the reproduction of human potential was famine in 1932-1933. Depopulation of village people in Ukraine has taken place under the influence of unbalanced in spatial aspect social development. Namely, though stable underfunding there was a steady decline in health and education sector and in the other branches of social service completely did not meet the needs of modern society, which has lowered among young people the attractiveness of the villages as place permanent residence. Significant migration losses and lowering of the birth rate defined trends of rural population aging, faster than urban areas. Natural reproduction of rural population has a narrowed nature and is noted by a gradual decline in the birth rate, which remains higher than in urban areas, mainly due to high mortality too distorted age structure. Natural and migration movement of the rural population defined the dynamics of the rural settlement network: reduced the number of settlements in almost all regions of Ukraine except Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Volyn, Kherson and Zakarpattia region. The greatest reduction in the number of villages – in Poltava, Sumy, Chernihiv and Kirovohrad regions. Stabilization of depopulation processes in rural areas is possible implementation of social policies and activation of the processing industries related to the agricultural sector. Key words: rural population, rural settlement, depopulation aging, natural reproduction, migration outflow.

Role of Microfinance Institutions in Development of India

2018 ◽  
pp. 138-155
Author(s):  
Amir Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

The role and contribution of microfinance institutions (MFIs) is very important in development. Microfinance is a very important source of financial services for people and microenterprises that do not have easy access to banking and related services. The objective of this chapter is to assess empirically the impact of MFIs on development of India. This study aims to fill a gap in econometric assessments of microfinance institutions. Using data of MFIs operating in India and using savings of client as proxy for development, this chapter found empirical evidence for significant positive impact of microfinance institutions on development. While development in rural regions generally lags behind urban areas, this chapter found no statistical evidence for differences in the marginal impact of microfinance institutions subject to geographical positions. It can therefore be concluded that impact of MFIs on development in rural areas is positive and independent of environment.

The Jeezrael Valley Project for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Reclamation System

The Jeezrael Valley is one of the richest agricultural regions of Israel, with urban communities in and around the valley. Irrigation in the valley follows the general trend of irrigation in Israel, where potable water is replaced by reclaimed wastewater. In the near future, reclaimed effluent is expected to form 80% of all irrigation water used in valley. This paper discusses a new regional wastewater reclamation and reuse project in the Jeezrael Valley which takes advantage of the proximity of the urban communities to the cultivated areas. The project combines semi-intensive wastewater treatment plants situated near the urban areas with wastewater reservoirs situated in the rural areas. The rationale behind the scheme is discussed and the performance during the first year of operation is presented. During this first year this combined reclamation system was able to release effluent of high quality. The system is expected to release effluent of unrestricted irrigation quality when all its components are installed, enabling the reservoirs to be operated in a full sequential batch mode.

scholarly journals Untangling Complexity: Assessing the Joint Effects of Population Composition and Context on Perceived Exposure to Onchocerciasis in Coastal Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Armah ◽  
Sheila Boamah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Access To Health

Onchocerciasis volvulus is the second highest infectious cause of blindness in the world, and is estimated to affect 37 million people, of whom 99% reside in sub-Saharan Africa. As a public health problem the disease is most closely associated with Africa, where it constitutes a serious obstacle to socio-economic development. Using the human ecology triad, this paper evaluates the dynamic interplay of population, habitat and behavioural factors in predicting perceived exposure to onchocerciasis among coastal inhabitants in Tanzania. Generalized linear models with log-log link function were fitted to cross-sectional survey data on 1253 individuals in three contiguous coastal regions. A significant proportion of respondents (28%) perceived that they were exposed to onchocerciasis. Residents in urban locations irrespective of wealth status were less likely to report living in onchocerciasis endemic environment compared with their rural counterparts. This is understandable given that urban areas of Tanga and Dar es Salaam are definitely non-endemic and perceived risk of onchocerciasis is related to the fact of living in an endemic area with active onchocercasis transmission. Individuals who had attained secondary (OR=0.51, p<0.01) or tertiary education (OR=0.37, p<0.001), and reported easy access to health facility (OR=0.53, p<0.001) were all less likely to report perceived exposure to onchocerciasis. This is not surprising because higher level of education and easy access to health facilities are characteristics of urban compared with rural areas. Policy implications suggest the need for the Tanzanian national neglected tropical disease control programme (TZNTDCP) to intensify health and educational campaigns at the community level and address susceptibility of vulnerable populations to the disease especially, for rural dwellers.

Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China

1998 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 637-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giovanna Merli
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Human Reproduction

Between the beginning of the 1950s and the early 1970s, China, like many other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, experienced rapid population growth. This was due mainly to a dramatic mortality decline not offset by any decline in the birth rate. In 1970, China had a crude birth rate of 33.43 (per 1,000), a crude death rate of 7.60 (per 1,000) and a rate of natural increase of 25.83. “Population growth” was identified as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, and the stage was set for large-scale state interventions in the process of human reproduction. The apotheosis of this intervention was the introduction, in 1979, of the One Child Policy, which was successfully implemented in the urban areas. In rural areas, policies promoting later marriage, one child – maximum two – per couple, and greater spacing of those births that are permitted contributed to the swift fertility decline witnessed over the last three decades. In 1996 China's birth and death rates were reported at 16.98 per 1,000 and 6.56 per 1,000 respectively and the population was growing at 10.42 per 1,000.

scholarly journals Climate hazards in small and medium cities in the Amazon Delta and Estuary: challenges for resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Ana C B De Lima ◽  
Oriana Almeida ◽  
Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez ◽  
Tien Ming Lee ◽  
Sergio Rivero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Census Data ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
Climate Hazards ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Adaptive Actions

Recent research on climate vulnerability in cities in the Amazon Delta and Estuary (ADE) shows that about 1.2 million people are at risk of flooding due to the rapid unplanned occupation of lowlands and the absence of investment in infrastructure and services. In this study, we use secondary climate and census data, interviews and focus groups in four small cities in the Amazon Delta and Estuary (SCADEs), to discuss how residents and local governments perceive and respond to climate hazards and their implications. These SCADEs may be better equipped than other urban areas to deal with challenges brought by climate change, due partially to residents’ high mobility between urban and rural areas and a tradition of adaptive actions in a dynamic social and environmental context. However, persistent flooding and sinkholes demonstrate the limited capacity of local governments to cope with the dynamics of accelerated occupation of floodplain areas in SCADEs.

scholarly journals TERRITORIAL DISPARITIES OF THE POPULATION FROM BACĂU COUNTY

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Harja
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Stable Population ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Population Evolution ◽  
Suburban Cities ◽  
Territorial Disparities

The last census of 20 October 2011, confirmed the decrease in the stable population in most localities, although this did not occur uniformly across the county. The analysis aims to highlight the stable population evolution in the last two censuses, which mainly led to decreases in existent disparities between localities, to a slight increase of the degree of uniformity in this regard. If in urban areas, all localities have recorded drops, in the rural areas there were 11 localities with population increases, especially large suburban cities. This led to a slight decrease in the degree of variation in the area, from a coefficient of 45,6% at the census of 2002 to 43,4% in 2011 and the reduction in the ratio of the largest and smallest area, from 7,84 times to 6,08 times. If in 2002 there were 21 local rural residents under 3000 inhabitants, in 2011 their number increased to 26, while more than 10 thousand people do not exist in any village in the county, compared to 2 as they were at the previous census. Territorial disparities are found also among the population by age, existing only 8 villages where the average age has decreased compared to 2002, these being mainly poor localities from Valea Siretului, where the birth rate is higher.

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