scholarly journals Protective effect of quercetin against the metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids and its associated learning and memory impairments in NAFLD rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Ran Gao ◽  
Zheng Chen ◽  
Ke Fang ◽  
Jing-Xian Xu ◽  
Jin-Fang Ge
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction

Abstract Background Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonol reported with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and previous results from the group of this study have demonstrated its neuroprotective effect against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuropsychiatric injuries. However, little is known about its potential effect on neuropsychiatric injuries induced or accompanied by metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids. Methods A nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat model was induced via a high-fat diet (HFD), and glucolipid parameters and liver function were measured. Behavioral performance was observed via the open field test (OFT) and the Morris water maze (MWM). The plasma levels of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM1) and TREM2 were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of Synapsin-1 (Syn-1), Synaptatogmin-1 (Syt-1), TREM1 and TREM2 in the hippocampus were detected using western blotting. Morphological changes in the liver and hippocampus were detected by HE and Oil red or silver staining. Results Compared with the control rats, HFD-induced NAFLD model rats presented significant metabolic dysfunction, hepatocyte steatosis, and impaired learning and memory ability, as indicated by the increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), the impaired glucose tolerance, the accumulated fat droplets and balloon-like changes in the liver, and the increased escaping latency but decreased duration in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze. All these changes were reversed in QUE-treated rats. Moreover, apart from improving the morphological injuries in the hippocampus, treatment with QUE could increase the decreased plasma concentration and hippocampal protein expression of TREM1 in NAFLD rats and increase the decreased expression of Syn-1 and Syt-1 in the hippocampus. Conclusions These results suggested the therapeutic potential of QUE against NAFLD-associated impairment of learning and memory, and the mechanism might involve regulating the metabolic dysfunction of glucose and lipids and balancing the protein expression of synaptic plasticity markers and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals The Neuroprotective Effect of Methanol Extract ofGagamjungjihwanand Fructus Euodiae on Ischemia-Induced Neuronal and Cognitive Impairment in the Rat

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bombi Lee ◽  
Eu-Jung Choi ◽  
Eun-Jung Lee ◽  
Seung-Moo Han ◽  
Dae-Hyun Hahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Gagamjungjihwan(GJ), a decoction consisting of five herbs includingginseng,Acori Graminei Rhizoma,Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus,Polygalae RadicandFrustus Euodiae(FE), has been widely used as herbal treatment for ischemia. In order to investigate the neuroprotective action of this novel prescription, we examined the influence of GJ and FE on learning and memory using the Morris water maze and studied their affects on the central cholinergic system in the hippocampus with neuronal and cognitive impairment. After middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied for 2 h, rats were administered GJ (200 mg kg−1, p.o.) or FE (200 mg kg−1, p.o.) daily for 2 weeks, followed by training and performance of the Morris water maze tasks. Rats with ischemic insults showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks. Pre-treatment with GJ and FE produced improvement in the escape latency to find the platform. Pre-treatments with GJ and FE also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The results demonstrated that GJ and FE have a protective effect against ischemia-induced neuronal and cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that GJ and FE might be useful in the treatment of vascular dementia.

scholarly journals The Neuroprotective Effect of Gugijihwang-Tang on Trimethyltin-Induced Memory Dysfunction in the Rat

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Yee Jung ◽  
Mi-Sook Lee ◽  
Chang Joon Ahn ◽  
Seung-Hun Cho ◽  
Hyunsu Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Neuroprotective Action

Gugijihwang-Tang (the herbal formula PM012), a decoction consisting of several herbs includingRehmanniae Radix Preparata, has been widely used as herbal treatment for dementia. In order to investigate the neuroprotective action of this prescription, we examined the effect of Gugijihwang-Tang on learning and memory using the Morris water maze and [F-18]FDG micro PET neuroimaging technique. After injection of trimethyltin (TMT, 8.0 mg/kg, i.p.), which is a potent toxicant that selectively kills cells in the central nervous system, rats were administered Gugijihwang-Tang (100 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for two weeks, followed by the Morris water maze tasks and [F-18]FDG micro PET neuroimaging. In Gugijihwang-Tang administered TMT-treated rats, they showed improved learning and memory abilities in water maze tasks and glucose metabolism, suggesting that Gugijihwang-Tang plays effectively positive role in the improvement of brain function including learning and memory after TMT-induced neurodegeneration. Taken together, our results suggested that the Gugijihwang-Tang should be useful for developing strategies protecting nervous system and improving brain function.

Diosgenin Ameliorates Cognition Deficit and Attenuates Oxidative Damage in Senescent Mice Induced by D-Galactose

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Sung Chiu ◽  
Yung-Jia Chiu ◽  
Lung-Yuan Wu ◽  
Tsung-Chun Lu ◽  
Tai-Hung Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Mice Brain ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
The Brain

This study attempted to access the neuroprotective effect of diosgenin on the senescent mice induced by d-galactose (D-gal). The mice in the experiments were orally administered with diosgenin (1, 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg), for four weeks from the sixth week. The learning and memory abilities of the mice in Morris water maze test and the mechanism involved in the neuroprotective effect of diosgenin on the mice brain tissue were investigated. Diosgenin (5, 25 and 125 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significantly improved learning and memory abilities in Morris water maze test compared to D-gal treated mice (200 mg/kg, ten weeks). Diosgenin also increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain of D-gal treated mice. These results indicated that diosgenin has the potential to be a useful treatment for cognitive impairment. In addition, the memory enhancing effect of diosgenin may be partly mediated via enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities.

Pecan Oil Influences Learning and Memory and NF-κB Levels in the Hippocampus of Rats after MWM Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 912-914 ◽  
pp. 1957-1960
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Xing Yu Zhao ◽  
Xue Lian Jin ◽  
Guo Qing Sun ◽  
Song Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Intermediate Dose

We assessed the effectiveness and mechanism of action of Pecan oil on learning and memory and NF-κB levels in the hippocampus of rats after Morris water maze (MWM test). Pecan oil (200,400 or 800 mg/kg/d) were administered by intragavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the ability of Pecan oil to increase learning and memory impairment. The levels of NF-κB in hippocampus of rats were detected by Westernblot after MWM test. Compared to untreated controls (P<0.01), MWM could be prolonged after Pecan oil treatment (P<0.05 for low and intermediate dose groups). Westernblot analysis showed that the protein expression of NF-κB was decreased in different concentration Pecan oil(P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The results suggest that Pecan oil is effective in improving the learning and memory in rats, the mechanism of which may be related NF-κB expression decreasing.

Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) Ameliorates Cognition Deficit and Attenuates Oxidative Damage in Senescent Mice Induced by D-Galactose

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (05) ◽  
pp. 889-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Sung Chiu ◽  
Jeng-Shyan Deng ◽  
Ming-Tsuen Hsieh ◽  
Ming-Jen Fan ◽  
Min-Min Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Mice Brain ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

This study attempted to access the neuroprotective effect of yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) on the senescent mice induced by D-gal. The mice in the experiments were administered orally with yam (20, 100 or 500 mg/kg for 4 weeks, from the sixth week). The learning and memory abilities of the mice in Morris water maze test and the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of yam on the mice brain tissue were investigated. The content of diosgenin in the yam was also detected by using HPLC. Mice treated with yam were found to significantly improve their learning and memory abilities in Morris water maze test compared to those treated with D-gal (200 mg/kg for 10 weeks). In addition, yam was also found to increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level on the brains of D-gal treated mice. Finally, the amount of diosgenin in the yam was 5.49 mg/g extract. To sum up, these results indicate that yam had the potential to be a useful treatment for cognitive impairment in TCM. Its beneficial effect may be partly mediated via enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities.

scholarly journals Cognitive-Enhancing Effect ofAronia melanocarpaExtract against Memory Impairment Induced by Scopolamine in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Yong Lee ◽  
Jin Bae Weon ◽  
Youn Sik Jung ◽  
Nam Young Kim ◽  
Myong Ki Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Avoidance Tests

Aronia melanocarpa(A. melanocarpa)berriesare a fruit with a marked antioxidant effect. The objective of this study was to confirm the effect ofA. melanocarpa berriesextract against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance test. Moreover, we determined a possible mechanism of the cognitive-enhancing effect involving AChE activity and BDNF and p-CREB expression in the hippocampus of mice.A. melanocarpa berriesextract attenuated the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in the Morris water maze (79.3 ± 0.8 s of 200 mg/kg and 64.4 ± 10.7 s of 400 mg/kg on day 4) and passive avoidance tests (46.0 ± 41.1 s of 200 mg/kg and 25.6 ± 18.7 s of 400 mg/kg).A. melanocarpa berriesextract reduced the acetylcholinesterase level in the hippocampus of scopolamine-injected mice and increased BDNF and p-CREB expression in the hippocampus. The major compound, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, also reversed memory impairment. These results showed thatA. melanocarpa berriesextract improved memory impairment by inhibiting AChE and increasing BDNF and p-CREB expression, and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside may be responsible for the effect ofA. melanocarpa berriesextract.

Protective Effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Alkaloids on Alzheimer's Disease-like Symptoms Induced by High-methionine Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Pi ◽  
Guangping Lang ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Jingshan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Cpg Island ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Dendrobium Nobile ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Neuron Damage ◽  
Cpg Island Methylation

Background: High methionine-diet (HMD) causes Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. Previous studies have shown that Dendrobium nobile Lindle. alkaloids (DNLA) had potential benefits for AD. Object: Whether DNLA can improve AD-like symptoms induced by HMD is to be explored. Method: Mice were fed with 2% HMD diet for 11 weeks, the DNLA20 control group (20 mg/kg), DNLA10 group (10 mg/kg), and DNLA20 group (20 mg/kg) were administrated with DNLA for 3 months. Morris water maze test was used to detect learning and memory ability. Neuron damage was evaluated by HE and Nissl stainings. Levels of homocysteine (Hcy), beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42), S-adenosine methionine (SAM), and S-adenosine homocysteine (SAH) were detected by ELISA. Immunofluorescence and western blotting (WB) were used to determine the expression of proteins. CPG island methylation. Results: Morris water maze test revealed that DNLA improved learning and memory dysfunction. HE, Nissl, and immunofluorescence stainings showed that DNLA alleviated neuron damage and reduced the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 levels. DNLA also decreased the levels of Hcy and Aβ1-42 in the serum, along with decreased SAM/SAH levels in the liver tissue. WB results showed that DNLA down-regulated the expression of the amyloid-precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1), beta-secretase-1 (BACE1), DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1), Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 proteins. DNLA also up-regulated the expression of the protein of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), neprilysin (NEP), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. Meanwhile, DNLA increased CPG island methylation levels of APP and BACE1 genes. Conclusions: DNLA alleviated AD-like symptoms induced by HMD via the DNA methylation pathway.

scholarly journals MORRIS WATER MAZE – A BENCH MARK TEST FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY DISORDERS IN ANIMAL MODELS: A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ch Venkataramaiah ◽  
G Swathi ◽  
W Rajendra
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Escape Route ◽  
Laboratory Rats

 The morris water maze (MWM) was developed by morris as a device to investigate spatial learning and memory in laboratory rats. MWM has become one of the most frequently used laboratory tools in behavioral neuroscience. The MWM task has been often used in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Parkinson, Alzheimer, Epilepsy, and Schizophrenia), and the evaluation of possible neurocognitive treatments. It is also being used to assess the properties of established potential antipsychotics in animal models of Schizophrenia. The MWM task requires rats to find a hidden platform in a large, circular pool of water that is colored opaque with powdered non-fat milk (or) non-toxic tempera paint where they must swim to the hidden platform. Because they are in the opaque water, the animals cannot see the platform and cannot rely on scent to find the escape route. Instead, they must rely on extra-maze cues. The behavior of rat can be evaluated by analyzing the different parameters such as escape latency, swim speed, and path length, and probe trail. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe procedural aspects, interpretational difficulties of data and advantages of MWM. This paradigm has become a benchmark test for learning and memory difficulties in animal models and preclinical research in general.

scholarly journals Plasma Level and Expression of Visfatin in the Porcine Hypothalamus During the Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kaminski ◽  
Marta Kiezun ◽  
Ewa Zaobidna ◽  
Kamil Dobrzyń ◽  
Barbara Wasilewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

Abstract BackgroundVisfatin exists in two forms: the intracellular form which is a rate limiting enzyme engaged in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and the extracellular form considered as an adipokine, produced mainly by the adipose tissue. Visfatin could be an energy sensor involved in regulating female fertility, which creates a hormonal link integrating the control of energy homeostasis and reproduction. MethodsThe study compares the expression levels of visfatin gene (quantitative real time PCR) and protein (Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemistry) in the selected areas of the porcine hypothalamus responsible for gonadotropin releasing hormone synthesis: the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area (POA), and visfatin concentrations in the blood plasma (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The tissue samples were harvested from gilts on days 2-3, 10-12, 14-16 and 17-19 of the estrous cycle, and on days 10-11, 12-13, 15-16, 27-28 of pregnancy. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ResultsDuring the estrous cycle, visfatin mRNA expression in the MBH was higher on days 2-3 and 17-19, while the visfatin protein concentration on days 17-19. During early pregnancy, the most pronounced gene and protein expression in the MBH was found on days 15-16 and 10-11, respectively. In the POA during the estrous cycle, visfatin gene expression was the highest on days 17-19, and the protein level of visfatin on days 14-16. During early pregnancy, the highest expression of visfatin gene in the POA was observed on days 15-16, whereas the protein concentrations on days 27-28. Blood plasma concentrations of visfatin during the estrous cycle were higher on days 2-3 in relation to other studied phases of the cycle. During early pregnancy, the highest visfatin contents in the blood plasma were observed on days 12-13. Visfatin gene and protein expression in MBH and POA, and visfatin plasma concentrations differed during early pregnancy in relation to days 10-12 of the cycle. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated visfatin expression in the porcine hypothalamus and its dependence on hormonal milieu related to the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.

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